GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: CALL FOR A NEW WORLD • In “An Essay towards the Present and Future Peace

ORDER of Europe” (1693), William Penn made the case for a

federal European state to keep the peace. This state
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE would govern relations between its members within a
common legal framework, including a supranational
- brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective parliament.
action at the level of the planet.
- “...the establishment and operation of social • Penn’s essay is an excellent example of the extent to
institutions (in the sense of rules of the game that which poverty and the prevalence of violence and
serve to define social practices, assign roles, and war among states prompted leading thinkers to make
guide interactions among the occupants of these proposals aimed at securing a more solid foundation
roles) capable of resolving conflicts, facilitating for peace and prosperity.
cooperation, or, more generally, alleviating
collective action problems in a world of • Twenty years later the French cleric Charles Castel
interdependent actors..” (Young 1994, 15) de Saint Pierre (1658-1743) in his “Plan for the
Perpetual Peace in Europe” called for the creation of
a European Confederation.

GLOBALIZATION AND GOVERNANCE • Jean-Jacques Rousseau lamented Europe’s

“perpetual dissensions, brigandage, usurpations,
• Globalization and global governance are intimately rebellions, wars and murders” and called for the
connected creation of un government confederative where “all
• As globalization occurs, states lose control over their its members must be placed in such a mutual state of
destinies, problems become “bigger” than the dependence that not one of them alone may be in a
capacities of individual governments, and states must position to resist all of the others.” One of the earliest
delegate and possibly abdicate political authority to calls for the establishment of a system of collective
supranational entities with powers that more nearly security.
coincide with the scope of the issues and actors to be • Alexander Hamilton had said: that “if men were
managed angels, no government would be necessary,” that
The goal is to provide goods: people must be brought under the “mild and salutary
coercion” of the law, if they are to avoid the
✓ peace and security “destructive coercion of the sword.”
✓ justice and mediation systems for conflict • What emerged was a system that sought to balance
the interests of states with the need to have a strong
✓ functioning markets
central government that would operate under the rule
✓ unified standards for trade and industry of law and with clearly identified limitations on its
powers.
✓ One crucial global public good is
catastrophic risk management – putting • Benjamin Franklin, America’s first ambassador to
appropriate mechanisms in place to the French Court wrote in 1787 to a friend back in
maximally reduce the likelihood and impact France:
of any event that could cause the death of 1
“If the Constitution succeeds, I do not see why you
billion people across the planet, or damage
might not form… a Federal Union and One Grand
of equivalent magnitude.
Republic of all its different States and Kingdoms by
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: A CALL CENTURIES AGO means of a like Convention.”

• In 1311 Dante Alighieri wrote a political tract under • Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) said that the problem
the title of De Monarchia, which was translated into of international order, was ‘the most difficult and the
English and published in 1949 as On World last to be solved by the human race.’ Men formed
Government. states to constrain their passions, but each state
sought to preserve its absolute freedom, even at the
• Dante wrote: “it is evident that mankind, too, is most cost of ‘a lawless state of savagery.’ But the
free and easy to carry on its work when it enjoys the ‘devastations, upheaval and even complete inner
quiet and tranquility of peace. To achieve this state of exhaustion of their powers’ arising from interstate
universal well-being a single world government is clashes would in time oblige men to contemplate an
necessary.” alternative. Humanity faced either the peace of ‘the
 vast graveyard of the human race’ or peace by • Disarmament
reasoned design.”
• preventing war through collective security
• Kant’s proposal for this “peace by reasoned design”
was a voluntary federation of nations within a • settling disputes between countries through
framework of respect for agreed rules of conduct, and negotiation diplomacy, and
where citizens would no longer wish to face the • improving global welfare.
rigors and consequences of armed conflicts. Kant’s
“league of peace” would evolve into a peaceful world • The League Covenant contained many innovations:
order and “a perfect civil union of mankind Article 8 established provisions for disarmament.

• US President Woodrow Wilson DREAMED to • Wilson believed that nations would not so easily go
create a permanent international organization made to war if they could consult and discuss their
up of the leading powers of the day and with the grievances and openly explore ways to resolve
specific aim of preventing war. them in peaceful ways.

