Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Formula Sheet
Chapter 1: Functions and Limits

1. Domain and Range of Functions

Function
Type Example Domain Range
Linear 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 ℝ ℝ
Quadratic 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 ℝ [𝑘, ∞) if 𝑎 > 0, (−∞, 𝑘] if 𝑎 < 0,
−𝐷
+𝑐 where 𝑘 = 4𝑎
Square Root 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 [0, ∞) [0, ∞)
Rational 𝑃(𝑥) ℝ ∖ {𝑥: 𝑄(𝑥) Depends on expression
𝑓(𝑥) = = 0}
𝑄(𝑥)
Exponential 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ℝ (0, ∞)
Logarithmic 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥) (0, ∞) ℝ

2. Modulus Function
• Definition:

𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) =∣ 𝑥 ∣= {
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
• Domain: ℝ

• Range: [0, ∞)

• Graph: V-shape with vertex at (0,0)

3. Composition and Inverse of Functions

• Composition:

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
o Example:
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3, then
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) = 2(𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑥 + 6
• Inverse Function:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

o Step 1: Solve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑥

o Step 2: Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦
o Example:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 ⇒
𝑥−3
𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = ⇒
2
𝑥−3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
2
• Property:

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)−1 = 𝑔−1 ∘ 𝑓 −1

4. Function Types
Type Examples
Algebraic Polynomials, rational, root functions
Transcendental Exponential (𝑒 𝑥 ), logarithmic (ln𝑥), trigonometric (sin𝑥)
Explicit 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Implicit 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 (e.g., 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1)
Parametric 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡) (e.g., 𝑥 = cos𝑡, 𝑦 = sin𝑡)

5. Limits
• Definition:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 means that as 𝑥 → 𝑎, 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎

Standard Limits
sin𝑥
• lim𝑥→0 𝑥
=1
1−cos𝑥 1
• lim𝑥→0 =2
𝑥2
1 𝑥
• lim𝑥→∞ (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑒
𝑒 𝑥 −1
• lim𝑥→0 =1
𝑥

Limit Laws
• Sum:
lim [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim𝑓(𝑥) + lim𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
• Product:
lim [𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ lim𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
• Quotient:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑓(𝑥) lim𝑓(𝑥)
lim = (if lim𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim𝑔(𝑥)
• Squeeze Theorem:
If 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) near 𝑎, and
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim ℎ(𝑥) = 𝐿 ⇒ lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

6. Continuity and Discontinuity

• Continuity at 𝑥 = 𝑎:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

Types of Discontinuities
1. Removable:
Limit exists but not equal to 𝑓(𝑎) or 𝑓(𝑎) not defined (a hole).
2. Jump:
Left and right limits exist but are not equal.
3. Infinite:
Function tends to ∞ or −∞ (vertical asymptote).

One-Sided Limits
• Left-hand: lim𝑥→𝑎− 𝑓(𝑥)
• Right-hand: lim𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑓(𝑥)

Intermediate Value Theorem

If 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], and 𝑁 is between 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏), then
∃ 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑁

7. Testing Continuity at 𝑥 = 𝑎
4. Is 𝑓(𝑎) defined?
5. Does lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) exist?
6. Are they equal? If yes → Continuous, else → Discontinuous

Key Graphs to Practice and Remember

• Modulus: V-shape
• Exponential: 𝑒 𝑥 curve rising rapidly
• Logarithmic: Slow-growing curve from right of y-axis
• Parametric:
Circle: 𝑥 = cos𝑡, 𝑦 = sin𝑡
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

• Implicit Curves:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Ellipse: + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Chapter 2: Differentiation
1. Basic Definitions & Concepts
Independent Variable (x): The input variable.
Dependent Variable (y): The output variable, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
Average Rate of Change:
𝛥𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
=
𝛥𝑥 ℎ
Instantaneous Rate of Change (Derivative):
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Differential Coefficient:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

2. First Principle (Limit Definition)

Power Function (𝑥 𝑛 ):
𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Linear Composite Function ((𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 ):
𝑑
((𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

3. Theorems of Differentiation

Basic Rules:
Constant Rule:
𝑑
(𝑐) = 0 (𝑐 is constant)
𝑑𝑥
Constant Multiple Rule:
𝑑
(𝑐𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑐𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Sum/Difference Rule:
𝑑
(𝑢 ± 𝑣) = 𝑢′ ± 𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑥
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Product Rule:
𝑑
(𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣) = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑥
Quotient Rule:
𝑑 𝑢 𝑢′ 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣 ′
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
Chain Rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅ (for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢), 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

4. Implicit Differentiation

For equations like 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0:

Differentiate both sides w.r.t. 𝑥.

5. Trigonometric & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Derivatives:
𝑑
(sin𝑥) = cos𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cos𝑥) = −sin𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(tan𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cot𝑥) = −csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(sec𝑥) = sec𝑥tan𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(csc𝑥) = −csc𝑥cot𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Inverse Trigonometric Derivatives:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑑 1
(arcsin𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑 1
(arccos𝑥) =−
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑 1
(arctan𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 1
(arccot 𝑥) =−
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 1
(arcsec 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∣ √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑 1
(arccsc 𝑥) =−
𝑑𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∣ √𝑥 2 − 1

6. Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

Exponential Derivatives:
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln𝑎 (𝑎 > 0)
𝑑𝑥
Logarithmic Derivatives:
𝑑 1
(ln𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
(log 𝑎 𝑥) = (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥ln𝑎

Logarithmic Differentiation:

For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) :

Take natural log: ln𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)ln𝑓(𝑥).
Differentiate implicitly:
𝑦′ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 𝑔′ (𝑥)ln𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑦 𝑓(𝑥)
′
Solve for 𝑦 .

7. Hyperbolic & Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic Derivatives:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑑
(sinh𝑥) = cosh𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cosh𝑥) = sinh𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(tanh𝑥) = sech2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(coth𝑥) = −csch2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(sech 𝑥) = −sech 𝑥tanh𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(csch 𝑥) = −csch 𝑥coth𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Inverse Hyperbolic Derivatives:
𝑑 1
(arcsinh 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 +1
𝑑 1
(arccosh 𝑥) = (𝑥 > 1)
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑 1
(arctanh 𝑥) = (∣ 𝑥 ∣< 1)
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑 1
(arccoth 𝑥) = (∣ 𝑥 ∣> 1)
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2

8. Key Applications
Tangent Line Equation at 𝑥 = 𝑎:
𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
Approximation Using Differentials:
𝛥𝑦 ≈ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝛥𝑥

Tip: Memorize the patterns (e.g., sin ↔ cos, tan ↔ sec 2 ) to recall derivatives quickly!

Chapter 3: Higher Order Derivatives and Applications

1. Higher-Order Derivatives
Basic Rules
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab
𝑑
• First Derivative: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑2
• Second Derivative: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑛
• 𝑛-th Derivative: 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
• Common Functions
Function First Derivative Second Derivative 𝑛-th Derivative
𝑛 𝑛!
𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2
𝑥 𝑛−𝑘
(𝑛 − 𝑘)!
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
ln𝑥 1 1 (𝑛 − 1)!
− 2 (−1)𝑛+1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑛
sin𝑥 cos𝑥 −sin𝑥 𝑛𝜋
sin (𝑥 + )
2
cos𝑥 −sin𝑥 −cos𝑥 𝑛𝜋
cos (𝑥 + )
2
Tan𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 2sec 2 𝑥tan𝑥 Complex pattern

2. Implicit & Parametric Higher-Order Derivatives

Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
• First Derivative: Differentiate both sides w.r.t. 𝑥, solve for .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• Second Derivative: Differentiate 𝑑𝑥 again, substitute 𝑑𝑥 .

Example (Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 ):
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑦2 + 𝑥2
=− , =− .
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦3
Parametric Differentiation
For 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡):
• First Derivative:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
• Second Derivative:
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
2
= ( )⋅ .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example (𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 ):
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑡 2 3𝑡 𝑑2𝑦 2 = 3.
= = , =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑡 4𝑡
3. Taylor & Maclaurin Series
Taylor Series Expansion

′ (𝑎)(𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) 2
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + ⋯ + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 + ⋯
2! 𝑛!
Maclaurin Series (𝑎 = 0)

′ (0)𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (0) 2 𝑓 (𝑛) (0) 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 + 𝑥 + ⋯+ 𝑥 +⋯
2! 𝑛!
Key Expansions

Function Maclaurin Series (up to 𝑥 4 )

𝑒𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
1+𝑥+ + +
2! 3! 4!
3
sin𝑥 𝑥 𝑥5
𝑥− + −⋯
3! 5!
cos𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4
1− + −⋯
2! 4!
ln(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑥− + −
2 3 4
4. Tangent, Normal, & Angle Between Curves
Tangent Line at 𝒙 = 𝒂:
𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎).
Normal Line at 𝑥 = 𝑎:
1
𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = − (𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≠ 0).
𝑓 ′ (𝑎)
Angle Between Two Curves:
For curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) intersecting at (𝑎, 𝑏):
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) − 𝑔′ (𝑎)
tan𝜃 =∣ ∣.
1 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)𝑔′ (𝑎)
5. Maxima, Minima, & Concavity
Critical Points: Solve 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) undefined.
First Derivative Test:
• 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes +→ −: Local max.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

• 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes −→ +: Local min.

Second Derivative Test:

• 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0: Local min at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
• 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0: Local max at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
• 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = 0: Test fails (use first derivative test).

Concavity & Inflection Points:

• Concave Up: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0.
• Concave Down: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0.
• Inflection Point: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) changes sign.

6. Real-Life Applications
Optimization Problems:
7. Maximize Area/Minimize Perimeter:
o Rectangle with fixed area 𝐴: Square minimizes perimeter (𝐿 = 𝑊 = √𝐴).
8. Maximize Profit:
o Profit 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥) − 𝐶(𝑥). Solve 𝑃′ (𝑥) = 0.

Linear Approximation:
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎).

Example: Approximate √25.1 using 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 at 𝑎 = 25:

1
𝐿(25.1) = 5 + (0.1) = 5.01.
10

Chapter 4: Differentiation of Vector Functions

1. Scalar and Vector Functions
Scalar Function:
𝑓: ℝ → ℝ
Example: 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 3.
Vector-Valued Function:
𝐫: ℝ → ℝ𝑛
Example: 𝐫(𝑡) = ⟨𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡)⟩, where 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ are scalar functions.

Domain & Range:

 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Domain of 𝐫(𝑡): Intersection of domains of 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡).

Range: Set of all output vectors 𝐫(𝑡).

2. Limit and Continuity

Limit:
lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐫(𝑡) = ⟨lim𝑡→𝑎 𝑓(𝑡), lim𝑡→𝑎 𝑔(𝑡), lim𝑡→𝑎 ℎ(𝑡)⟩, if all component limits exist.
Continuity:
𝐫(𝑡) is continuous at 𝑡 = 𝑎 if:
lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐫(𝑡) = 𝐫(𝑎).

3. Properties of Limits

Let 𝐮(𝑡) and 𝐯(𝑡) be vector functions, and 𝑐 a scalar.

Sum/Difference:
lim𝑡→𝑎 [𝐮(𝑡) ± 𝐯(𝑡)] = lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐮(𝑡) ± lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐯(𝑡).
Dot Product:
lim𝑡→𝑎 [𝐮(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐯(𝑡)] = lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐮(𝑡) ⋅ lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐯(𝑡).
Cross Product:
lim𝑡→𝑎 [𝐮(𝑡) × 𝐯(𝑡)] = lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐮(𝑡) × lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐯(𝑡).
Scalar Multiplication:
lim𝑡→𝑎 [𝑐𝐮(𝑡)] = 𝑐lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐮(𝑡).

4. Derivative of Vector-Valued Functions

Definition:
𝐫(𝑡+ℎ)−𝐫(𝑡)
𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = limℎ→0 ℎ
= ⟨𝑓 ′ (𝑡), 𝑔′ (𝑡), ℎ′ (𝑡)⟩.
Leibniz Rule (Product Rule):
For scalar 𝑓(𝑡) and vector 𝐫(𝑡):
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
[𝑓(𝑡)𝐫(𝑡)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝐫(𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑡)𝐫 ′ (𝑡).

5. Differentiation Formulas

Let 𝐮(𝑡), 𝐯(𝑡) be vector functions, and 𝑐 a constant.

Constant Rule:
𝑑
[𝐜] = 0.
𝑑𝑡
Linearity Rule:
𝑑
[𝑐𝐮(𝑡)] = 𝑐𝐮′ (𝑡).
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
[𝐮(𝑡) ± 𝐯(𝑡)] = 𝐮′ (𝑡) ± 𝐯 ′ (𝑡).
𝑑𝑡
Scalar Multiple Rule:
𝑑
[𝑓(𝑡)𝐮(𝑡)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝐮(𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑡)𝐮′ (𝑡).
𝑑𝑡
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Quotient Rule:
𝑑 𝐮(𝑡) 𝑓(𝑡)𝐮′ (𝑡)−𝑓′ (𝑡)𝐮(𝑡)
[ ]= .
𝑑𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) [𝑓(𝑡)]2
Dot Product Rule:
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
[𝐮(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐯(𝑡)] = 𝐮′ (𝑡) ⋅ 𝐯(𝑡) + 𝐮(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐯 ′ (𝑡).
Cross Product Rule:
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
[𝐮(𝑡) × 𝐯(𝑡)] = 𝐮′ (𝑡) × 𝐯(𝑡) + 𝐮(𝑡) × 𝐯 ′ (𝑡).
Chain Rule:
𝑑
[𝐮(𝑓(𝑡))] = 𝐮′ (𝑓(𝑡)) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑡).
𝑑𝑡

6. Application to Motion (Position, Velocity, Acceleration)

Position Vector: 𝐑(𝑡) = ⟨𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)⟩.
Velocity:
𝐕(𝑡) = 𝐑′ (𝑡) = ⟨𝑥 ′ (𝑡), 𝑦 ′ (𝑡), 𝑧 ′ (𝑡)⟩.
Acceleration:
𝐀(𝑡) = 𝐕 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐑′′ (𝑡) = ⟨𝑥 ′′ (𝑡), 𝑦 ′′ (𝑡), 𝑧 ′′ (𝑡)⟩.
Speed:
∥ 𝐕(𝑡) ∥= √[𝑥 ′ (𝑡)]2 + [𝑦 ′ (𝑡)]2 + [𝑧 ′ (𝑡)]2 .

