SIMULATION OF FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

18M420 -DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ABHINAV G (18G003)

PRANNAV M (18G085)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

MADURAI – 625 015

2019-2020

i
 THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING: MADURAI- 625 015

Department of Mechanical Engineering

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report Simulation of Flywheel Energy Storage

Systems is the bonafide work of ABHINAV G (18G003) & PRANNAV M
(18G085) of Fourth Semester, Department of Mechanical Engineering who
carried out the project during the academic year 2019-2020.

Dr. V BALASUBRAMANI

ii
 ABSTRACT

A flywheel is the heavy rotating mass which is placed between the power source and the driven
machine to act as a reservoir of energy. It is used to store the energy when the demand of energy
of energy is less and deliver it when the demand of energy is high. The current report is focused
on the analytical design of arm type of flywheel which is used for automobile engine operation.
Now in regard to the design of flywheel it is required to decide the mean diameter of the
flywheel rim, which depends upon two factors such as availability of space and the limiting
value of peripheral velocity of the fly wheel.

However the current design problem is formulated for automobile engine which has to spin at a
speed of 900 rpm and with the moment-torque ratio of 70 N and 4.5 °, hence it can be observed
that the design of the flywheel is to be carried out (based) on the availability of space limitation
and accordingly the fluctuation of energy, dimensions of the flywheel, stresses induced in the
flywheel are determined. Finally after detail analysis it is observed that the induced diameter of
the flywheel is less than the allowable/permissible diameter and hence it can be concluded that
the design is safe from availability of space point of view.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are greatly obliged to Dr. S MERCY SHALINIE, Principal, Thiagarajar College of

Engineering, Madurai for his kind patronage.

We are grateful to Dr. K. CHOCKALINGAM, Professor and Head, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai for his energetic
encouragement.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our faculty In-charge of Design of Machine
elements, Dr. V. BALASUBRAMANI, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering for
his unstinting guidance and continuous support which enabled us to complete this project
with great success.
We also like to convey our sincere thanks to all the Faculty & Staff Members and all the
customers for helping and guiding us to complete this project with great success.
We also express our special thanks to our parents who have sacrificed greatly in our
education and welfare. We thank all those who have helped us directly and indirectly in
doing this project and bringing out this report successfully.

Above all we are very much thankful to THE ALMIGHTY for his marvelous grace towards
us.

ABHINAV G (18G003)

PRANNAV M (18G085)

iv
 Table of Contents
Chapter No Title Page No
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES Vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION 2
3. OBJECTIVES 3
4. METHODOLOGY 4
5. PRESENT WORK 5
6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 19
7. CONCLUSION 20

REFERENCE 21

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Title Page No

4.1 L9 ORTHOGONAL ARRAY 4
5.1 MATERIALS 5
6.1 RESULT 19

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Title Page No

1.1 FLYWHEEL 1
2.1 AIM OF THE DESIGN 2
5.1 MULTI CYLINDER ENGINE FLYWHEEL 5
5.2 TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM 6

vii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Several hundred years ago pure mechanical flywheels where used solely to keep machines
running smoothly from cycle to cycle, thereby render possible the industrial revolution. During
that time several shapes and designs where implemented, but it took until the early 20th century
before flywheel rotor shapes and rotational stress were thoroughly analyzed. Later in the 1970s
flywheel energy storage was proposed as a primary objective for electric vehicles and stationary
power backup. At the same time fiber composite rotors where built, and in the 1980s magnetic
bearings started to appear. Thus the potential for using flywheels as electric energy storage has
long been established by extensive research. More recent improvements in material, magnetic
bearings and power electronics make flywheels a competitive choice for a number of energy
storage applications. One of the major advantages of flywheels is the ability to handle high
power levels. This is a desirable quality in e.g. a vehicle, where a large peak power is necessary
during acceleration and, if electrical breaks are used, a large amount of power is generated for a
short while when breaking, which implies a more efficient use of energy, resulting in lower fuel
consumption.