• In a speech delivered to the US Senate on January 22, • The “cooling off” periods embedded in the Covenant
1917 President Wilson said: “There must be, not a were intended to avoid a repetition of the events of
balance of power, but a community of power; not 1914, when Europe mindlessly stumbled upon the
organized rivalries, but an organized, common bloodiest war ever undertaken.
peace.”
The League failed due to:
• Kissinger (2014) notes that Wilson’s concept of
• lack of unanimity
“community of power” would in time reemerge as the
principle of “collective security.” • Lack of US participation
• “The League of Nations…would be founded on a • Germany, Japan and Italy eventually left
moral principle, the universal opposition to military
aggression as such, whatever its source, its target, or
its proclaimed justification.”
CALL FOR A NEW WORLD ORDER
• There is a streak of idealism that runs through
The UN Charter endorsed in 1945 by 51 nations sought to lay
Wilson’s many interventions in support of the
a framework for a new world order: “To save succeeding
League.
generations from the scourge of war,…and to reaffirm faith in
• In a speech in 1919 he noted: “My clients are the fundamental human rights…in the equal rights of men and
children; my clients are the next generation. They do women…to establish conditions under which justice and
not know what promises and bonds I undertook when respect for…international law can be maintained, and to
I ordered the armies of the United States to the soil of promote social progress and better standards of life…and to
France, but I know, and I intend to redeem my employ international machinery for the promotion of the
pledges to the children; they shall not be sent upon a economic and social advancement of all peoples: WE THE
similar errand.” PEOPLES have resolved to establish an international
organization to be known as the United Nations.”

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

(Jan. 10, 1920 – April 19, 1946) UNITED NATIONS

• The League of Nations was a international • officially came into existence on October 24, 1945
organization founded after the Paris Peace with 51 original Member States.
Conference, 1919.
• currently 193 Members of the United Nations.
• It began with four permanent members – Great
• They meet in the General Assembly, which is the
Britain, France, Italy, and Japan – and four non-
closest thing to a world parliament.
permanent members that were elected by the
Assembly for a three-year term. • Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a single
vote, however, none of the decisions taken by the
• The first non-permanent members were Belgium,
Assembly are BUT the Assembly’s decisions become
Brazil, Greece, and Spain. The composition of the
resolutions that carry the weight of the world
Council was changed several times.
governmental opinion.
The League's goals included:
UN SYMBOL: 3. All members should settle their international disputes by
World held by Olive Leaves peaceful means so that “international peace, security and
justice are not endangered”.
• Olive Branches represent Peace
4. All members are to refrain from the threat or use of force
• Main Goal of the UN: Maintain world peace and against any state.
security.
5. All members are to assist the UN in any actions taken and
• UN Headquarters are in New York City are not to assist any state against which the UN is acting.

6. The Organization seeks to ensure that non-member states

MEMBERSHIP TO THE UN act in accordance with these principles to promote peace
and security.
• “is open to all peace-loving States that accept the
obligations contained in the United Nations Charter 7. Nothing in the Charter authorizes the UN “to intervene
and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of
to carry out these obligations”. any state”.

• States submit an application to the Secretary-General

and a letter formally stating that it accepts the MEMBERS OF THE UN
obligations under the Charter.
• 193 current members.
• Any recommendation for admission must receive the
affirmative votes of 9 of the 15 members of the • The latest addition to member states is South Sudan
Security Council, provided that none of its five in 2011.
permanent members — China, France, the Russian
Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and • As of 2019, there are two permanent non-member
Northern Ireland and the United States of America — observer states in the General Assembly of the United
have voted against the application. Nations: the Holy See (Vatican) and Palestine.