Chapter 5: Integration

1. Basic Integration Rules

These rules form the foundation of integral calculus and are applied to most basic functions.
Constant Rule
∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 (where 𝑘 is a constant)
Constant Multiple Rule
∫ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Sum and Difference Rule
∫ [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Power Rule
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 (𝑛 ≠ −1)
𝑛+1
Logarithmic Rule
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln ∣ 𝑥 ∣ +𝐶 (𝑥 ≠ 0)
𝑥

2.Standard Integrals and Derivative Verification

 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Integral Antiderivative Derivative Verification

∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1
+𝐶 ( ) = 𝑥𝑛
𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 1
1 ln ∥ 𝑥 ∥ +𝐶 𝑑 1
∫𝑑𝑥 (ln ∥ 𝑥 ∥) =
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ cos(𝑘𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑑 sin(𝑘𝑥)
+𝐶 ( ) = cos(𝑘𝑥)
𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
∫ sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 cos(𝑘𝑥) 𝑑 cos(𝑘𝑥)
− +𝐶 (− ) = sin(𝑘𝑥)
𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 tan𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑
(tan𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −cot𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑
(−cot𝑥) = csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ sec𝑥tan𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sec𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑
(sec𝑥) = sec𝑥tan𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ csc𝑥cot𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −csc𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑
(−csc𝑥) = csc𝑥cot𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑎𝑥
+𝐶 ( ) = 𝑎𝑥
ln𝑎 𝑑𝑥 ln𝑎
1 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥) =
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥) =
1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
3. Exponential and Logarithmic Integrals
9. Exponential with Base 𝑒

𝑒 𝑘𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶, ∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 (𝑘 ≠ 0)
𝑘
10. Exponential with Base 𝑎

𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1)
ln𝑎
4. Inverse Trigonometric Integrals
Integral Result
1 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Integral Result
1 1 𝑥
∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥 tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
1 −1
sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
1 −1
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 sin (𝑎) + 𝐶 (𝑎 > 0)
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

5. Trigonometric Powers & Identities (Helpful Before Integration)

These identities are essential for simplifying integrals involving powers of trigonometric functions:
1−cos(2𝑥)
• sin2 𝑥 =
2
1+cos(2𝑥)
• cos 2 𝑥 =
2
1
• sin𝑥cos𝑥 = 2 sin(2𝑥)

Use them to reduce powers when integrals involve sin𝑛 𝑥 or cos 𝑛 𝑥.

6. Integration Techniques

A. Substitution Rule (Change of Variable)

Used when the integral contains a composite function:
• If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), then:
[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ⋅ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 (𝑛 ≠ −1)
𝑛+1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln ∣ 𝑓(𝑥) ∣ +𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
B. Integration by Parts
Used when the integrand is a product of two functions:
• Formula:
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
• Example:
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
C. Partial Fractions
Used to integrate rational functions:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

• Example:
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (ln ∣ 𝑥 − 𝑎 ∣ −ln ∣ 𝑥 − 𝑏 ∣) + 𝐶
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑎−𝑏

7. Integrals Involving Radicals

These occur frequently in geometry-related problems and require specific forms:
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
• ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑎2
• ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 =2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2
ln ∣ 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ∣ +𝐶
𝑥 𝑎2
• ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ln ∣ 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∣ +𝐶
2 2

8. Trigonometric Substitution Methods

Helpful when integrals involve square roots:

Form Substitute
√𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑎sin𝜃

√𝑎 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑎tan𝜃

√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑥 = 𝑎sec𝜃

9. Definite Integrals & Applications

A. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
𝑏
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎), where 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎

B. Area Under a Curve

𝑏
Area = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (when 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 on [𝑎, 𝑏])
𝑎

C. Integral as Net Change

𝑡2
Net Change or Accumulated Quantity = ∫ 𝑟 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1

• Example: Total distance from velocity, total population from rate of growth, etc.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Chapter 1: Functions and

Limit
1 The domain of the function f(x) = √(x - 2) is:

a) (-∞, 2]
b) [2, ∞)
c) (2, ∞)
d) (-∞, ∞)
Correct Answer: b) [2, ∞)

Reason: The square root function is defined for non-negative values. Therefore, x - 2 ≥ 0, which
means x ≥ 2.

2 The range of the function f(x) = |x| is:

a) (-∞, ∞)
b) (-∞, 0]
c) [0, ∞)
d) (0, ∞)
Correct Answer: c) [0, ∞)

Reason: The absolute value function |x| always returns non-negative values.

3 The graph of the function f(x) = |x - 1| is a:

a) Parabola
b) Straight line
c) V-shaped graph
d) Circle
Correct Answer: c) V-shaped graph

Reason: The absolute value function creates a V-shaped graph with the vertex shifted based on the
expression inside the absolute value.

4. If f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = x², then (f o g)(x) is:

a) x² + 1
b) (x + 1)²
c) x² + x + 1
d) x³ + 1
Correct Answer: a) x² + 1

Reason: (f o g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x²) = x² + 1.

5. If f(x) = 2x - 1, then the inverse function f⁻¹(x) is:

a) (x + 1)/2
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

b) 2x + 1
c) (x - 1)/2
d) 1 - 2x
Correct Answer: a) (x + 1)/2

Reason: To find the inverse, let y = 2x - 1. Solve for x: x = (y + 1)/2. Swap x and y: y = (x + 1)/2.

6. If f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 3x, then (f o g)⁻¹(x) is:

a) (x - 2)/3
b) (x + 2)/3
c) 3x - 2
d) 3(x - 2)
Correct Answer: a) (x - 2)/3

Reason: (f o g)(x) = f(3x) = 3x + 2. Let y = 3x + 2. Solve for x: x = (y - 2)/3. Swap x and y: y = (x -

2)/3.

7. Which of the following is a transcendental function?

a) x² + 2x + 1
b) sin(x)
c) 1/x
d) √(x)
Correct Answer: b) sin(x)

Reason: Transcendental functions cannot be expressed as a finite combination of algebraic

operations. sin(x), e^x, and ln(x) are examples.

8. The equation x² + y² = 1 represents a(n):

a) Explicit function
b) Implicit function
c) Parametric function
d) Algebraic function
Correct Answer: b) Implicit function

Reason: y is not explicitly defined in terms of x. The variables are intertwined.

9. The equations x = t, y = t² represent a(n):

a) Explicit function
b) Implicit function
c) Parametric function
d) Transcendental function
Correct Answer: c) Parametric function

Reason: x and y are defined in terms of a parameter 't'.

10. The limit of a function as x approaches a point describes:

a) The value of the function at that point
b) The value the function approaches as x gets close to that point
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

c) The derivative of the function at that point

d) The integral of the function at that point
Correct Answer: b) The value the function approaches as x gets close to that point
Reason: This is the fundamental definition of a limit.
11. If lim (x→a) f(x) = L, then L is:
a) A constant
b) A variable
c) A function of x
d) Undefined
Correct Answer: a) A constant
Reason: The limit, if it exists, is a constant value.
12. The expression "x tends to infinity" means:
a) x becomes very small
b) x becomes very large
c) x is equal to infinity
d) x is undefined
Correct Answer: b) x becomes very large
Reason: Infinity represents unbounded growth.
13. If lim (x→a) f(x) = L and lim (x→a) g(x) = M, then lim (x→a) [f(x) + g(x)] is:
a) L + M
b) L - M
c) L * M
d) L / M
Correct Answer: a) L + M
Reason: Limit of a sum is the sum of the limits.
14. If lim (x→a) f(x) = L and lim (x→a) g(x) = M, then lim (x→a) [f(x) * g(x)] is:
a) L + M
b) L - M
c) L * M
d) L / M
Correct Answer: c) L * M
Reason: Limit of a product is the product of the limits.
15. If lim (x→a) f(x) = L and lim (x→a) g(x) = M (where M ≠ 0), then lim (x→a) [f(x) /
g(x)] is:
a) L + M
b) L - M
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

c) L * M
d) L / M
Correct Answer: d) L / M
Reason: Limit of a quotient is the quotient of the limits (provided the denominator's limit is not
zero).
16. lim (x→2) (x² - 4) / (x - 2) is:
a) 0
b) 4
c) 4
d) ∞
Correct Answer: b) 4
Reason: (x² - 4) / (x - 2) = (x + 2)(x - 2) / (x - 2) = x + 2. Then, lim (x→2) (x + 2) = 4.
17. lim (x→0) sin(x) / x is:
a) 0
b) 1
c) ∞
d) Undefined
Correct Answer: b) 1
Reason: This is a standard trigonometric limit, proved using L'Hopital's Rule or geometric
arguments.
18. lim (x→∞) 1/x is:
a) 0
b) 1
c) ∞
d) Undefined
Correct Answer: a) 0
Reason: As x becomes infinitely large, 1/x approaches zero.
19. lim (x→0) e^x is:
a) 0
b) 1
c) ∞
d) e
Correct Answer: b) 1
Reason: e^0 = 1.
20. lim (x→∞) (1 + 1/x)^x is:
a) 0
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

b) 1
c) e
d) ∞
Correct Answer: c) e
Reason: This is the definition of the mathematical constant 'e'.
21. A function f(x) is continuous at x = a if:
a) f(a) is defined
b) lim (x→a) f(x) exists
c) lim (x→a) f(x) = f(a)
d) All of the above
Correct Answer: d) All of the above
Reason: These are the three conditions for continuity at a point.
22. A function is discontinuous at a point if:
a) It is not defined at that point
b) The limit does not exist at that point
c) The limit does not equal the function value at that point d) All of the above
Correct Answer: d) All of the above
Reason: Any of these conditions make a function discontinuous.
23. A function is continuous on an interval if:
a) It is continuous at every point in the interval
b) It has a derivative at every point in the interval
c) It has an integral at every point in the interval
d) It is defined at every point in the interval
Correct Answer: a) It is continuous at every point in the interval
Reason: This is the definition of continuity on an interval.
24. The left-hand limit of f(x) as x approaches a is denoted by:
a) lim (x→a+) f(x)
b) lim (x→a-) f(x)
c) f(a+)
d) f(a-)
Correct Answer: b) lim (x→a-) f(x)
Reason: The minus sign indicates approaching from the left.
25. The right-hand limit of f(x) as x approaches a is denoted by:
a) lim (x→a+) f(x)
b) lim (x→a-) f(x)
c) f(a+)
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

d) f(a-)
Correct Answer: a) lim (x→a+) f(x)
Reason: The plus sign indicates approaching from the right.
26. For a function to be continuous at x = a, the left-hand limit and right-hand limit must
be:
a) Equal
b) Opposite
c) Reciprocal
d) Undefined
Correct Answer: a) Equal
Reason: For the limit to exist, the left and right limits must be equal, and for continuity, they must
also equal f(a).
27. The function f(x) = 1/x is discontinuous at x =:
a) 0
b) 1
c) -1
d) ∞
Correct Answer: a) 0
Reason: Division by zero is undefined.
28. The function f(x) = |x| is:
a) Continuous everywhere
b) Discontinuous at x = 0
c) Discontinuous at x = 1
d) Discontinuous at x = -1
Correct Answer: a) Continuous everywhere
Reason: Absolute value functions are continuous.
29. The function f(x) = {x, if x ≤ 1; 2, if x > 1} is:
a) Continuous everywhere
b) Discontinuous at x = 1
c) Discontinuous at x = 0
d) Discontinuous at x = 2
Correct Answer: b) Discontinuous at x = 1
Reason: The left limit is 1, and the right limit is 2. They are not equal.
30. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b], then it is:
a) Bounded on [a, b]
b) Differentiable on [a, b]
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

c) Integrable on [a, b]
d) All of the above
Correct Answer: a) Bounded on [a, b]
Reason: A continuous function on a closed interval is bounded. Differentiability and integrability
are not guaranteed by continuity alone.