Fig 1.1 Flywheel

Individual flywheels are capable of storing up to 500MJ and peak power ranges from kilowatts to
gigawatts, with the higher powers aimed at pulsed power applications. Stress analysis is the
complete and comprehensive study of stress distribution in the specimen under study. To
improve the quality of the product and in order to have safe and reliable design, it is necessary to
investigate the stresses induced in the component during working condition. Flywheel is an
inertial storage device which acts as reservoir of energy. When the flywheel rotates, centrifugal
forces acts on the flywheel due to which tensile and bending stress are induced in a rim of
flywheel.
1
 CHAPTER 2
PROBLEM FORMULATION

The flywheel is an energy storing element whose main function is to reduce fluctuation of speed
and increase energy output. The main aim of the design is to reduce the mass and to increase the
energy output gained in the flywheel.

REDUCE THE
MASS

INCREASE
THE ENERGY
STORED
Fig 2.1: Aim of the Design

2
 CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this problem is to design an optimal flywheel with reduced mass and to
increase the energy output for the selected materials. Design of an optimum flywheel for the
suitable application with specific constraints. Design of a flywheel the intercepted areas between
the output torque curve and the mean resistance line of a turning moment diagram for a Multi
cylinder engine, taken in order from one end are as follows: –35, + 410, –285, + 325, –335, +
260, –365, + 285, –260 mm2.
The scale of 1 mm = 70 N-m and 1 mm = 4.5°. The engine speed is 900 rpm and the fluctuation
in speed is not to exceed 2% of the mean speed. Factor of Safety = 4

Materials selected = 1: Cast steel (CS65) (Density = 7800 kg/m3)

2: Cast Steel (CS85) (Density = 7850 kg/m3)
3: Cast Iron (GCI 25) (Density = 7100 kg/m3)

No of Arms = 4, 5 & 6
Cross-section of the Rim = b = 2t, 3t, 4t
Assumptions = we consider diameter of the rim as 650 mm and thickness as 200 mm.

3
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

This design is selected and analyzed by using Taguchi Experimental software which is handling
with L9 orthogonal array. This software is mainly used for designing components and analyzing
with the possible affecting factors of the component. We used L9 orthogonal array for the design
we made and took three important factors as material, cross-section and number of arms with
three entries each. This software uses S/N ratio and a specified calculation for choosing 9 best
outcomes. From these outcomes, the best result can be decided and calculated.
The Taguchi method involves reducing the variation in a process through robust design of
experiments. The overall objective of the method is to produce high quality product at low cost
to the manufacturer. The experimental design proposed by Taguchi involves using orthogonal
arrays to organize the parameters affecting the process and the levels at which they should be
varied. Instead of having to test all possible combinations like the factorial design, the Taguchi
method tests pairs of combinations. This allows for the collection of the necessary data to
determine which factors most affect the product quality with a minimum amount of
experimentation, thus saving time and resources.

MATERIALS NO OF ARMS CROSS-SECTION

Grey Cast Iron 4 2t
Grey Cast Iron 5 3t
Grey Cast Iron 6 4t
Cast Steel 65 4 3t
Cast Steel 65 5 4t
Cast Steel 65 6 2t
Cast Steel 85 4 4t
Cast Steel 85 5 2t
Cast Steel 85 6 3t
Table 4.1: L9 Orthogonal Array

4
 CHAPTER 5
PRESENT
WORK

CALCULATION
The masses are analyzed on different materials.