• A two-thirds majority vote is necessary in the 1945 ORIGINAL 51 MEMBERS

Assembly for admission of a new State. • Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia[+], Brazil,
• Membership becomes effective the date the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic[+], Canada,
resolution for admission is adopted. Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Czechoslovakia[+], Denmark, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt[+], El Salvador, Ethiopia, France,
Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran[+],
PURPOSES OF THE UNITED NATIONS Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico,
The United Nations was formed and exists for the following Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway,
purposes: Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippine Republic[+] ,
Poland, Saudi Arabia, Syria[+], Turkey, Ukrainian
• 1. To maintain international peace and settle disputes. Soviet Socialist Republic[+], Union of South
Africa[+], Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[+],
• 2. To develop the principle of equal rights and self- United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela,
determination of peoples. Yugoslavia[+]
• 3. To solve international social, economic, and STRUCTURE OF THE UN
humanitarian problems and promote human rights
and fundamental freedoms. - GENERAL ASSEMBLE
- SECURITY COUNCIL
• 4. To be a Centre for harmonizing the actions of
nations to achieve these common goals. GENERAL ASSEMBLY

• PARLIAMENT OF NATIONS
PRINCIPLES OF THE UN • the forum for all member states
1. The Organization is based on the “sovereign equality” of • holds an annual session in September but meets
all members. throughout the year for emergency debates.
2. All members are expected to fulfill “in good faith” all UN
obligations.
 • meeting place where world leaders or their Currently the ten non-permanent members elected for two-
representatives, from nations large and small, present year terms by the General Assembly (with end of term year)
their positions on various issues. are: Belgium (2020), Dominican Republic (2020), Estonia
(2021), Germany (2020), Indonesia (2020), Niger (2021),
• Meet to consider world problems and 2/3 majority is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2021), South Africa (2020),
needed to decide International peace and security Tunisia (2021) and Vietnam (2021).
issues, admitting new members, and budget.

• All other matters are decided by a simple majority. It

cannot force action by any state. • Matters of Peace and Security were originally placed
exclusively in the hands of the Security Council.
• Annual regular session is from Sept. – Dec. When the
Assembly is not meeting its work is carried out by its • Since the Korean War, the General Assembly has also
six main committees, other subsidiary bodies, and the been empowered to address these issues.
UN secretariat.
• Permanent members of the Security Council have
direct control over UN intervention in any conflict.

The General Assembly divides its responsibilities among • Each member has one vote. 5 permanent nations have
six standing committees: veto power.

• 1. Disarmament and International Security • Procedural matters require a 3/5 majority (No veto)
Committee Substantive matters are 3/5 plus the consent of the P-
5
• 2. Economic and Financial Committee
• “All members of the UN agree to accept and carry
• 3. Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee out the decisions of the SC” They can apply
• 4. Special Political and Decolonization Committee sanctions, take military actions against an aggressor,
and many others
• 5. Administrative and Budgetary Committee.
• The SC functions continuously in NY
• 6. Legal Committee
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)

• It has a membership of fifty-four (54) nations elected

“The world is facing pressing problems, including by the General Assembly
humanitarian crises, deadly conflicts and a devastating
pandemic. COVID-19 has shown us more clearly than ever • branch of the UN entrusted with the fulfillment of the
that countries cannot address these challenges on their own. UN’s international economic, social, cultural,
Global problems require global solutions, and that is why we educational, and health responsibilities
need to recommit to multilateralism. The General Assembly, • The work of the Economic and Social Council is in
where all Member States are equal, is uniquely situated to many ways the most important and enduring of all
steer our common efforts.” the UN’s achievements.
-Volkan Bozkir • The Council co-ordinates the programs of many
President of the General Assembly humanitarian and technological organizations. Some
committees set under ECOSOC are: - Science and
Technology Committee -United Nations Commission
on Human Rights -United Nations International Drug
SECURITY COUNCIL
Control Program -World Health Organization
• This is where the real power of the United Nations
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
lies.
• the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
• The Council is made of two groups:
• Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague
5 Permanent Members- China, France, Britain, U.S. and
(Netherlands).
Russia, each of which has veto power over any UN decisions.
• The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with
10 Non-permanent members elected for 2 year terms who
international law, legal disputes submitted to it by
aid the permanent members come to decisions.
States and to give advisory opinions on legal
questions referred to it by authorized United Nations
organs and specialized agencies.
 • upholds the UN Charter and enforces International ➢ Avoiding large swings in economic activity, high
law as agreed upon by the UN Member States. inflation, and excessive volatility in exchange rates
and financial markets (IMF, 2012)
• composed of independent judges who possess the
necessary qualifications to preside over the high
courts of their home countries or who are recognized
for their expertise in international law. STABLE ECONOMY

• the fifteen judges (no duplicate countries) are elected ➢ It just means that the system is in one of the calm
by the Security Council and the General Assembly. phases of the business cycle.