Short Questions
Question 1
Given: 𝑃 = 64𝑑
Identify: Independent and dependent variables
This is a direct variation equation.
Variable on the right (d) is what you input or control → independent
Variable on the left (P) is what you get or depends on 𝑑 → dependent
Independent Variable: 𝑑
Dependent Variable: 𝑃

Question 2
Given: 𝐶(𝑟) = 2𝜋𝑟
Find: 𝐶(2.34)

Plug in 𝑟 = 2.34
𝐶(2.34) = 2 ⋅ 𝜋 ⋅ 2.34

Multiply constants:
= 4.68 ⋅ 𝜋

Use approximation 𝜋 ≈ 3.1416

𝐶(2.34) ≈ 4.68 × 3.1416 = 14.7057
Answer: 14.71 inches (rounded to 2 decimal places)

Question 3
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Given:
2𝑥 + 5, 𝑥≤0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 − 4, 𝑥>0
Find: 𝑓(−4)
Check which part of piecewise to use:
Since −4 ≤ 0, use:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5
Substitute 𝑥 = −4

𝑓(−4) = 2(−4) + 5 = −8 + 5 = −3

Question 4
Function: 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4

Domain:
No restrictions (no square roots or division by 0)
Any real number can be input

Domain: (−∞, ∞)

Range:
A linear function has no maximum or minimum
Output also covers all real numbers

Range: (−∞, ∞)

Question 5
Given: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5
Find: 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

Replace 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑦

𝑦=𝑥+5
Swap 𝑥 and 𝑦
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑥 =𝑦+5
Solve for 𝑦
𝑦=𝑥−5
Answer: 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5

Question 6
Given:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥

a: Find 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥) = (2𝑥)2 + 1 = 4𝑥 2 + 1

b: Find 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 + 1) = 2(𝑥 2 + 1) = 2𝑥 2 + 2

Answers:
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 4𝑥 2 + 1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 2𝑥 2 + 2

Question 7

Simplify:
(𝑎3 )5 ⋅ 𝑎−2

Apply power rule:

(𝑎3 )5 = 𝑎3×5 = 𝑎15

Use product rule of exponents:

𝑎15 ⋅ 𝑎−2 = 𝑎15−2 = 𝑎13

Question 8
Solve:
2 −5𝑥
3𝑥 = 81
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Express 81 as a power of 3
2 −5𝑥
81 = 34 ⇒ 3𝑥 = 34

Equate exponents
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 4 = 0

Solve quadratic using formula

−(−5) ± √(−5)2 − 4(1)(−4) 5 ± √25 + 16 5 ± √41

𝑥= = =
2(1) 2 2
Answer:

5 ± √41
𝑥=
2

Question 9
Convert:
log 5 (125) = 3

Use the definition:

log 𝑏 (𝐴) = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑏 𝐶 = 𝐴
So:

log 5 (125) = 3 ⇒ 53 = 125

Question 10
Convert:
26 = 64

Use exponential to log form:

𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐 ⇒ log 𝑎 (𝑐) = 𝑏
So:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

26 = 64 ⇒ log 2 (64) = 6
Question 11
Solution:
log 2 (𝑥) + log 2 (𝑥 − 3) = 2

Use product rule:

log 2 [𝑥(𝑥 − 3)] = 2 ⇒ log 2 (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥) = 2

Convert to exponential form:

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 22 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0

Factor:
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = −1

Check domain (log not defined for negatives)

𝑥 = 4: Valid
𝑥 = −1: Not valid (log of negative)
Answer: 𝑥 = 4

Question 12:
150
For 𝑁(𝑡) = 1+2𝑒 −𝑡, find the horizontal asymptote as 𝑡 → ∞.

Solution:
Identify the behavior of 𝑒 −𝑡 :
As 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑒 −𝑡 → 0 because any negative exponent decays to zero.
Substitute the limit into the function:
150 150
lim 𝑁(𝑡) = = = 150.
𝑡→∞ 1 + 2(0) 1
Conclusion:
The horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 150.
Key Concept:
Logistic functions (like 𝑁(𝑡)) always have horizontal asymptotes at:
𝑦 = 𝐿 (upper bound) as 𝑡 → +∞, where 𝐿 is the numerator.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑦 = 0 (lower bound) as 𝑡 → −∞, though this part is often irrelevant in real-world

applications.

Question 13

Evaluate the limit:

1
lim ( )
𝑥→−3 𝑥 + 3

Solution:
Plug in 𝑥 = −3 directly
1 1
= =
−3 + 3 0
Since division by 0 is undefined, we check one-sided limits:

Left-hand limit 𝑥 → −3−:

Values slightly less than -3 (e.g., -3.01):

1 1
= → −∞
−3.01 + 3 −0.01
Right-hand limit 𝑥 → −3+:
Values slightly greater than -3 (e.g., -2.99):

1 1
= → +∞
−2.99 + 3 0.01
Since left-hand and right-hand limits do not match, the limit does not exist.

Answer: Limit does not exist

Question 14

Evaluate the limit of the sequence:

4𝑛
lim ( )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+6
Solution:

Divide numerator and denominator by 𝑛

 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

4𝑛 4
= =
𝑛+6 1+6
𝑛
6
As 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑛 → 0
4
⇒ = 4
1+0

Long Questions
Question 1
Given:
2800
𝑃(𝑥) = 4000 +
𝑥+3
(a) Find 𝑃(3)
(b) Find lim𝑥→5 𝑃(𝑥)
(c) Find lim𝑥→∞ 𝑃(𝑥)

Solution:
2800
𝑃(𝑥) = 4000 +
𝑥+3
(a)Find 𝑃(3)

Substitute 𝑥 = 3

2800 2800
𝑃(3) = 4000 + = 4000 + = 4000 + 466.67
3+3 6
Answer: 4466.67

(b) Find lim𝑥→5 𝑃(𝑥)

Substitute 𝑥 = 5

2800 2800
lim𝑃(𝑥) = 4000 + = 4000 + = 4000 + 350 = 4350
𝑥→5 5+3 8
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

(c) Find lim𝑥→∞ 𝑃(𝑥)

2800 2800
𝑃(𝑥) = 4000 + ⇒ As 𝑥 → ∞, →0
𝑥+3 𝑥+3
⇒ 𝑃(𝑥) → 4000 + 0 = 4000

Interpretation: This is the long-term profit as time progresses.

Question 2
Test continuity of each function
A function is continuous at a point if:
(a) It is defined at the point
(b) Its limit exists at the point
(c) The value of the function equals the limit at that point
Let’s check each function over the real numbers:

Solution:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5
This is a linear function
Continuous everywhere on ℝ
No points of discontinuity
Conclusion: Continuous for all real 𝑥

(b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 7 − 2𝑥
Another linear function
Continuous on ℝ
No restrictions or undefined values
Conclusion: Continuous for all real 𝑥

4
(d) ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
𝑆
Check continuity:
Function is undefined at 𝑥 = 2 (division by zero)
Discontinuity occurs at that point
4 4
lim−ℎ(𝑥) = → −∞, lim+ ℎ(𝑥) = → +∞
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Left and right limits don't match, so discontinuous at 𝑥 = 2

Conclusion: Discontinuous at 𝑥 = 2 , otherwise continuous elsewhere

⟹ x>1.x - 1 > 0 \implies x > 1.

Conclusion:
The domain is (1, ∞)
Key Concept:
Logarithmic functions ln(𝑔(𝑥)) require 𝑔(𝑥) > 0.
Transformations (e.g., shifts, stretches) do not affect the domain restriction.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Chapter 2: Differentiation
1. If f(x) = |x|, then f'(0) is:
a) 1
b) -1
c) 0
d) Undefined
Correct Answer: d) Undefined
Reason: The absolute value function has a sharp corner (cusp) at 𝑥 = 0, making it non-differentiable
there.

2. The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ln(sin𝑥) is:

a) 𝑒 ln(cos𝑥)
b) 𝑒 ln(sin𝑥) ⋅ cos𝑥
c) cos𝑥
d) −sin𝑥
Correct Answer: c) cos𝑥
Reason: Simplify 𝑓(𝑥) = sin𝑥 (since 𝑒 ln𝑦 = 𝑦), then differentiate.

7. The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 using first principles is:

1
a)
2√𝑥+ℎ
1
b)
√𝑥
1
c)
2√𝑥
√𝑥
d)
2
1
Correct Answer: c) 2
√𝑥
Reason:

√𝑥 + ℎ − √𝑥 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim = .
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 √𝑥 + ℎ + √𝑥 2√𝑥
8. If 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝒉 + 𝒉𝟐 , then 𝒇′ (𝒙) is:
a) 2𝑥 + ℎ
b) 2𝑥 + 2ℎ
c) ℎ
d) 2𝑥
Correct Answer: d) 2𝑥
Reason:

′ (𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2
𝑓 = lim = lim = 2𝑥.
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
1
9. If 𝑓(𝑥) = , then using first principles, 𝑓 ′ (−1) is:
𝑥
a) -1
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

b) 0
c) 1
d) Undefined
Correct Answer: c) 1
Reason:
1 1
− −1 −1 + (−1 + ℎ) ℎ
𝑓 ′ (−1) = lim −1 + ℎ = lim = lim = 1.
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ(−1 + ℎ) ℎ→0 ℎ(−1 + ℎ)

𝑑𝑦
10. If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), 𝑓 ′ (𝑢) = 𝑢2 , and 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 is:
a) 2𝑥 2
2
b) (𝑔(𝑥))
2
c) 2𝑥(𝑔(𝑥))
d) 4𝑥 3
2
Correct Answer: c) 2𝑥(𝑔(𝑥))
𝑑𝑦 2
Reason: Chain rule: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑔′ (𝑥) = (𝑔(𝑥)) ⋅ 2𝑥.

11. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥)𝑣(𝑥), 𝑢(1) = 2, 𝑣(1) = 3, 𝑢′ (1) = −1, 𝑣 ′ (1) = 4, then 𝑓 ′ (1) is:
a) 10
b) 5
c) 10
d) -10
Correct Answer: b) 5
Reason: Product rule:

𝑓 ′ (1) = 𝑢′ (1)𝑣(1) + 𝑢(1)𝑣 ′ (1) = (−1)(3) + (2)(4) = −3 + 8 = 5.

𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦
12. If 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 , then 𝑑𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2 is:
a) 5
b) 3
c) -1
d) -5
Correct Answer: c) -3
Reason: Quotient rule:

𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 2 + 1)(1) 4(1) − 5(1)

∣𝑥=2 = 2
∣ 𝑥=2 = = −1.
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 1

13. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)), 𝑔′ (2) = 3, ℎ(1) = 2, ℎ′ (1) = 4, then 𝑓 ′ (1) is:

a) 12
b) 7
c) 4
d) 12
Correct Answer: d) 12
Reason: Chain rule: 𝑓 ′ (1) = 𝑔′ (ℎ(1)) ⋅ ℎ′ (1) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑑𝑦
12. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin(2𝑥) , then is:
𝑑𝑥
cos(2𝑥)
a) 𝑒
b) 2𝑒 sin(2𝑥)
c) 2𝑒 sin(2𝑥) cos(2𝑥)
d) 𝑒 sin(2𝑥) cos(2𝑥)
Correct Answer: c) 2𝑒 sin(2𝑥) cos(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
Reason: Chain rule: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin(2𝑥) ⋅ cos(2𝑥) ⋅ 2.

𝑑𝑦
13. If 𝑦 = ln(√𝑥 2 + 1), then is:
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
a)
𝑥 2 +1
1
b)
√𝑥 2 +1
𝑥
c)
√𝑥 2 +1
𝑥
d) 2
𝑥 +1
𝑥
Correct Answer: d)
𝑥 2 +1
1
Reason: Simplify 𝑦 = 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 1), then differentiate.

14. If 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)10, then 𝑓 ′ (0) is:

a) 10
b) 30
c) 1
d) 0
Correct Answer: d) 0
Reason: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)9 (2𝑥 + 3). At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0.

15. The derivative of arcsin(cos𝑥) is:

a) cos𝑥
b) −cos𝑥
c) -1
d) 1
Correct Answer: c) -1
𝜋
Reason: arcsin(cos𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥, so its derivative is −1.

16. The derivative of arctan(𝑒 𝑥 ) is:

𝑒𝑥
a)
1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒𝑥
b) 1+𝑒 𝑥
1
c) 1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒𝑥
d) 1+𝑒 2𝑥
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑒𝑥
Correct Answer: d) 1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑢′
Reason: Chain rule: arctan(𝑢) = .
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2

17. The derivative of ln(tan𝑥) is:

a) sec 2 𝑥
1
b) sin𝑥cos𝑥
1
c)
tan𝑥
d) 2csc(2𝑥)
Correct Answer: d) 2csc(2𝑥)
Reason:

𝑑 sec 2 𝑥 1
ln(tan𝑥) = = = 2csc(2𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 tan𝑥 sin𝑥cos𝑥
18. The derivative of arcsin𝑥 + arccos𝑥 is:
a) 1
b) -1
c) x
d) 0
Correct Answer: d) 0
𝜋
Reason: arcsin𝑥 + arccos𝑥 = , a constant.
2

19. The derivative of 𝑥 ln𝑥 is:

a) ln𝑥
ln𝑥
b) 𝑥
c) 2ln𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 ln𝑥−1
𝑥 ln𝑥
d)
𝑥
Correct Answer: c) 2ln𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 ln𝑥−1
Reason: Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln𝑥 , then ln𝑦 = (ln𝑥)2. Differentiate implicitly:
𝑑𝑦
20. If 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 𝑥 ), then 𝑑𝑥 is:
1
a) 𝑥
b) 𝑥 𝑥−1
c) ln𝑥 + 1
d) ln𝑥 + 1
Correct Answer: d) ln𝑥 + 1
Reason: Simplify 𝑦 = 𝑥ln𝑥, then differentiate.