S NO MATERIAL DENSITY YIELD

(Kg/m3) STRENGTH
*106 (MPa)
1 Grey Cast Iron
7100 250
(GCI 25)
2 Cast Steel
7800 400
(CS 65)
3 Cast Steel
7850 710
(CS 85)

Table 5.1: Materials

Assumptions and Data:

Multi cylinder
engine Speed N =
900 r.p.m. Factor of
Safety, n=4 Cs = 2%
= 0.02
Thickness t = 200mm
Diameter d = 650mm

5
Fig 5.1 Multi cylinder engine Flywheel

6
 CALCULATION OF ΔE
TORQUE

CRANK ANGLE (θ)

Fig 5.2 Turning moment diagram

Energy at A = E
Energy at B = E -35
Energy at C = E – 35 + 410 = E + 375
Energy at D = E + 375 – 285 = E + 90
Energy at E = E + 90 + 325 = E + 415
Energy at F = E + 415 – 335 = E + 80
Energy at G = E + 80 + 260 = E + 340
Energy at H = E + 340 – 365 = E - 25
Energy at I = E – 25 + 285 = E + 260
Energy at J = E + 260 – 260 = E

Maximum energy is at E = E + 415

Minimum energy is at H = E – 25

ΔE = Maximum energy – Minimum energy

ΔE = E + 415 – E +25
ΔE = 440 mm2

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 As per the turning moment
diagram 1mm2 = 70 * 4.5 * (π /
180)
= 5.497Nm
ΔE = 440 * 5.497
ΔE = 2419.25 Nm

CALCULATIONS FOR GREY CAST IRON (GCI 25)

Density of Grey cast iron, 𝜌 = 7100 Kg/m3
i) b = 2t number of arms n = 4
ii) b = 3t number of arms n = 5
iii) b = 4t number of arms n = 6

Case 1
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m
1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 250 / 4 = 62.5
N/mm2 m = 𝜌 x v
= 7100 * b * t * 2πr
= 7100 * 2t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7100 * 2 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
m = 1159.87 Kg
2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

8
b = 2t

9
 b = 2 * 0.2
b = 0.4 m
We know that
Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7100 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 6.54 X 106 N/m2

𝜎𝑏 = 19.74 𝑋2 𝜌 𝑋 𝑣2 𝑋 𝑅
𝑛 𝑋𝑡

= 19.74 x 7100 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 42 x 0.2

𝜎𝑏 = 13.12 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

= ¾ * (6.54 X 106) + ¼ * (13.12 x 106)

Total stress, 𝜎 = 8.185 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

Case 2
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m
1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 250 / 4 = 62.5
N/mm2 m = 𝜌 x v
= 7100 * b * t * 2πr
= 7100 * 3t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7100 * 3 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
m = 1739 Kg
2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
10
 v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

b = 3t
b = 3 * 0.2
b = 0.6 m
We know that
Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7100 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 6.54 X 106 N/m2

𝜎𝑏 = 19.74 𝑋2 𝜌 𝑋 𝑣2 𝑋 𝑅
𝑛 𝑋𝑡

= 19.74 x 7100 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 52 x 0.2

𝜎𝑏 = 8.3 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

= ¾ * (6.54 X 106) + ¼ * (8.3 x 106)

Total stress, 𝜎 = 6.98 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

Case 3
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m
1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 250 / 4 = 62.5
N/mm2 m = 𝜌 x v
= 7100 * b * t * 2πr
= 7100 * 4t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7100 * 4 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
m = 2319 Kg
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2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

b = 4t
b = 4 * 0.2
b = 0.8 m
We know that
Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7100 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 6.54 X 106 N/m2

𝜎𝑏 = 19.74𝑛𝑋2𝑋
𝜌𝑋𝑣 𝑋𝑅
2
𝑡

= 19.74 x 7100 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 62 x 0.2

𝜎𝑏 = 5.33 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

= ¾ * (6.54 X 106) + ¼ * (5.33 x 106)

Total stress, 𝜎 = 6.36 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

CALCULATIONS FOR CAST STEEL (CS 65)

Density of Cast Steel, 𝜌 = 7800 Kg/m3
i) b = 3t number of arms n = 4
ii) b = 4t number of arms n = 5
iii) b = 2t number of arms n = 6

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 Case 1
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m
1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 400 / 4 = 100 N/mm2
m=𝜌xv
= 7800 * b * t * 2πr
= 7800 * 3t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7800 * 3 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
m = 1911 Kg
2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

b = 3t
b = 3 * 0.2
b = 0.6 m
We know that
Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7800 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 7.18 X 106 N/m2