➢ Within a few years, every economy moves through

periods of rapid growth with rising demand, higher
THE SECRETARIAT inflation, and dropping unemployment with reversal
phenomena (Knoop, 2009).
• The chief administrative officer of the United Nations
is the Secretary General appointed by the General
Assembly on the recommendation of the Security
Council for a five-year, renewable term. ➢ Challenge: Excessive highs and lows should be
avoided
• Described as the most important public service job
in the world, the Secretary-General is the top- ➢ Fluctuations are unavoidable – but a clever
ranking administrator and diplomat in the UN. stabilization policy could flatten and shorten them
without changing significantly long-term trends of
• The Secretary General reports on international growth
problems and progress to the General Assembly, asks
the Security Council to deal with matters that threaten ➢ Government should interfere and raise spending –
international peace and security, and acts as a John Maynard Keynes
mediator in international disputes. ➢ Monetarism – Milton Friedman
• The Secretary-General must maintain complete
independence free of any influence by any member of
the UN.

• The Candidate for Secretary-General must be SUSTAINABILITY

acceptable to the different blocs in the UN and cannot
➢ Considers the long term capacities of a system to
be too closely identified with either superpower.
exist.

➢ Development that meets the needs of the present

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs (World
1ST DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY Commission on Environment and Development,
- Extreme debtness 1987)
- Inability of governments to force through reforms ➢ Economics devotes more attention to the problem of
- Climate change problems what combination of resources could induce growth.
- Scarcity (challenges to Availability of Resource)
➢ Escape from sustainability dilemma:
RISK SOCIETY - technology
❖ Coined by Ulrich Beck (1986) ➢ -human capital
❖ This essay asserts that the main reason for the current ➢ Education
problems has been the inability of modern societies to
produce enough stability and sustainability.

STABILITY

➢ Firmness in position, permanence, and resistance to Sustainability Problems in Environmental Issues and
change especially in a disruptive way Resources
BASIC CONCEPTS #11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

1. The issue of sustainability will expand to all fields of #12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production
economic life and merge with stability. patterns

2. Moving towards a new economic model #13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts*
3. Pluralism of institutional arrangements
#14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
4. Corrected goal and measure of development marine resources
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS #15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification,
halt and reverse land degradation,
➤ A set of 17 goals for the world’s future, through 2030
halt biodiversity loss
➤ Backed up by a set of 169 detailed Targets
#16: Promote just, peaceful
➤ Negotiated over a two-year period at the United
Nations and inclusive

➤ Agreed to by nearly all the world’s nations, on 25 societies

Sept 2015
#17: Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
➤ Universality development

These Goals apply to every nation … and every sector. Cities,

businesses, schools, organizations, all are challenged to act.
1st Industrial Revolution
➤ Integration
The First Industrial Revolution began in the
The goals are interconnected in the system. One does not 18th century through the use of steam power and
achieve just one but ALL. mechanisation of production. What before
produced threads on simple spinning wheels, the
➤ Transformation
mechanised version achieved eight times the
it is widely recognized that achieving these Goals involves volume in the same time. Steam power was
making very big, fundamental changes in how we live on already known. The use of it for industrial purposes
Earth was the greatest breakthrough for increasing
human productivity. Instead of weaving looms
#1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere powered by muscle, steam-engines could be used
#2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved for power. Developments such as the steamship or
nutrition (some 100 years later) the steam-powered
locomotive brought about further massive changes
and promote sustainable agriculture because humans and goods could move great
distances in fewer hours.
#3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at
all ages