21. The derivative of 𝑒 arctan𝑥 is:

𝑒 arctan𝑥
a) 1+𝑥2
b) 𝑒 arctan𝑥 arctan𝑥
c) 𝑒 arctan𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑒 arctan𝑥
d) 1+𝑥 2
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑒 arctan𝑥
Correct Answer: d)
1+𝑥 2
Reason: Chain rule.

22. The derivative of arcsinh(tan𝑥) is:

sec2 𝑥
a)
√1+tan2 𝑥
b) sec𝑥
c) sec𝑥
tan𝑥
d)
√1+tan2 𝑥
Correct Answer: c) sec𝑥
Reason: √1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
23. If 𝑦 = cosh(ln𝑥), then 𝑑𝑥 is:
sinh(ln𝑥)
a) 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
b)
2
𝑥 2 −1
c) 2
2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
d) 2
𝑥 2 −1
Correct Answer: c)
2𝑥 2
𝑥 2 −1
Reason: The correct derivative is 2𝑥 2
. Rechecking:

1
𝑒 ln𝑥 + 𝑒 −ln𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥
cosh(ln𝑥) = = .
1
2 2
1− 2 𝑥 2 −1
Differentiating: 2
𝑥
= 2𝑥 2
.

24. The derivative of arctanh(sin𝑥) is:

cos𝑥
a) 1−sin2 𝑥
cos𝑥
b) cos2 𝑥
c) sec𝑥
sin𝑥
d) 1−sin2 𝑥
Correct Answer: c) sec𝑥
cos𝑥 cos𝑥
Reason: 1−sin2 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 = sec𝑥.

25. The derivative of arccosh(sec𝑥) is:

tan𝑥
a) 2
√sec 𝑥−1
sec𝑥tan𝑥
b)
√sec2 𝑥−1
c) 1
d) tan𝑥
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Correct Answer: c) 1
Reason: arccosh(sec𝑥) = ln(sec𝑥 + tan𝑥), and its derivative simplifies to 1.

26. The derivative of sinh(arctan𝑥) is:

cosh(arctan𝑥)
a)
1+𝑥 2
b) cosh(arctan𝑥)
cosh(arctan𝑥)
c) 2
1+𝑥
sinh(arctan𝑥)
d)
1+𝑥 2
cosh(arctan𝑥)
Correct Answer: c)
1+𝑥 2
Reason: Chain rule.
𝑑𝑦
27. If 𝑦 = ln(cosh𝑥), then is:
𝑑𝑥
a) sinh𝑥
b) cosh𝑥
c) tanh𝑥
d) sech𝑥
Correct Answer: c) tanh𝑥
𝑑 sinh𝑥
Reason: 𝑑𝑥 ln(cosh𝑥) = cosh𝑥 = tanh𝑥.

𝑥
28. If 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsinh ( ), then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is:
𝑎
1
a)
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
1
b)
√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑎
c)
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
1
d)
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
1
Correct Answer: d) 2 2
√𝑥 +𝑎
Reason:

1
𝑑 𝑥 𝑎 1
arcsinh ( ) = = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
√(𝑥 ) + 1
𝑎

Short Questions

1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∣, find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) and discuss its differentiability at 𝑥 = 0.

Solution:

To differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∣, we first rewrite it based on the definition of absolute value:

• If 𝑥 > 0, ∣ 𝑥 ∣= 𝑥, so 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

• If 𝑥 < 0, ∣ 𝑥 ∣= −𝑥, so 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 .

Now, differentiate piecewise:
• If 𝑥 > 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , so 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥.
• If 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 , so 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥.
At 𝑥 = 0, we need to check the limit of the derivative from both sides:
• From the right (𝑥 → 0+ ): lim𝑥→0+ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim𝑥→0+ 2𝑥 = 0.
• From the left (𝑥 → 0− ): lim𝑥→0− 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim𝑥→0− − 2𝑥 = 0.
Both limits are 0, so 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0, and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
Thus, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is differentiable everywhere, including at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = ln(sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)), show that 𝑑𝑥 = sec(𝑥).

Solution:

To differentiate 𝑦 = ln(sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)), we apply the chain rule.

First, recall the derivatives:
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
sec(𝑥) = sec(𝑥)tan(𝑥)
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
tan(𝑥) = sec 2 (𝑥)

Now, apply the chain rule:

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= ⋅ [sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= ⋅ (sec(𝑥)tan(𝑥) + sec 2 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)
Factor the numerator:
𝑑𝑦 sec(𝑥)(tan(𝑥) + sec(𝑥))
=
𝑑𝑥 sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥)
Now cancel sec(𝑥) + tan(𝑥) from the numerator and denominator:
𝑑𝑦
= sec(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

3. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = arcsin(√𝑥) and simplify.

Solution:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

We use the chain rule for this derivative. The derivative of arcsin(𝑢) is:
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
arcsin(𝑢) = ⋅
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = √𝑥, so:
𝑑𝑢 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
Now, apply the chain rule:
𝑑 1 1
arcsin(√𝑥) = ⋅
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥
√1 − (√𝑥)

Simplifying:
𝑑 1 1
arcsin(√𝑥) = ⋅
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2√𝑥
Thus, the derivative is:
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
2√𝑥(1 − 𝑥)

4. Determine the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥).

Solution:

We use logarithmic differentiation to solve this. Start by taking the natural logarithm of both sides:

ln(𝑓(𝑥)) = ln(𝑥 sin(𝑥) ) = sin(𝑥)ln(𝑥)

Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥:

𝑑 𝑑
ln(𝑓(𝑥)) = [sin(𝑥)ln(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using the product rule on the right-hand side:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) sin(𝑥)
= cos(𝑥)ln(𝑥) +
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥

Multiply both sides by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥) :

sin(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥) (cos(𝑥)ln(𝑥) + )
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
5. If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Solution:

Start by taking the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 :

ln(𝑥 𝑦 ) = ln(𝑦 𝑥 )
This simplifies to:
𝑦ln(𝑥) = 𝑥ln(𝑦)
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥 using implicit differentiation:
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑦ln(𝑥)] = [𝑥ln(𝑦)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using the product rule on both sides:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
ln(𝑥) + = ln(𝑦) + 𝑥 ⋅ ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now solve for :
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
(ln(𝑥) − ) = ln(𝑦) −
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 ln(𝑦) − 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 ln(𝑥) − 𝑥
𝑦

−1 (𝑥)
6. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 tan .
Solution:
−1 (𝑥)
To differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 tan , we apply the chain rule.
First, recall that the derivative of tan−1 (𝑥) is:
𝑑 1
tan−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
Now, apply the chain rule:
−1 (𝑥) 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 tan ⋅
1 + 𝑥2

7. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = sinh−1 (tan(𝑥)), find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).

Solution:

To differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = sinh−1 (tan(𝑥)), we use the chain rule.

Recall that:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
sinh−1 (𝑢) = ⋅
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = tan(𝑥), so:
𝑑𝑢
= sec 2 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Now, apply the chain rule:
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⋅ sec 2 (𝑥)
√1 + tan2 (𝑥)
Simplifying:
sec 2 (𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = sec(𝑥)
sec(𝑥)

8. Show that the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(cosh(𝑥)) is tanh(𝑥).

Solution:

We use the chain rule to differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(cosh(𝑥)).

First, recall that:
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
ln(𝑢) = ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
So, we apply this to 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(cosh(𝑥)), where 𝑢 = cosh(𝑥), and:
𝑑
cosh(𝑥) = sinh(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Thus, applying the chain rule:
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⋅ sinh(𝑥)
cosh(𝑥)
This simplifies to:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = tanh(𝑥)
9. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 2 arcsin(𝑥).
Solution:

We need to apply the product rule and the chain rule here.
First, recall the derivative of arcsin(𝑥):
𝑑 1
arcsin(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Now apply the product rule:

𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ arcsin(𝑥) + √1 − 𝑥 2 ⋅ arcsin(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
First, differentiate √1 − 𝑥 2 :
𝑑 −𝑥
(√1 − 𝑥 2 ) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
Now substitute:
−𝑥 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⋅ arcsin(𝑥) + √1 − 𝑥 2 ⋅
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
Simplifying:
−𝑥arcsin(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = +1
√1 − 𝑥 2
√1−𝑥
10. Determine the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = arctan ( )
√1+𝑥
Solution:
√1−𝑥
To differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = arctan ( ), we apply the chain rule.
√1+𝑥

√1−𝑥
Let 𝑢 = . Then: \
√1+𝑥
[ \frac{d}{dx} \arctan(u) = \frac{1}{1 + u^2} \cdot \frac{du}{dx} ] Now, differentiate 𝑢 using the
quotient rule:
1 1
(√1 + 𝑥) (− ) (√1 − 𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑢 2√1 − 𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥
= −
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)3/2 (1 + 𝑥)3/2

Long Questions

1. Derive the derivative of 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 using the first principle rule and then prove the general
power rule for differentiation.

Solution:

The first principle rule for differentiation states that the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is:
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab
𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 , let's apply the first principle to find 𝑑𝑥 :

Start with:
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛
Then,
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑎(𝑥 + ℎ) + 𝑏)𝑛 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎ℎ + 𝑏)𝑛
Now apply the difference:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎ℎ + 𝑏)𝑛 − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛
=
ℎ ℎ
We now simplify this expression and take the limit as ℎ → 0. Using the binomial expansion and the
ℎ𝑘
fact that limℎ→0 ℎ
goes to zero for any 𝑘 > 1, we obtain:

𝑑
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
This is the general power rule for differentiation.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
2. Given the implicit equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 0, find and 2 , and analyze the points
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where the tangent is horizontal or vertical.

Solution:
Start with the implicit equation:
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 0
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥 using implicit differentiation:
𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 ) + (𝑦 3 ) − (3𝑎𝑥𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
First, differentiate term by term:
𝑑
• (𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 3 ) = 3𝑦 2 ⋅
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
• (3𝑎𝑥𝑦) = 3𝑎 ⋅ 𝑦 + 3𝑎𝑥 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

So, we have:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ⋅ − 3𝑎 ⋅ 𝑦 − 3𝑎𝑥 ⋅ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Simplify:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎 ⋅ 𝑦 + (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥) ⋅ =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now, solve for :
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑦 − 𝑥 2
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
Now, differentiate again to find . To do this, apply the quotient rule:
𝑑𝑥 2

2 𝑑 2 2 𝑑 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 ⋅ 𝑦 − 𝑥 ) − (𝑎 ⋅ 𝑦 − 𝑥 ) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥)2
This involves differentiating each term and simplifying the result.
Analysis of the points where the tangent is horizontal or vertical:
𝑑𝑦
• Horizontal tangent: 𝑑𝑥 = 0 means 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0.
𝑑𝑦
• Vertical tangent: 𝑑𝑥 is undefined when 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
3. A particle moves along a curve defined by 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 cos(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 sin(𝑡). Find and 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
in terms of 𝑡, and analyze the motion of the particle.

Solution:
Given:
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 cos(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 sin(𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
We will first find 𝑑𝑥 using parametric differentiation.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1. Find 𝑑𝑡 and :
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
o 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 (cos(𝑡) − sin(𝑡))
𝑑𝑦
o = 𝑒 𝑡 (sin(𝑡) + cos(𝑡))
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
2. Now, 𝑑𝑥 is:

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 (sin(𝑡) + cos(𝑡)) sin(𝑡) + cos(𝑡)
= = 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 (cos(𝑡) − sin(𝑡)) cos(𝑡) − sin(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦
3. To find 𝑑𝑥 2 , we use the formula:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate with respect to 𝑡 and substitute in the expression for .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

Analysis of the motion: The particle moves along a spiral, with its velocity changing direction as 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
changes. The analysis of shows how the slope of the curve changes over time.
𝑑𝑥

4. Prove the quotient rule of differentiation using the product rule and chain rule. Then, apply
sin(𝑥)+cos(𝑥)
it to find the derivative of 𝑦 = .
sin(𝑥)−cos(𝑥)

Solution:
Start by using the quotient rule:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑣(𝑥) ⋅ − 𝑢(𝑥) ⋅
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣(𝑥) 𝑣(𝑥)2
sin(𝑥)+cos(𝑥)
For 𝑦 = , let:
sin(𝑥)−cos(𝑥)

• 𝑢(𝑥) = sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥)

• 𝑣(𝑥) = sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥)
Now, differentiate 𝑢(𝑥) and 𝑣(𝑥):
𝑑𝑢
• = cos(𝑥) − sin(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
• 𝑑𝑥
= cos(𝑥) + sin(𝑥)

Using the quotient rule:

𝑑𝑦 (sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥)) ⋅ (cos(𝑥) − sin(𝑥)) − (sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥)) ⋅ (cos(𝑥) + sin(𝑥))

= 2
𝑑𝑥 (sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥))
Simplify the numerator:

𝑑𝑦 −2(sin(𝑥)cos(𝑥))
=
𝑑𝑥 (sin(𝑥) − cos(𝑥))2

5. A function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined piecewise as follows:

2
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 if 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 if 𝑥 > 1
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Find the conditions on 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, and 𝑑 such that 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1. Discuss the
implications of these conditions on the continuity of 𝑓(𝑥).

