Climate and

Climate Change
A Presentation Made
By Group 1
 What is Climate?
The Climate of a particular place is the overall atmospheric condition for a long period
of time.

Climate is also known as the average weather in a particular place. The elevation,
latitude, prevailing winds, and the bodies of water that surround the place contribute
to the climate of a particular place.

Climate refers to the long-term regional or global average of temperature, humidity,

and rainfall patterns over seasons, years or decades.

Climate affects nearly every aspect of our lives, from our food sources to our
transport infrastructure, from what clothes we wear, to where we go on Holiday.
 Weather
The Atmospheric Condition of a
particular place in a short period of
time is known as the Weather.
Cloudiness, air temperature, air
pressure, and the amount of rainfall
describe the weather of a particular
place.

The Monitoring of the Weather of a

particular place for months or years
will help describe its climate

There are different types of

Weather that can occur such as
Sunny, Rainy, Windy, Stormy, and
Cloudy
 The Wind
The unequal heating of the Earth
that creates gradients in
pressure causes Air to move from
one place to another. This
movement of the air is called the
Wind.

It is the perceptible natural

movement of the air, especially in
the form of a current of a air
blowing from a particular
direction. Wind is simply Air in
motion.
 The Coriolis Effect
Due to Earth's Rotation, three
major Wind Systems affect both the
northern anf southern hemisphere.
These prevailing Wind Systems
include The Easterlies or the Trade
Winds, Westerlies, and The Polar
Easterlies.

These Wind Systems are moving in a

curve path due to Earth's Rotation.
This phenomenon is called the Coriolis
Effect.
 The Three Major Wind
Systems
The Easterlies or Trade Winds - The Easterlies affect the places near the Equator up to
approximately 30° north and south latitude. They are called Easterlies because they seemed to
blow from the east towards the west. Since these Wind Systems help in Trading Goods,
Easterlies became known as the Trade Winds.

Westerlies - Westerlies are prevailing winds that blow from the west to east direction. These
prevailing winds affect mostly the Mid-Latitude. Westerlies are observed to be stronger during
winter, but weaker during summer.

Polar Easterlies - Polar Easterlies are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow around the high-
pressure areas of the Polar Highs at the North and South Poles. The wind sinks at the poles as
it carries cold and dry air towards an area of lower pressure where the wind meets the
westerlies.
Global Convection Cells
Hadley Cell - A large-scale atmospheric convection
cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at
medium latitudes, typically about 30° north or
south.

Ferrel Cell - In the Ferrel Cell, air flows poleward

and eastward near the surface and equatorward
and westward at higher latitudes; this movement is
the reverse of the airflow in the Hadley Cell.

Polar Cell - The smallest and weakest cells are the

Polar Cells, which extend from between 60 and 70
degrees north and south, to the poles. Air in these
cells sinks over the highest latitudes and flows out
towards the lower latitudes at the surface.
 Monsoon
It is a seasonal wind that blows in a certain
region due to the unequal heating of the
Earth. It affects the climate of certain
parts of the world. It brings rainfall which
benefits the crop producers but it can also
cause flooding and destruction of
agricultural lands.

Countries in South Asia and Southeast

Asia are affected by warm, moist air
coming to the southwest portion of the
Indian Ocean. The agricultural sector of the
countries in these regions mosty rely on
the rain brought by the Monsoon that
usually blows between April and September.
 Bodies Of Water
Bodies of Water that
surround a land mass affect
the climate and weather of
the place. It affects mostly
the coastal climate. Unlike
land, water has higher
capacity to store heat. Due
to this reason, water in the
ocean located in mid-latitude
releases heat during the
winter which keeps the
temperature at the
moderate range.
 What is Global Warming?
Global Warming is a phenomenon associated with the increase of the Earth’
surface temperature. Due to the warming of the Earth, glaciers are
retreating in the Himalayas, Alps, and other parts of the world. These events
result in the rise of sea level which causes flooding in lowlands and coastal
areas. Global Warming also results in the warming of the ocean waters, which
has affected the climate in the different parts of the world. There are places
that experience drought during summer and intense rainfall during the rainy
seasons.
Climate Change refers to Long-Term Climate Change
Shifts in temperatures and weather
patterns. These shifts maybe natural,
but since 1800s, human activities have
been the main driver of Climate
Change, primarily due to the burning of
fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, which
produces heat-trapping gases.

The impacts of Climate Change includes

warming temperature, changes in
precipitation, increases in the
frequency or intensity of some
extreme weather events, and rising
sea levels. These impacts threaten our
health by affecting the food we eat,
the water we drink, the air we
breathe, and the weather we
experience.
The Greenhouse Effect
The Greenhouse Effect is the
process through the trapping of the
sun’s warmth in a planet’s lower
atmosphere, due to the greater
transparency of the atmosphere to
visible radiation from the sun than
to infrared radiation emitted from
the planet’s surface.

Smoke coming from the cars and

factories are man-made sources of
Greenhouse Gases. Furthermore,
volcanic eruptions and forest fires
can also increase the greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
As response to the challenge brought by the emission pf greenhouse
gases, the Climate Change Convention was conducted in 1992 with the
goal to reduce carbon emission. Representatives from many countries
met again in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan to sign an agreement between
developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This
agreement was ratified in 2005 as the Kyoto Protocol.

To continue the initiatives , an international treaty was adopted by

196 countries in Paris. This international treaty on climate change was
known as the Paris Agreement that was held in December 2015. The
goal of this initiative is to reduce the global average temperature to
below 2°C. This agreement also allows developed countries to provide
financial assistance to countries that are more vulnerable to the
effects of climate change, and support other countries by providing
technology frameworks to improve resilience to climate change.
 What is El Niño
El Niño is a phenomenon that occurs
when unusually warm ocean water
piles up along the equatorial west
coast of South America.
is a naturally occurring climate
pattern associated with warming of
the ocean surface temperatures in
the central and eastern tropical
Pacific Ocean, which can significantly
influence weather patterns, ocean
conditions, and marine fisheries
worldwide
 El Niño effects in people lives
El Niño can make extreme
weather events more
likely in certain regions,
including extreme heat,
droughts, storms and
flooding. Flood-related
health risks are complex
and multifaceted, ranging
from hypothermia,
drowning, undernutrition
and injuries to infectious
disease escalation and
mental health problems.
 What is La Niña
La Niña is a weather pattern that occurs
in the Pacific Ocean. In this pattern, strong
winds blow warm water at the ocean's
surface from South America to Indonesia.
As the warm water moves west, cold water
from the deep rises to the surface near the
coast of South America.
 What’s the difference between La Niña and
El Niño?
El Niño refers to the above-
average sea-surface
temperatures that periodically
develop across the east-central
equatorial Pacific. It represents
the warm phase of the ENSO
cycle. La Niña refers to the
periodic cooling of sea-surface
temperatures across the east-
central equatorial Pacific.
 What Are The Effects of La Niña?
La Niña are known to have severe effects on atmospheric pressure,
rainfall patterns, and global atmospheric circulation.

Increased Rainfall
Catastrophic Floods
Severe Tropical Storms and Hurricanes

Economic Problems Around the Globe

The effects of La Niña are experienced globally. With catastrophic floods, hurricanes, and
cyclones in countries on the western part of the Pacific and, on the other hand, bushfires and
droughts along the west coast of the USA and East Africa, farms are adversely affected, and
crops can be produced as expected. This causes food and agricultural produce shortages.
Thank you!