#4: Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and • Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712,
promote lifelong learning with significant improvements by James
Watt in the 1760s.
#5: Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls
• Revolutionized transportation and
#6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all manufacturing by providing a reliable source
of power.
#7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and • Enabled the development of factories,
modern energy for all railways, and steam-powered ships.
#8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, • Increased efficiency and productivity in
employment and decent work for all industries such as textiles, mining, and
agriculture
#9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
2nd Industrial Revolution
#10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
 • Facilitated the storage and retrieval of vast
The Second Industrial Revolution began in amounts of information, leading to the
the 19th century through the discovery of development of databases and information
electricity and assembly line production. Henry systems
Ford (1863-1947) took the idea of mass production
from a slaughterhouse in Chicago: The pigs hung
from conveyor belts and each butcher performed 4th Industrial Revolution
only a part of the task of butchering the animal.
Henry Ford carried over these principles into We are currently implementing the Fourth
automobile production and drastically altered it in Industrial Revolution. This is characterised by the
the process. While before one station assembled application of information and communication
an entire automobile, now the vehicles were technologies to industry and is also known as
produced in partial steps on the conveyor belt - "Industry 4.0". It builds on the developments of the
significantly faster and at lower cost. Third Industrial Revolution. Production systems that
already have computer technology are expanded
by a network connection and have a digital twin on
• Major advancements in the late 19th and the Internet so to speak. These allow
early 20th centuries, notably with the work communication with other facilities and the output
of inventors like Thomas Edison and of information about themselves. This is the next
Nikola Tesla. step in production automation. The networking of all
• Electricity replaced steam power in many systems leads to "cyber-physical production
industrial processes, leading to cleaner and systems" and therefore smart factories, in which
more efficient operations. production systems, components and people
• Enabled the widespread adoption of electric communicate via a network and production is
lighting, which transformed urban nearly autonomous.
environments.
• Facilitated the development of electric
motors, leading to innovations in • Originated in the mid-20th century as
transportation and manufacturing. researchers explored the possibility of
creating machines capable of intelligent
behavior.
3rd Industrial Revolution • Experienced rapid advancements in recent
decades, fueled by developments in
The Third Industrial Revolution began in the algorithms, computing power, and data
’70s in the 20th century through partial availability.
automation using memory-programmable • Applications range from autonomous
controls and computers. Since the introduction of vehicles and natural language processing to
these technologies, we are now able to automate image recognition and medical diagnosis.
an entire production process - without human • Promises to revolutionize various industries
assistance. Known examples of this are robots that by enhancing efficiency, decision-making,
perform programmed sequences without human and innovation.
intervention.
Globalization:
• Emerged in the mid-20th century with the
invention of the electronic computer, • Refers to the increasing
notably the ENIAC (1946) and UNIVAC interconnectedness and
(1951). interdependence of economies, cultures,
• ENIAC stands for "Electronic Numerical and societies worldwide.
Integrator and Computer," while UNIVAC • Facilitated by advances in transportation,
stands for "Universal Automatic Computer." communication, and technology, allowing
• Dramatically increased the speed and for the easier flow of goods, services,
accuracy of calculations, revolutionizing capital, information, and people across
data processing and analysis. borders.
• Enabled automation of tasks in various • Leads to both opportunities and challenges,
industries, from manufacturing to finance. including economic growth, cultural
 exchange, and technological innovation, as Sure, here's a questionnaire based on the provided text for
well as concerns about inequality, cultural your review:
homogenization, and environmental
degradation.
1. **Global Governance and Its Definition:**
Hyper-Consumption: a. What is the purpose of global governance according to the
provided text?

• Describes a pattern of excessive and b. According to Young (1994), how does he define global
unsustainable consumption, driven by governance?
factors such as advertising, consumer
culture, and planned obsolescence.
• Often associated with affluent societies and 2. **Globalization and Governance:**
fueled by desires for status, convenience,
and novelty. a. How are globalization and global governance
• Leads to environmental consequences such interconnected?
as resource depletion, pollution, and waste b. Describe the relationship between states, globalization,
generation, as well as social issues like and the need for supranational entities according to the text.
debt, inequality, and stress.

Hyper-Debt: 3. **Historical Calls for World Order:**

a. Provide examples from history where prominent figures

• Refers to high levels of debt accumulated called for a form of world government.
by individuals, businesses, or governments b. What were the key arguments made by Dante Alighieri,
beyond sustainable limits. William Penn, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau regarding world
• Often arises from a combination of factors, governance?
including easy access to credit, low interest
rates, and consumerism.
• Can lead to financial instability, economic
4. **The League of Nations and the United Nations:**
crises, and dependence on creditors,
constraining future opportunities and a. Discuss the goals and structure of the League of Nations
growth. as outlined in the text.
• Exacerbated by systemic factors such as
income inequality, speculative bubbles, and b. How did the United Nations emerge, and what were its
lax regulation. primary purposes as outlined in its charter?