Solution:
For 𝑓(𝑥) to be differentiable at 𝑥 = 1, it must be both continuous and have a matching derivative
from both sides at 𝑥 = 1.
1. Continuity at 𝑥 = 1:

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→1− 𝑥→1
From the piecewise definition:

𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏 = 𝑐(1) + 𝑑
Thus:

𝑎+𝑏 =𝑐+𝑑 (Equation 1)

2. Differentiability at 𝑥 = 1: The left-hand derivative must equal the right-hand derivative:

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏) = (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The left-hand derivative:

2𝑎𝑥
The right-hand derivative:

𝑐
At 𝑥 = 1, we have:

2𝑎 = 𝑐 (Equation 2)
Solving Equations 1 and 2 gives the conditions for differentiability and continuity.
Implications: These conditions ensure that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous and differentiable at 𝑥 = 1. If these
conditions are not met, there would be a discontinuity or a corner at 𝑥 = 1.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Chapter 3: Higher Order

Derivatives and Applications
1. Higher-Order Derivatives
Basic Rules
𝑑
• First Derivative: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2
• Second Derivative: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑛
• 𝑛-th Derivative: 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
• Common Functions
Function First Derivative Second Derivative 𝑛-th Derivative
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛!
𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥
𝑥 𝑛−𝑘
(𝑛 − 𝑘)!
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
ln𝑥 1 1 (𝑛 − 1)!
− 2 (−1)𝑛+1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑛
sin𝑥 cos𝑥 −sin𝑥 𝑛𝜋
sin (𝑥 + )
2
cos𝑥 −sin𝑥 −cos𝑥 𝑛𝜋
cos (𝑥 + )
2
Tan𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 2sec 2 𝑥tan𝑥 Complex pattern

2. Implicit & Parametric Higher-Order Derivatives

Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
• First Derivative: Differentiate both sides w.r.t. 𝑥, solve for 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• Second Derivative: Differentiate 𝑑𝑥 again, substitute 𝑑𝑥 .

Example (Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 ):
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑦2 + 𝑥2
=− , = − .
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦3
Parametric Differentiation
For 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑡):
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

• First Derivative:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
• Second Derivative:
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ( )⋅ .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example (𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 ):
3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑡 2 3𝑡 𝑑2𝑦 3
= = , 2
= 2 = .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 4𝑡
3. Taylor & Maclaurin Series
Taylor Series Expansion

𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑎)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + ⋯ + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 + ⋯
2! 𝑛!
Maclaurin Series (𝑎 = 0)

𝑓 ′′ (0) 2 𝑓 (𝑛) (0) 𝑛

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ′ (0)𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯+ 𝑥 +⋯
2! 𝑛!
Key Expansions

Function Maclaurin Series (up to 𝑥 4 )

𝑒𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
1+𝑥+ + +
2! 3! 4!
sin𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑥− + −⋯
3! 5!
cos𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4
1− + −⋯
2! 4!
ln(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑥− + −
2 3 4
4. Tangent, Normal, & Angle Between Curves
Tangent Line at 𝒙 = 𝒂:
𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎).
Normal Line at 𝑥 = 𝑎:
1
𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = − (𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑓 ′ (𝑎) ≠ 0).
𝑓 ′ (𝑎)
Angle Between Two Curves:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

For curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) intersecting at (𝑎, 𝑏):

𝑓 ′ (𝑎) − 𝑔′ (𝑎)
tan𝜃 =∣ ∣.
1 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)𝑔′ (𝑎)
5. Maxima, Minima, & Concavity
Critical Points: Solve 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) undefined.
First Derivative Test:
• 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes +→ −: Local max.
• 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes −→ +: Local min.

Second Derivative Test:

• 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0: Local min at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
• 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0: Local max at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
• 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = 0: Test fails (use first derivative test).

Concavity & Inflection Points:

• Concave Up: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0.
• Concave Down: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0.
• Inflection Point: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) changes sign.

6. Real-Life Applications
Optimization Problems:
3. Maximize Area/Minimize Perimeter:
o Rectangle with fixed area 𝐴: Square minimizes perimeter (𝐿 = 𝑊 = √𝐴).
4. Maximize Profit:
o Profit 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥) − 𝐶(𝑥). Solve 𝑃′ (𝑥) = 0.

Linear Approximation:
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎).

Example: Approximate √25.1 using 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 at 𝑎 = 25:

1
𝐿(25.1) = 5 + (0.1) = 5.01.
10

Short Questions
1. Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 2 + 1).
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Solution:
To differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 2 + 1), we use the chain rule.
𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (ln(𝑢)) where 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⋅
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Now, differentiate 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1:
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Thus,
1 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ⋅ 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥2 +1 𝑥 +1
2. Find the second derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 .

Solution:
First, differentiate the function to find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥):
𝑑 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now, differentiate 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) to find the second derivative:
𝑑
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 12𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 12
𝑑𝑥
Thus, the second derivative is:
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 12

3. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 at 𝑥 = 1.

Solution:
To find the slope of the tangent, we need to find the derivative of the function and then evaluate it
at 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 6𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now, evaluate at 𝑥 = 1:
𝑑𝑦
∣ = 6(1) − 2 = 6 − 2 = 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1
Thus, the slope of the tangent at 𝑥 = 1 is 4.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

4. Find the equation of the normal line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at 𝑥 = 2.

Solution:
(a) Find the slope of the tangent line:
First, find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 :
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Evaluate at 𝑥 = 2:
𝑑𝑦
∣ = 3(2)2 = 12
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=2
So, the slope of the tangent line is 12.
(b) Find the slope of the normal line:
The slope of the normal line is the negative reciprocal of the tangent slope:
1
slope of normal = −
12
(c) Find the point on the curve at 𝑥 = 2:
Substitute 𝑥 = 2 into the original equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 :
𝑦 = 23 = 8
Thus, the point on the curve is (2,8).
(d) Equation of the normal line:
Using the point-slope form of the line equation, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ), where 𝑚 is the slope
and (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is the point:
1
𝑦−8=− (𝑥 − 2)
12
Simplifying:
1 2
𝑦−8=− 𝑥+
12 12
1 1
𝑦=− 𝑥+ +8
12 6
1 49
𝑦=− 𝑥+
12 6
Thus, the equation of the normal line is:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

1 49
𝑦=− 𝑥+
12 6
5. Find the maximum value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5.

Solution:
To find the maximum value, first take the derivative of the function:
𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (−𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) = −2𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥
Set the derivative equal to 0 to find the critical points:
−2𝑥 + 4 = 0
2𝑥 = 4
𝑥=2
Now, find the second derivative to determine if this is a maximum or minimum:
𝑑
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (−2𝑥 + 4) = −2
𝑑𝑥
Since 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2, the function is concave down at 𝑥 = 2, indicating a maximum.
Finally, substitute 𝑥 = 2 into the original function to find the maximum value:
𝑓(2) = −(2)2 + 4(2) + 5 = −4 + 8 + 5 = 9
Thus, the maximum value of the function is 9.

6. Find the third derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 .

Solution:
First, find the first derivative:
𝑑 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 ) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now, find the second derivative:
𝑑
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (2𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 4𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Finally, find the third derivative:
𝑑
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = (4𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 8𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Thus, the third derivative is:
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 8𝑒 2𝑥
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

7. Find the second derivative of 𝑦 = sin(𝑥).

Solution:
First, find the first derivative:
𝑑
𝑦′ = (sin(𝑥)) = cos(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Now, find the second derivative:
𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (cos(𝑥)) = −sin(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Thus, the second derivative is:
𝑦 ′′ = −sin(𝑥)
𝑑
8. Find the value of the derivative 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 ln(𝑥)).

Solution:
Use the product rule to differentiate:
𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 2 ln(𝑥)) = (𝑥 ) ⋅ ln(𝑥) + 𝑥 2 ⋅ (ln(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now, differentiate each part:
𝑑 2 𝑑 1
(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 and (ln(𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Thus, the derivative is:
𝑑 2
(𝑥 ln(𝑥)) = 2𝑥ln(𝑥) + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
9. Find the value of 𝑦 ′′ for the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at 𝑥 = 3.

Solution:
First, differentiate implicitly with respect to 𝑥:
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Now, differentiate again to find 𝑦 ′′ :
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
( )= (− )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Using the quotient rule:

𝑑𝑦
𝑦⋅1−𝑥⋅
′′
𝑦 =− 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Substitute =− :
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝑥
𝑦+𝑥⋅𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = −
𝑦2
𝑥2
𝑦+
𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = −
𝑦2
𝑦2 + 𝑥2
𝑦 ′′ = −
𝑦3
At 𝑥 = 3, substitute into the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 to find 𝑦:
32 + 𝑦 2 = 25 ⇒ 9 + 𝑦 2 = 25 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑦=4
Thus,
16 + 9 25
𝑦 ′′ = − 3
=−
4 64
25
So, 𝑦 ′′ = − 64.

10. Find the Taylor series expansion of cos(𝑥) up to the 𝑥 3 term.

Solution:
The Taylor series expansion of cos(𝑥) around 𝑥 = 0 is:
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
cos(𝑥) = ∑
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0

The first few terms are:

𝑥2 𝑥4
cos(𝑥) = 1 − + −⋯
2! 4!
Up to the 𝑥 3 term, the expansion is:
𝑥2
cos(𝑥) ≈ 1 −
2
Thus, the Taylor series expansion of cos(𝑥) up to the 𝑥 3 term is:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑥2
cos(𝑥) ≈ 1 −
2

Long Questions
1. Critical Points of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
First Derivative
Find the first derivative:
𝑑 3
𝑦′ = (𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑥
Solve 𝑦 ′ = 0
3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0
Divide by 3:
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
Factor:
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 3
Critical Points: 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 3

Second Derivative Test

Find the second derivative:

𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9) = 6𝑥 − 12
𝑑𝑥
• At 𝑥 = 1:

𝑦 ′′ (1) = 6(1) − 12 = −6 < 0 ⇒ Local Maximum at 𝑥 = 1

• At 𝑥 = 3:

𝑦 ′′ (3) = 6(3) − 12 = 6 > 0 ⇒ Local Minimum at 𝑥 = 3

Conclusion
• Local Maximum:
𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = (1)3 − 6(1)2 + 9(1) = 1 − 6 + 9 = 4
Point: (1,4)

• Local Minimum:
𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = (3)3 − 6(3)2 + 9(3) = 27 − 54 + 27 = 0
Point: (3,0)
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Final Answer:
• Local maximum at (1,4)
• Local minimum at (3,0)

2. Tangent and Normal Lines to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 at (1,0)

Find the Derivative (Slope of the Tangent Line)

𝑑 2
𝑦′ = (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1:
𝑦 ′ (1) = 2(1) − 2 = 0 ⇒ Slope of tangent = 0

Equation of the Tangent Line

Using point-slope form:

Since the slope is 0 and the point is (1,0), the tangent is a horizontal line:
𝑦=0
Tangent Line: 𝐲 = 0

Equation of the Normal Line

• The normal line is perpendicular to the tangent.
• Since the tangent is horizontal, the normal must be vertical.
• A vertical line passing through 𝑥 = 1 is:
𝑥=1
Normal Line: 𝐱 = 1

Conclusion
• Tangent line: 𝑦 = 0
• Normal line: 𝑥 = 1

3. Maclaurin Series for 𝑒 𝑥 and Approximation of 𝑒 0.1

Maclaurin series expansion up to 𝒙𝟒 :

 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + + +⋯= 1+𝑥+ + + .
2! 3! 4! 2 6 24
Approximate 𝒆𝟎.𝟏 :
Substitute 𝑥 = 0.1:
(0.1)2 (0.1)3 (0.1)4
𝑒 0.1 ≈ 1 + 0.1 + + + = 1 + 0.1 + 0.005 + 0.0001667 + 0.000004167
2 6 24
≈ 1.1051708.
Actual Value: 𝑒 0.1 ≈ 1.105170918.
Accuracy: The approximation matches to 6 decimal places.

4. Inflection Points of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2

Find the second derivative:

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 12𝑥, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 12.
Simplify:
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 12(𝑥 − 1)2 .
Solve 𝒇′′ (𝒙) = 𝟎:
12(𝑥 − 1)2 = 0
Analyze concavity:
• 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12(𝑥 − 1)2 ≥ 0 for all 𝑥.
• Since 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) does not change sign, there is no inflection point.

Determine concavity:
• 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 for all x≠1 Concave up everywhere.
Conclusion:
• No inflection points.
• The function is concave up for all 𝑥.

Chapter 4: Differentiation of
Vector Functions
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

1. A scalar function maps:

a) Vectors to scalars
b) Vectors to vectors
c) Scalars to scalars
d) Scalars to vectors
Correct option: c
Reason: A scalar function maps scalar inputs to scalar outputs, like 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .

2. A vector-valued function maps:

a) Vectors to scalars
b) Vectors to vectors
c) Scalars to scalars
d) Scalars to vectors
Correct option: d
Reason: A vector-valued function assigns a vector to each scalar input.

3. The domain of 𝐫(𝑡) = ⟨𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡)⟩ is:

a) The union of the domains of f, g, and h
b) The domain of f(t) only
c) The domain of h(t) only
d) The intersection of the domains of f, g, and h
Correct option: d
Reason: All three functions must be defined for 𝐫(𝑡) to be defined.