𝜎𝑏 = 19.74 𝑋2 𝜌 𝑋 𝑣2 𝑋 𝑅
𝑛 𝑋𝑡

= 19.74 x 7800 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 42 x 0.2

𝜎𝑏 = 14.4 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

13
 = ¾ * (7.18 X 106) + ¼ * (14.4 x 106)
Total stress, 𝜎 = 8.98 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

Case 2
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m
1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 400 / 4 = 100 N/mm2
m=𝜌xv
= 7800 * b * t * 2πr
= 7100 * 4t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7100 * 4 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
m = 2548 Kg
2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

b = 4t
b = 4 * 0.2
b = 0.8 m
We know that
Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7800 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 7.18 X 106 N/m2

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 𝜎𝑏 19.74 𝑋 𝜌 𝑋 𝑣2 𝑋 𝑅
= 𝑛 2𝑋 𝑡

= 19.74 x 7800 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 52 x 0.2

𝜎𝑏 = 9.2 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

= ¾ * (7.18 X 106) + ¼ * (9.2 x 106)

Total stress, 𝜎 = 7.685 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

Case 3
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m
1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 400 / 4 = 100 N/mm2
m=𝜌xv
= 7800 * b * t * 2πr
= 7800 * 2t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7100 * 2 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
m = 1274 Kg
2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

b = 2t
b = 2 * 0.2
b = 0.4 m
We know that

15
 Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7800 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 7.18 X 106 N/m2

𝜎𝑏 = 19.74 𝑋2 𝜌 𝑋 𝑣2 𝑋 𝑅
𝑛 𝑋𝑡

= 19.74 x 7800 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 62 x 0.2

𝜎𝑏 = 6.4 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

= ¾ * (7.18 X 106) + ¼ * (6.4 x 106)

Total stress, 𝜎 = 6.985 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

CALCULATIONS FOR CAST STEEL (CS 85)

Density of Cast Steel, 𝜌 = 7850 Kg/m3
iv) b = 4t number of arms n = 4
v) b = 2t number of arms n = 5
vi) b = 3t number of arms n = 6

Case 1
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m
1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 710 / 4 = 177.5 N/mm2
m=𝜌xv
= 7850 * b * t * 2πr
= 7850 * 4t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7850 * 4 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
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 m = 2564 Kg
2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

b = 4t
b = 4 * 0.2
b = 0.8 m
We know that
Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7850 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 7.23 X 106 N/m2

𝜎𝑏 = 19.74 𝑋2 𝜌 𝑋 𝑣 𝑋𝑅
2
𝑛 𝑋𝑡

= 19.74 x 7850 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 42 x 0.2

𝜎𝑏 = 14.5 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

= ¾ * (7.23 X 106) + ¼ * (14.5 x 106)

Total stress, 𝜎 = 9.0475 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

Case 2
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m

17
1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 710 / 4 = 177.5 N/mm2
m=𝜌xv
= 7850 * b * t * 2πr
= 7150 * 2t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7150 * 2 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
m = 1282 Kg
2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

b = 2t
b = 2 * 0.2
b = 0.4 m
We know that
Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7850 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 7.23 X 106 N/m2

𝜎𝑏 = 19.74 𝑋2 𝜌 𝑋 𝑣2 𝑋 𝑅
𝑛 𝑋𝑡

= 19.74 x 7850 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 52 x 0.2

𝜎𝑏 = 9.28 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

= ¾ * (7.23 X 106) + ¼ * (9.28 x 106)

Total stress, 𝜎 = 7.742 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

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 Case 3
Assuming
D = 650mm = 0.65m
t = 200mm = 0.2m