4. The limit of 𝐫(𝑡) = ⟨𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡)⟩ as 𝑡 → 𝑎 is:

a) ⟨∞, ∞⟩
b) ∞
c) ⟨lim𝑓(𝑡), lim𝑔(𝑡)⟩
d) Does not exist
Correct option: c
Reason: Vector-valued function limits are computed component-wise.

5. 𝐫(𝑡) is continuous at 𝑡 = 𝑎 if:

a) lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐫(𝑡) exists
b) 𝐫(𝑎) is defined
c) lim𝑡→𝑎 𝐫(𝑡) = 𝐫(𝑎)
d) All of the above
Correct option: d
Reason: Continuity requires all three conditions to hold.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

6. Derivative of 𝐫(𝑡) = ⟨𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡)⟩ is:

a) ⟨𝑓(𝑡)2 , 𝑔(𝑡)2 , ℎ(𝑡)2 ⟩
b) ⟨𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡)⟩'
c) ⟨𝑓 ′ (𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡), ℎ′ (𝑡)⟩
d) ⟨𝑓 ′ (𝑡), 𝑔′ (𝑡), ℎ′ (𝑡)⟩
Correct option: d
Reason: Differentiation is done component-wise.

7. Leibniz rule in vector calculus deals with:

a) Quotients
b) Dot products
c) Product of vector-valued functions
d) Limits
Correct option: c
Reason: It extends the product rule to vector-valued functions.

8. Derivative of a constant vector is:

a) Undefined
b) Constant
c) Zero vector
d) Infinite
Correct option: c
Reason: A constant vector has no change, so its derivative is zero.

9. Linearity rule includes:

a) 𝑑/𝑑𝑡[𝑐 ⋅ 𝐫(𝑡)] = 𝑐 ⋅ 𝐫 ′ (𝑡)
b) 𝑑/𝑑𝑡[𝐫1 (𝑡) + 𝐫2 (𝑡)] = 𝐫1′ (𝑡) + 𝐫2′ (𝑡)
c) Both a and b
d) None
Correct option: c
Reason: Both scalar multiplication and vector addition are linear operations.

10. Derivative of 𝑓(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫(𝑡) is:

a) 𝑓(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫(𝑡)
b) 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫 ′ (𝑡)
c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫(𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫 ′ (𝑡)
d) 𝑓(𝑡)2 ⋅ 𝐫(𝑡)2
Correct option: c
Reason: Product rule applies for scalar times vector.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

11. Quotient rule applies to:

a) Vector/vector
b) Scalar/scalar
c) Vector/scalar
d) Scalar/vector
Correct option: c
Reason: A vector can be divided by a scalar, resulting in another vector.

12. Dot product rule:

a) 𝐫1 (𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫2 (𝑡)
b) 𝐫1′ (𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫2′ (𝑡)
c) 𝐫1′ (𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫2 (𝑡) + 𝐫1 (𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫2′ (𝑡)
d) None
Correct option: c
Reason: Dot product rule resembles scalar product rule but in vector form.

13. Cross product rule:

a) 𝐫1 (𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫2 (𝑡)
b) 𝐫1 (𝑡) + 𝐫2 (𝑡)
c) 𝐫1′ (𝑡) × 𝐫2 (𝑡) + 𝐫1 (𝑡) × 𝐫2′ (𝑡)
d) 𝐫1 (𝑡)2
Correct option: c
Reason: It’s the vector equivalent of the product rule for cross product.

14. Chain rule is used when:

a) 𝐫(𝑡) is scalar-valued
b) 𝐫(𝑡) is a composite function
c) 𝐫(𝑡) is constant
d) All of the above
Correct option: b
Reason: Chain rule handles composition like 𝐫(𝑢(𝑡)).

15. Velocity of a particle is:

a) 𝐫(𝑡)
b) 𝐫 ′′ (𝑡)
c) 𝐯(𝑡)
d) 𝐫 ′ (𝑡)
Correct option: d
Reason: Velocity is the first derivative of position.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

16. Acceleration of a particle is:

a) 𝐫(𝑡)
b) 𝐫 ′ (𝑡)
c) 𝐫 ′′ (𝑡)
d) ∣ 𝐫 ′ (𝑡) ∣
Correct option: c
Reason: Acceleration is the second derivative of position.

17. If 𝐫(𝑡) = ⟨𝑡 2 , 2𝑡, 1⟩, then 𝐯(𝑡) is:

a) ⟨2𝑡, 2,0⟩
b) ⟨𝑡 2 , 2𝑡, 1⟩
c) ⟨2,2,0⟩
d) ⟨1,0,0⟩
Correct option: a
Reason: Differentiate each component: ⟨2𝑡, 2,0⟩.

18. If 𝐯(𝑡) = ⟨3𝑡 2 , 4𝑡, 1⟩, then 𝐚(𝑡) is:

a) ⟨3𝑡, 4,1⟩
b) ⟨6𝑡, 4,0⟩
c) ⟨6,0,1⟩
d) ⟨4,4,0⟩
Correct option: b
Reason: Derivative of velocity: ⟨6𝑡, 4,0⟩.

19. If 𝐫(𝑡) = ⟨cos(𝑡), sin(𝑡), 𝑡⟩, then speed is:

a) 1
b) √𝑡 2 + 1
c) √2
d) √3
Correct option: c
Reason:

𝐯(𝑡) = ⟨−sin(𝑡), cos(𝑡), 1⟩ ⇒∣ 𝐯(𝑡) ∣= √1 + 1 = √2

20. If 𝐯(𝑡) = ⟨𝑒 𝑡 , 2𝑡, 1⟩, then 𝐫(𝑡) is:

a) ⟨ln𝑡, 𝑡 2 , 𝑡⟩
b) ⟨𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐶, 2𝑡 + 𝐶, 1 + 𝐶⟩
c) ⟨𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑡 2 , 𝑡⟩ + 𝐂
d) ⟨𝑒 𝑡 , 2𝑡, 1⟩
Correct option: c
Reason: Integrate component-wise and add the constant vector 𝐂.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Short Questions
1. Sketching the Vector Function

Question: Sketch the vector function 𝐹(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 . What type of curve does it represent?
Solution:
This is a scalar function (not a vector function, as there are no 𝐢, 𝐣, 𝐤 components).
Rewrite as 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡.
It is a parabola opening upwards.
Vertex: At 𝑡 = −1, 𝑦 = (−1)2 + 2(−1) = −1.
Intercepts:
𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0.
𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡(𝑡 + 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 0, −2.
Sketch:
Passes through (0,0) and (−2,0), with vertex at (−1, −1).
Conclusion: A parabolic curve in the 𝑦-𝑡 plane.

2. Vector Operations

Question: Given 𝐹(𝑡) = 2𝑡𝐢 − 5𝐣 + 𝑡 2 𝐤 and 𝐺(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑡)4 𝐤, compute 2𝐹(𝑡) − 3𝐺(𝑡).
Solution:
Compute 2𝐹(𝑡):
2𝐹(𝑡) = 2(2𝑡𝐢 − 5𝐣 + 𝑡 2 𝐤) = 4𝑡𝐢 − 10𝐣 + 2𝑡 2 𝐤.
Compute 3𝐺(𝑡):
3𝐺(𝑡) = 3(1 − 𝑡)4 𝐤.
Subtract:
2𝐹(𝑡) − 3𝐺(𝑡) = 4𝑡𝐢 − 10𝐣 + [2𝑡 2 − 3(1 − 𝑡)4 ]𝐤.
Final Answer:

4𝑡𝐢 − 10𝐣 + [2𝑡 2 − 3(1 − 𝑡)4 ]𝐤

3. Dot Product

Question: If 𝐹(𝑡) = 2𝑡𝐢 − 5𝐣 + 𝑡 2 𝐤 and 𝐻(𝑡) = sin𝑡𝐢 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐣, find 𝐹(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐻(𝑡).

Solution:
Dot product formula:
𝐀 ⋅ 𝐁 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 .
Apply:
𝐹(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐻(𝑡) = (2𝑡)(sin𝑡) + (−5)(𝑒 𝑡 ) + (𝑡 2 )(0) = 2𝑡sin𝑡 − 5𝑒 𝑡 .
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Final Answer:

2𝑡sin𝑡 − 5𝑒 𝑡
4. Limit Evaluation

Question: Compute lim𝑡→0 [3𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐣 + sin𝑡𝐤].

Solution:
Evaluate component-wise:
lim𝑡→0 3𝑡 = 0.
lim𝑡→0 𝑒 𝑡 = 1.
lim𝑡→0 sin𝑡 = 0.
Combine:
lim[3𝑡𝐢 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐣 + sin𝑡𝐤] = 0𝐢 + 1𝐣 + 0𝐤 = 𝐣.
𝑡→0

Final Answer:

5. Continuity Check
𝑡+2𝐣
Question: Is 𝐺(𝑡) = continuous at 𝑡 = 0? Justify.
𝑡 2 +𝑡

Solution:
Check Definition at 𝑡 = 0:
Denominator 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0.
Undefined at 𝑡 = 0 (division by zero).
Limit Analysis:
As 𝑡 → 0, numerator → 2𝐣, denominator → 0.
The limit does not exist (approaches infinity).
Conclusion:
𝐺(𝑡) is not continuous at 𝑡 = 0 because it is undefined and has no finite limit.
Final Answer:

No, 𝐺(𝑡) is discontinuous at 𝑡 = 0 due to division by zero.

6. Find 𝐹 ′ (𝑡) for 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝐢 + sin𝑡𝐣 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐤.

Solution:
Differentiate each component with respect to 𝒕:
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 𝑡
(𝑡 ) = 2𝑡, (sin𝑡) = cos𝑡, (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Combine the derivatives to form 𝑭′ (𝒕):
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝐹 ′ (𝑡) = 2𝑡𝐢 + cos𝑡𝐣 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐤.

7. Compute 𝐹 ′′ (𝑡) for 𝐹(𝑡) = 3𝑡 3 𝐢 + ln𝑡𝐣 + √𝑡𝐤.

Solution:
Compute the first derivative 𝑭′ (𝒕):
𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(3𝑡 3 ) = 9𝑡 2 , (ln𝑡) = , (√𝑡) = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2√𝑡
1 1
𝐹 ′ (𝑡) = 9𝑡 2 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤.
𝑡 2√𝑡
Differentiate 𝑭′ (𝒕) to find 𝑭′′ (𝒕):
𝑑 𝑑 1 1 𝑑 1 1
(9𝑡 2 ) = 18𝑡, ( )=− 2, ( ) = − 3/2 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2√𝑡 4𝑡
1 1
𝐹 ′′ (𝑡) = 18𝑡𝐢 − 2 𝐣 − 3/2 𝐤.
𝑡 4𝑡

8. Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2).

Solution:
𝒅
Apply the product rule 𝒅𝒙 [𝒖 ⋅ 𝒗] = 𝒖′ 𝒗 + 𝒖𝒗′ :
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑢′ = 2𝑥, 𝑣 = 3𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑣 ′ = 3.
Compute the derivative:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥)(3𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 2 + 1)(3) = 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 3 = 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3.

9. Find velocity and acceleration for 𝑅(𝑡) = 2𝑡𝐢 + 𝑡 3 𝐣 − 4𝐤 at 𝑡 = 1.

Solution:
Compute velocity 𝑽(𝒕) = 𝑹′ (𝒕):
𝑑 𝑑 3 𝑑
(2𝑡) = 2, (𝑡 ) = 3𝑡 2 , (−4) = 0.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉(𝑡) = 2𝐢 + 3𝑡 2 𝐣.
Compute acceleration 𝑨(𝒕) = 𝑽′ (𝒕):
𝑑 𝑑
(2) = 0, (3𝑡 2 ) = 6𝑡.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐴(𝑡) = 6𝑡𝐣.
Evaluate at 𝒕 = 𝟏:
𝑉(1) = 2𝐢 + 3𝐣, 𝐴(1) = 6𝐣.

𝑑
10. Compute 𝑑𝑡 (𝑣 + 2𝑡𝑤) where 𝑣 = 𝐢 − 𝐣 and 𝑤 = 2𝐢 + 𝐤.
Solution:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Expand 𝒗 + 𝟐𝒕𝒘:
𝑣 + 2𝑡𝑤 = 𝐢 − 𝐣 + 2𝑡(2𝐢 + 𝐤) = 𝐢 − 𝐣 + 4𝑡𝐢 + 2𝑡𝐤.
Differentiate term-by-term:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝐢) = 0, (−𝐣) = 0, (4𝑡𝐢) = 4𝐢, (2𝑡𝐤) = 2𝐤.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
(𝑣 + 2𝑡𝑤) = 4𝐢 + 2𝐤.
𝑑𝑡

11. Verify (𝐹 ⋅ 𝐺)′ = 𝐹 ′ ⋅ 𝐺 + 𝐹 ⋅ 𝐺 ′ for 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑡𝐢 and 𝐺(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝐣.

Solution:
Compute 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑮:
𝐹 ⋅ 𝐺 = 𝑡𝐢 ⋅ 𝑡 2 𝐣 = 0 (since 𝐢 ⋅ 𝐣 = 0).
(𝐹 ⋅ 𝐺)′ = 0.
Compute 𝑭′ ⋅ 𝑮 + 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑮′ :
𝐹 ′ = 𝐢, 𝐺 ′ = 2𝑡𝐣.
𝐹 ′ ⋅ 𝐺 = 𝐢 ⋅ 𝑡 2 𝐣 = 0, 𝐹 ⋅ 𝐺 ′ = 𝑡𝐢 ⋅ 2𝑡𝐣 = 0.
𝐹 ′ ⋅ 𝐺 + 𝐹 ⋅ 𝐺 ′ = 0 + 0 = 0.
Conclusion: Both sides equal 0, so the identity is verified.

𝑑 𝐹(𝑡)
12. Show ( ) for 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑡𝐢.
𝑑𝑡 ∣𝐹(𝑡)∣
Solution:
Compute ∣ 𝑭(𝒕) ∣:
∣ 𝐹(𝑡) ∣=∣ 𝑡 ∣.
𝑭(𝒕)
Differentiate ∣𝑭(𝒕)∣:
𝑑
𝑑 𝑡𝐢 𝐢 ∣ 𝑡 ∣ −𝑡 ⋅ ∣𝑡∣
( )= 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡 ∣ 𝑡 ∣ 𝑡2
𝑑 1 if 𝑡 > 0,
∣ 𝑡 ∣= sgn(𝑡) = {
𝑑𝑡 −1 if 𝑡 < 0.
𝑑 𝑡𝐢 𝐢 ∣ 𝑡 ∣ −𝑡 ⋅ sgn(𝑡)𝐢 𝐢(∣ 𝑡 ∣ −𝑡 ⋅ sgn(𝑡))
( )= = .
𝑑𝑡 ∣ 𝑡 ∣ 𝑡2 𝑡2
For 𝑡 > 0:
𝐢(𝑡 − 𝑡 ⋅ 1)
= 0.
𝑡2
For 𝑡 < 0:
𝐢(−𝑡 − 𝑡 ⋅ (−1))
= 0.
𝑡2
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

13. Find speed for 𝑅(𝑡) = cos𝑡𝐢 + sin𝑡𝐣 at 𝑡 = 𝜋/2.

Solution:
Compute velocity 𝑽(𝒕) = 𝑹′ (𝒕):
𝑑 𝑑
(cos𝑡) = −sin𝑡, (sin𝑡) = cos𝑡.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉(𝑡) = −sin𝑡𝐢 + cos𝑡𝐣.
Compute speed ∣ 𝑽(𝒕) ∣:
∣ 𝑉(𝑡) ∣= √(−sin𝑡)2 + (cos𝑡)2 = √sin2 𝑡 + cos2 𝑡 = 1.
At 𝑡 = 𝜋/2:
𝜋
∣ 𝑉 ( ) ∣= 1.
2

Long Questions
1. Compute 𝐹 ′ (𝑡), 𝐹 ′′ (𝑡), and 𝐹 ′′′ (𝑡) for 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐢 + 𝑡 4 𝐣 + ln𝑡𝐤.
Solution:
First Derivative 𝐹 ′ (𝑡):
𝑑 2𝑡 𝑑 4 𝑑 1
(𝑒 ) = 2𝑒 2𝑡 , (𝑡 ) = 4𝑡 3 , (ln𝑡) = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
1
𝐹 ′ (𝑡) = 2𝑒 2𝑡 𝐢 + 4𝑡 3 𝐣 + 𝐤.
𝑡
Second Derivative 𝐹 ′′ (𝑡):
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 1
(2𝑒 2𝑡 ) = 4𝑒 2𝑡 , (4𝑡 3 ) = 12𝑡 2 , ( ) = − 2.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1
𝐹 ′′ (𝑡) = 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝐢 + 12𝑡 2 𝐣 − 𝐤.
𝑡2
Third Derivative 𝐹 ′′′ (𝑡):
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 2
(4𝑒 2𝑡 ) = 8𝑒 2𝑡 , (12𝑡 2 ) = 24𝑡, (− 2 ) = 3 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
2
𝐹 ′′′ (𝑡) = 8𝑒 2𝑡 𝐢 + 24𝑡𝐣 + 𝐤.
𝑡3

2. For 𝑅(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑡 2 )𝐢 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐣 + 𝑡𝐤, find velocity, acceleration, speed, and direction at 𝑡 = 0.

Solution:
Velocity 𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑅 ′ (𝑡):
𝑑 𝑑 𝑡 𝑑
(1 − 𝑡 2 ) = −2𝑡, (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑡 , (𝑡) = 1.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉(𝑡) = −2𝑡𝐢 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐣 + 𝐤.
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Acceleration 𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑉 ′ (𝑡):

𝑑 𝑑 𝑡 𝑑
(−2𝑡) = −2, (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑡 , (1) = 0.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐴(𝑡) = −2𝐢 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝐣.
At 𝑡 = 0:
𝑉(0) = 𝐣 + 𝐤, 𝐴(0) = −2𝐢 + 𝐣.
Speed =∣ 𝑉(0) ∣= √02 + 12 + 12 = √2.
𝑉(0) 1 1
Direction = = 𝐣+ 𝐤.
∣ 𝑉(0) ∣ √2 √2

3. Prove (𝐹 × 𝐺)′ = 𝐹 ′ × 𝐺 + 𝐹 × 𝐺 ′ for 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑡𝐢 and 𝐺(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝐣.

Solution:
Left Side (LHS):
𝐹 × 𝐺 = 𝑡𝐢 × 𝑡 2 𝐣 = 𝑡 3 𝐤.
𝑑
(𝐹 × 𝐺)′ = (𝑡 3 𝐤) = 3𝑡 2 𝐤.
𝑑𝑡
Right Side (RHS):
𝐹 ′ = 𝐢, 𝐺 ′ = 2𝑡𝐣.
𝐹 ′ × 𝐺 = 𝐢 × 𝑡 2 𝐣 = 𝑡 2 𝐤, 𝐹 × 𝐺 ′ = 𝑡𝐢 × 2𝑡𝐣 = 2𝑡 2 𝐤.
𝐹 ′ × 𝐺 + 𝐹 × 𝐺 ′ = 𝑡 2 𝐤 + 2𝑡 2 𝐤 = 3𝑡 2 𝐤.
Conclusion: LHS = RHS, so the identity is verified.

Chapter 5: Integration
1.

∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑥4
A) 4 + 𝐶
B) ln ∣ 𝑥 3 ∣ +𝐶
C) 3𝑥 2 + 𝐶
D) 𝑥 4 + 𝐶
Correct: A
Reasoning: Use the power rule of integration:
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Here, 𝑛 = 3, so
𝑥4
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
4
2.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑥
1
A) 2 + 𝐶
𝑥
B) ln ∣ 𝑥 ∣ +𝐶
C) 𝑥ln𝑥 + 𝐶
D) 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
Correct: B
1
Reasoning: The integral of 𝑥 is the only case where we don’t use the power rule because 𝑛 = −1 is
undefined in the rule.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln ∣ 𝑥 ∣ +𝐶
𝑥

3.
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑒 2𝑥
A) +𝐶
2
2𝑥
B) 𝑒 + 𝐶
C) 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
D) ln ∣ 2𝑥 ∣ +𝐶
Correct: A
Reasoning:
1 𝑘𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
𝑘
Here, 𝑘 = 2, so
1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
4.
𝑑
If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶, then 𝑑𝑥 [𝐹(𝑥)] =?
A) 0
B) 𝑓(𝑥)
C) 𝐹(𝑥)
D) 𝐶
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Correct: B
Reasoning: Integration is the inverse operation of differentiation.
If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶, then by definition,
𝑑
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
5.

∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
A) tan𝑥 + 𝐶
B) sec𝑥 + 𝐶
C) cot𝑥 + 𝐶
D) ln ∣ sec𝑥 ∣ +𝐶
Correct: A
Reasoning:
The derivative of tan𝑥 is sec 2 𝑥, so:
∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan𝑥 + 𝐶

6.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =?
1 + 𝑥2
A) tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
B) ln ∣ 1 + 𝑥 2 ∣ +𝐶
C) sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
D) 1+𝑥 2 + 𝐶
Correct: A
Reasoning:
This is a standard integral:
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 + 𝑥2
7.

∫ sin𝑥cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
1
A) 2
sin2 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
B) 2 sin(2𝑥) + 𝐶
C) cos2 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
D) 4 cos(2𝑥) + 𝐶
Correct: D
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Reasoning:
Use identity:
1
sin𝑥cos𝑥 = sin(2𝑥)
2
Then,
1 1
∫ sin𝑥cos𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cos(2𝑥) + 𝐶
2 4

8.
Integration by parts is used for:
A) Rational functions
B) Product of functions
C) Trigonometric functions only
D) None of these
Correct: B
Reasoning:
Integration by parts is based on:
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
It is particularly useful when integrating products of different types of functions (e.g., algebraic ×
logarithmic).

9.

∫ 𝑥ln𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑥 2 ln𝑥 𝑥2
A) 2 − 4 + 𝐶
B) 𝑥ln𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥ln𝑥
C) 2 + 𝐶
D) 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
Correct: A
Reasoning:
Use integration by parts:
Let 𝑢 = ln𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥, then
1 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣=
𝑥 2
𝑥2 𝑥2 1 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
∫ 𝑥ln𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln𝑥 − ∫ ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = ln𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln𝑥 − + 𝐶
2 2 𝑥 2 2 2 4
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

10.
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑥2 + 1
A) ln ∣ 𝑥 2 + 1 ∣ +𝐶
B) tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
C) 𝑥ln ∣ 𝑥 2 + 1 ∣ +𝐶
1
D) 2 + 𝐶
𝑥 +1
Correct: A
Reasoning:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, so
2𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln ∣ 𝑢 ∣ +𝐶 = ln ∣ 𝑥 2 + 1 ∣ +𝐶
𝑥2+1 𝑢
11.

Best method for

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑥2 − 1
A) Substitution
B) By parts
C) Partial fractions
D) Trig substitution
Correct: C
Reasoning:
Factor denominator:
𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
Now use partial fractions:
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑥2 −1 𝑥−1 𝑥+1

12.

∫ sec𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
A) tan𝑥 + 𝐶
B) ln ∣ sec𝑥 + tan𝑥 ∣ +𝐶
1
C) 2 sec 2 𝑥 + 𝐶
D) cot𝑥 + 𝐶
Correct: B
Reasoning:
This is a standard integral:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

∫ sec𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln ∣ sec𝑥 + tan𝑥 ∣ +𝐶

13.

∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑥 1
A) 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 1
B) 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 2 cos −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
C) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
D) √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
Correct: A)
𝑥 1
√1 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
Reasoning: Use trigonometric substitution:
Let 𝑥 = sin𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = cos𝜃𝑑𝜃
and simplify √1 − sin2 𝜃 = cos𝜃.
Standard result.

14.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =?
√𝑎2 + 𝑥2
A) ln ∣ 𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ∣ +𝐶
𝑥
B) sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝐶
1 𝑥
C) tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎
D) √𝑎2 + 𝑥2 + 𝐶
Correct: A)

ln ∣ 𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ∣ +𝐶
Reasoning: Use standard result for this form. Result comes from trigonometric substitution.

15.

∫ tan𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
A) −ln ∣ cos𝑥 ∣ +𝐶
B) ln ∣ sec𝑥 ∣ +𝐶
C) sec 2 𝑥 + 𝐶
D) tan2 𝑥 + 𝐶
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Correct: A)
−ln ∣ cos𝑥 ∣ +𝐶
Reasoning:
sin𝑥
∫ tan𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos𝑥
Let 𝑢 = cos𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 = −sin𝑥𝑑𝑥, gives
= −ln ∣ cos𝑥 ∣ +𝐶

16.

∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑥 sin2𝑥
A) + +𝐶
2 4
𝑥 sin2𝑥
B) 2 − 4
+𝐶
1
C) 2 cos2𝑥 + 𝐶
D) sin𝑥cos𝑥 + 𝐶
Correct: A
Reasoning:
Use the identity:
1 + cos2𝑥
cos2 𝑥 =
2
Then,
1 + cos2𝑥 1 1
∫ cos 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝑥 1 sin2𝑥 𝑥 sin2𝑥
= + ⋅ +𝐶 = + +𝐶
2 2 2 2 4

17.

Which of the following functions has no elementary antiderivative?

A) 𝑒 𝑥
1
B) 𝑥 2 +1
C) sin𝑥
2
D) 𝑒 −𝑥
Correct: D
Reasoning:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab
2
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
has no elementary closed-form antiderivative. It is evaluated using a special function called the
error function erf(𝑥), so it’s non-elementary. The other options have well-known elementary
antiderivatives.

18.

If

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
Then
𝑏
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑎

A) 𝐹(𝑎) − 𝐹(𝑏)
B) 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
C) 𝐹(𝑏 + 𝑎)
D) 𝐹(𝑏 − 𝑎)
Correct: B
Reasoning:
This is the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
𝑏
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

where 𝐹(𝑥) is any antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥).

19.