1. To find mass

We know that
(𝜎𝑡 ) s = 710 / 4 = 177.5 N/mm2
m=𝜌xv
= 7850 * b * t * 2πr
= 7850 * 3t2 * 2π * 0.325
= 7150 * 3 * (0.2)2 * 2π * 0.325
m = 1923 Kg
2. To find Velocity

v = πDN / 60
v = π * 0.65 * 900 / 60
v = 30.36 m/s
3. Design of Flywheel Rim

b = 3t
b = 3 * 0.2
b = 0.6 m
We know that
Stress in Rim:
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜌 x v
= 7850 X (30.36)2
𝜎𝑡 = 7.23 X 106 N/m2

𝜎𝑏 = 19.74 𝑋2 𝜌 𝑋 𝑣2 𝑋 𝑅
𝑛 𝑋𝑡

= 19.74 x 7850 x (30.36)2 x 0.325 / 62 x 0.2

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 𝜎𝑏 = 6.47 x 106 N/m2
Total stress, 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜎
3 1

4 𝑡 +4 𝑏

= ¾ * (7.23 X 106) + ¼ * (6.47 x 106)

Total stress, 𝜎 = 7.04 x 106 N/m2
Hence the Total stress < Allowable stress. So, the design holds good.

20
 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

MATERIAL CONDITION OBTAINED MASS BREADTH

STRESS
Grey Cast Iron b = 2t ;n = 4 8.185 x 106 N/m2 1160 Kg 0.4 m
Grey Cast Iron b = 3t ;n = 5 6.98 x 106 N/m2 1739 Kg 0.6 m
Grey Cast Iron b = 4t ;n = 6 6.36 x 106 N/m2 2319 Kg 0.8 m
Cast Steel 65 b = 3t ;n = 4 8.98 x 106 N/m2 1911 Kg 0.6 m
Cast Steel 65 b = 4t ;n = 5 7.685 x 106 N/m2 2548 Kg 0.8 m
Cast Steel 65 b = 2t ;n = 6 6.985 x 106 N/m2 1274 Kg 0.4 m
Cast Steel 85 b = 4t ;n = 4 9.0475 x 106 N/m2 2564 Kg 0.8 m
Cast Steel 85 b = 2t ;n = 5 7.742 x 106 N/m2 1282 Kg 0.4 m
Cast Steel 85 b = 3t ;n = 6 7.04 x 106 N/m2 1923 Kg 0.6 m
Table 6.1: Result

From the above results and with the formulated problem, we can conclude that the minimum
mass and lower stress can be chosen as the best design for the flywheel. Optimum design is as
follows: Material: Grey Cast Iron (GCI 25)
Mass: 1160 kg
Breadth: 0.4 m
Thickness: 0.2 m
Stress obtained: 8.185 × 10^6 N/m2
No of arms: 4
The flywheel designed with the above specifications can yield maximum energy with minima
stress and thus a safe flywheel can be manufactured.

21
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

It can be conclude that in case of flywheel design it is first important to know the design
requirement such as material, type, application, desired speed (peripheral velocity), availability
of space, and dimensions of the flywheel. The peripheral velocity of the flywheel is governed by
allowable strength of the flywheel material, generally for grey cast iron it should be less than or
greater than 25m/s.
In case of arm type of flywheel the numbers of arms selection depends upon the diameter of the
flywheel, generally four numbers of arms are selected for diameter of flywheel which should be
less than 0.75m.As the current problem is related to the design of flywheel with consideration
that, with lower mass, maximum energy would be obtained with lower stress. The stress
obtained is
8.185 N/mm2 which is less than the required condition, hence can be concluded as design is safe.

22
REFERENCE

1. "Flywheels move from steam age technology to Formula 1". Archived from the original
on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2012-07-03.;"Flywheels move from steam age technology to
Formula 1"; Jon Stewart | 1 July 2012, retrieved 2012-07-03.
2. "Flywheel Energy Calculator". Botlanta.org. 2004-01-07. Archived from the original on
2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
3. "Density of Steel". Hypertextbook.com. 1998-01-20. Archived from the original on 2010-
11-25. Retrieved 2010-11-30.

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