Let
1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
2, 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 2
Then
2
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =?
0

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Correct: C
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Reasoning:
Split the integral into two parts:
1 2
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 0)(1) + (2 − 1)(2) = 1 + 2 = 3
0 1

20.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =?
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑥
A) sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎
B) ln ∣ 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∣ +𝐶
𝑥
C) tan−1 (𝑎) + 𝐶
𝑥
D) √𝑥 2 2 + 𝐶
−𝑎
Correct: B
Reasoning:
This is a standard result from trigonometric substitution.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln ∣ 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∣ +𝐶
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2

Short Questions
1. Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑥 𝑛+1
Integrate term-by-term using the power rule ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶:
𝑛+1

𝑥6
∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = ,
6
𝑥3
∫ − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −3 ⋅ = −𝑥 3 ,
3
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥.
Combine results:

𝑥6
∫ (𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 .
6
1
2. Compute ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Solution:
1
Rewrite 𝑥 3 as 𝑥 −3 , then apply the power rule:

−3
𝑥 −2 1
∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = − 2+𝐶.
−2 2𝑥
1
3. Find ∫ (√𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

Solution:
1
Rewrite √𝑥 = 𝑥1/2 and 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1/2 :
√

1/2
𝑥 3/2 2 3/2
∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑥 ,
3/2 3
𝑥1/2
∫ 𝑥 −1/2 𝑑𝑥 = = 2𝑥1/2 .
1/2
Combine results:

1 2 3 1
∫ ( √𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 .
√𝑥 3

4. Evaluate ∫ (2𝑥 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Use substitution:
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5, so 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 .

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢4 𝑢4
∫ 𝑢3 ⋅ = ⋅ +𝐶 = + 𝐶.
2 2 4 8
Substitute back 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5:

(2𝑥 + 5)4
+𝐶.
8
2
5. Compute ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Use substitution:
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , so 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 .

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑒𝑢 ⋅ = 𝑒 + 𝐶.
2 2
Substitute back 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 :
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

1 𝑥2
𝑒 +𝐶.
2
ln(𝑥 2 +1)
6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Solution:
This integral does not have an elementary antiderivative. It requires special functions (e.g.,
dilogarithm) beyond basic calculus.
Conclusion:

Non-elementary integral.
7. Compute ∫ sin(3𝑥)cos(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Use the trigonometric identity sin(2𝐴) = 2sin𝐴cos𝐴:
sin(6𝑥)
sin(3𝑥)cos(3𝑥) = .
2
Integrate term-by-term:
sin(6𝑥) cos(6𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − + 𝐶.
2 12
Final Answer:

cos(6𝑥)
− +𝐶.
12
8. Find ∫ sec 2 (4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑢
Use substitution 𝑢 = 4𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = :
4

𝑑𝑢 1 1
∫ sec 2 (𝑢) ⋅ = tan(𝑢) + 𝐶 = tan(4𝑥) + 𝐶.
4 4 4
Final Answer:

1
tan(4𝑥) + 𝐶 .
4
9. Evaluate ∫ tan3 𝑥sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Use substitution 𝑢 = tan𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥:
𝑢4 tan4 𝑥
∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 = + 𝐶.
4 4
Final Answer:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

tan4 𝑥
+𝐶 .
4

10. Compute ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑒 𝑘𝑥
Apply the exponential integral rule ∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶:
𝑘

4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶.
4
𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥
11. Compute ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 2𝑥

Solution:
This integral is non-elementary and cannot be expressed in terms of basic functions. It requires
advanced techniques or special functions.
Final Answer:

Non-elementary integral.
1
12. Find ∫ 𝑥ln𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
Use substitution 𝑢 = ln𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥:

1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln ∣ 𝑢 ∣ +𝐶 = ln ∣ ln𝑥 ∣ +𝐶 .
𝑢
2𝑥+1
13. Decompose (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) into partial fractions

Solution:
2𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵
Let (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+2.
Multiply through and solve for 𝐴 and 𝐵:
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1).
Substitute 𝑥 = 1: 3 = 3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1.
Substitute 𝑥 = −2: −3 = −3𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1.
Final Answer:

1 1
+ .
𝑥−1 𝑥+2
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
14. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 3 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Factor the denominator: 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1). Decompose into partial fractions:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 3 −2𝑥 + 2
= + 2 .
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 +1
Integrate term-by-term:
3 −2𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
Result:
3ln ∣ 𝑥 ∣ −ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 2tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶.
Final Answer:

3ln ∣ 𝑥 ∣ −ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 2tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 .

15. Compute ∫ 𝑥cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Use integration by parts:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣 = sin𝑥.
Result:
𝑥sin𝑥 − ∫ sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥sin𝑥 + cos𝑥 + 𝐶.
Final Answer:

𝑥sin𝑥 + cos𝑥 + 𝐶 .

16. Evaluate ∫ ln(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Use integration by parts:
Let 𝑢 = ln(𝑥 2 + 1), 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥.
2𝑥
Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2+1 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣 = 𝑥.
Result:
2𝑥 2
𝑥ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥2 + 1
Simplify the remaining integral:
𝑥ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − 2𝑥 + 2tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶.
Final Answer:

𝑥ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − 2𝑥 + 2tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 .
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab
2
17. Compute ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Integrate term-by-term:
[𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 ]20 = (8 − 4) − (0 − 0) = 4.

Final Answer: 4 .

𝜋
18. Evaluate ∫0 ∣ sin𝑥 ∣ 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Since sin𝑥 ≥ 0 on [0, 𝜋]:
𝜋
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−cos𝑥]𝜋0 = −cos𝜋 + cos0 = 2.
0

Final Answer:

2.

19. Set up the integral for the area between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1

Solution:
Top function: 𝑦 = 𝑥, bottom function: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Integral Setup:
1
∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 .
0

𝑑𝑊
20. Given 𝑑ℎ
= 0.002ℎ, find 𝑊(ℎ) if 𝑊(60) = 100

Solution:
𝑑𝑊
Integrate 𝑑ℎ :

𝑊(ℎ) = 0.001ℎ2 + 𝐶.
Use 𝑊(60) = 100:
100 = 0.001(60)2 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 96.4.
Final Answer:

𝑊(ℎ) = 0.001ℎ2 + 96.4 .

1
21. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√9−𝑥 2
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Solution:
1 𝑥
Recognize the standard integral form ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = arcsin (𝑎) + 𝐶.
Here, 𝑎 = 3:
1 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = arcsin ( ) + 𝐶 .
√9 − 𝑥 2 3
2𝑥+3
22. Compute ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−2𝑥−𝑥 2

Solution:
Complete the square:
4 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 5 − (𝑥 + 1)2 .
Substitute 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥:
2(𝑢 − 1) + 3 2𝑢 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢.
√5 − 𝑢2 √5 − 𝑢2
Split and integrate:
𝑢 1
2∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢.
√5 − 𝑢2 √5 − 𝑢2
First integral: −2√5 − 𝑢2 .
𝑢
Second integral: arcsin ( ).
√5
Substitute back 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1:
𝑥+1
−2√5 − (𝑥 + 1)2 + arcsin ( )+𝐶.
√5

sin𝑥
23. Find ∫ 1+cos𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Use substitution 𝑢 = 1 + cos𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = −sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥:
−𝑑𝑢
∫ = −ln ∣ 𝑢 ∣ +𝐶 = −ln ∣ 1 + cos𝑥 ∣ +𝐶 .
𝑢
∞ 1
24. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4

Solution:
1. Antiderivative:
1 𝑥
arctan ( ).
2 2
2. Evaluate limits:
1 𝑏 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
lim [ arctan ( ) − arctan(0)] = ⋅ = .
𝑏→∞ 2 2 2 2 2 4
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑑𝑥
25. Compute ∫
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+10

Solution:
Complete the square:
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 1.
Standard integral:
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = arctan(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶 .
(𝑥 + 3)2 + 1

Long Questions
𝑥 5 +3𝑥 3 +2𝑥+1
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 4 −16
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Factor Denominator:
𝑥 4 − 16 = (𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 4).
Polynomial Division:
Divide 𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1 by 𝑥 4 − 16:
𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 + 1
= 𝑥 + .
𝑥 4 − 16 𝑥 4 − 16
Partial Fractions:
3𝑥 3 +16𝑥+1
Decompose (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)(𝑥2+4):
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
+ + 2 .
𝑥−2 𝑥+2 𝑥 +4
Solve for 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷:
𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = −1, 𝐶 = 2, 𝐷 = 3.
Integrate Term-by-Term:
1 1 2𝑥 + 3
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥−2 𝑥+2 𝑥 +4
Result:
𝑥2 3 𝑥
+ ln ∣ 𝑥 − 2 ∣ −ln ∣ 𝑥 + 2 ∣ +ln(𝑥 2 + 4) + tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶.
2 2 2
Final Answer:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

𝑥2 (𝑥 − 2)√𝑥 2 + 4 3 𝑥
+ ln ∣ ∣ + tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶 .
2 𝑥+2 2 2

2. Solve ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Integration by Parts (Three Times):
First: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥:
𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 3
− ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
2 2
2 2𝑥
Second: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥:
𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥
− ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
2
Third: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥:
𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 1 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
− ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − .
2 2 2 4
Combine All Terms:
𝑒 2𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 3𝑥 3
(𝑥 − + − ) + 𝐶.
2 2 2 4
Final Answer:

𝑒 2𝑥
(4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3) + 𝐶 .
8

3. Population Growth with Oscillation

Problem:
The population growth rate is modeled by:
𝑑𝑁
= 500 + 300√𝑡cos(𝜋𝑡), 𝑁(0) = 2000.
𝑑𝑡
Find 𝑁(9).
Solution:
Integrate the Rate:
9
𝑁(𝑡) = 2000 + ∫ (500 + 300√𝑡cos(𝜋𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡.
0
Split the Integral:
9
𝑁(𝑡) = 2000 + 500𝑡 + 300 ∫ √𝑡 cos(𝜋𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
0
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Solve ∫ √𝑡cos(𝜋𝑡)𝑑𝑡 using Integration by Parts:

Let 𝑢 = √𝑡, 𝑑𝑣 = cos(𝜋𝑡)𝑑𝑡:
√𝑡sin(𝜋𝑡) 1 sin(𝜋𝑡)
− ∫ 𝑑𝑡.
𝜋 2𝜋 √𝑡
The remaining integral is a Fresnel Sine Integral, evaluated numerically:
≈ 0.234.
Combine Results:
𝑁(9) = 2000 + 4500 + 300(0.234) ≈ 6507.2 .

4. Area Between Curves 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos𝑥

Solution:
Find Intersection Points:
Solve 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos𝑥.
Numerical approximation gives 𝑥 ≈ 0.588.
Set Up Integral:
0.588
Area = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
0
Integrate Term-by-Term:
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (sin𝑥 − cos𝑥).
2
𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (sin𝑥 + cos𝑥).
2
Evaluate:
0.588
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
Area = [ (sin𝑥 − cos𝑥) + (sin𝑥 + cos𝑥)] ≈ 0.427 .
2 2 0

𝑥2
5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 6 +4𝑥 3 +13

Solution:
Complete the Square:
𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 3 + 13 = (𝑥 3 + 2)2 + 9.
Substitute 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 2, 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥:
1 𝑑𝑢 1
∫ = ln ∣ 𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 9 ∣ +𝐶.
3 √𝑢2 + 9 3
Substitute Back:
1
ln ∣ 𝑥 3 + 2 + √𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 3 + 13 ∣ +𝐶 .
3

6. Differential Equation with Resonance

 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

Problem:
𝑑2 𝑦
Solve + 4𝑦 = sin(2𝑡), 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0.
𝑑𝑡 2

Solution:
Homogeneous Solution:
𝑦ℎ = 𝐶1 cos(2𝑡) + 𝐶2 sin(2𝑡).
Particular Solution:
Use Method of Undetermined Coefficients:
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑡(𝐴cos(2𝑡) + 𝐵sin(2𝑡)).
1
Solve for 𝐴 = − , 𝐵 = 0.
4
General Solution:
𝑡
𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos(2𝑡) + 𝐶2 sin(2𝑡) − cos(2𝑡).
4
Apply Initial Conditions:
1
𝐶1 = 1, 𝐶2 = 8.
Final Answer:

1 𝑡
𝑦 = cos(2𝑡) + sin(2𝑡) − cos(2𝑡) .
8 4

7. Multivariable Integral: Volume Under Surface

Problem:
Find the volume under 𝑧 = √4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 within 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1.
Solution:
Convert to Polar Coordinates:
𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃, 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.
Set Up Integral:
2𝜋 1
∫ ∫ √4 − 𝑟 2 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.
0 0
Substitute 𝑢 = 4 − 𝑟 2, 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑟𝑑𝑟:
1 4 2 3/2 4 2𝜋
2𝜋 ⋅ ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜋 [ 𝑢 ] = (8 − 3√3).
2 3 3 3 3
Final Answer:

2𝜋
(8 − 3√3) .
3

1 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
8. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
Solution:
 Federal Board-Part 2-Maths by Mam Rabab

1 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
∫0 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
Factor the denominator:
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1).
Partial Fraction Decomposition:
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= + 2 .
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
Solve for 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶: 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = 2.
Integrate:
1
1 2
∫ ( + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [ln ∣ 𝑥 + 1 ∣ +2tan−1 𝑥]10 .
0 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
Result:
𝜋
ln2 + .
2

9. Solution to Area Between 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 and the x-Axis

Find x-intercepts:
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, ±2.
Split the integral:
0 2 3
Area = ∫ ∣ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ∣ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ∣ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ∣ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ∣ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ∣ 𝑑𝑥.
−2 0 2
Evaluate each segment:
0
∫−2(4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4.
2
∫0 (4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4.
3 65
∫2 (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4
.
Total Area:
65 97
4+4+ = .
4 4

10. Solution to Setting Up the Integral for 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

Find intersection points:
2𝑥 2 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.
Identify upper function:
2𝑥 2 ≥ 𝑥 3 on [0,2].
Set up the integral:
2
Area = ∫ (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 .
0