Metaphors of Globalization:
5. **Structure and Functions of the United Nations:**
Solid a. Describe the structure and functions of the General
• Yung hadlang Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations.

Liquid: b. What are the main responsibilities of the Economic and

• Yung solution Social Council (ECOSOC) and the International Court of
Justice within the UN?
Flow:
• Yung flow HAHAHAH
6. **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):**

a. What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and

when were they adopted?

b. Briefly explain the universality, integration, and

transformation aspects of the SDGs.
7. **Concepts of Stability and Sustainability:** a. Examples from history where prominent figures called for
a form of world government include Dante Alighieri, William
a. Define stability and sustainability as discussed in the text. Penn, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Alexander Hamilton, Benjam9n
b. How do stability and sustainability relate to each other in Franklin, and Immanuel Kant.
the context of economic and environmental issues? b. These figures argued for a single world government or
federal union to achieve universal peace and prosperity by
establishing common legal frameworks and systems of
8. **Challenges and Solutions:** collective security.
a. What are some of the challenges mentioned in achieving
sustainable development, according to the text?
4. **The League of Nations and the United Nations:**
b. How are technology, human capital, and education
proposed as solutions to sustainability problems? a. The League of Nations was an international organization
founded after World War I with the goals of preventing war
through collective security, settling disputes between
countries, and promoting global welfare.
9. **Conclusion and Reflections:**
b. The United Nations emerged in 1945 with the purpose of
a. Reflect on the overall importance and implications of
maintaining international peace and security, promoting
global governance and sustainable development discussed in
human rights, and fostering social and economic progress
the text.
through global cooperation.
b. Discuss any personal insights or reflections you have
gained from studying this text.
5. **Structure and Functions of the United Nations:**

a. The General Assembly serves as the forum for all member

As an AI language model, I can provide responses based on
states to discuss and decide on international issues, while the
the information provided in the text. Here are the answers to
Security Council has primary responsibility for maintaining
the questionnaire:
peace and security.

b. ECOSOC coordinates international efforts to address

1. **Global Governance and Its Definition:** economic, social, and cultural challenges, while the
International Court of Justice settles legal disputes between
a. The purpose of global governance, as stated in the text, is states based on international law.
to coordinate collective action at the planetary level.

b. According to Young (1994), global governance is defined

as the establishment and operation of social institutions 6. **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):**
capable of resolving conflicts, facilitating cooperation, and
a. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of
alleviating collective action problems among interdependent
17 goals adopted in 2015 by nearly all countries to address
actors.
global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and climate
change.

2. **Globalization and Governance:** b. The SDGs aim for universality, integration, and
transformation, meaning they apply to all nations, are
a. Globalization and global governance are intimately interconnected, and require fundamental changes in how we
connected, as globalization leads to challenges that surpass the live on Earth.
capacities of individual governments, necessitating
coordination at a global level.

b. The text suggests that as globalization occurs, states lose 7. **Concepts of Stability and Sustainability:**
control over their destinies, prompting the delegation of
a. Stability refers to firmness, permanence, and resistance to
political authority to supranational entities to address global
disruptive change, while sustainability considers the long-term
issues effectively.
capacity of a system to exist without compromising future
generations' needs.

3. **Historical Calls for World Order:** b. Stability and sustainability are intertwined concepts that
require balancing economic growth with environmental
preservation and social equity.
 b. How does the Security Council differ from the General
Assembly in terms of authority and decision-making?
8. **Challenges and Solutions:**

a. Challenges in achieving sustainable development include

extreme poverty, climate change, resource scarcity, and the 5. **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):**
inability to produce stability and sustainability.
a. Explain the significance of the Sustainable Development
b. Solutions proposed include technological innovation, Goals (SDGs) as outlined in the text.
investment in human capital and education, and shifts towards
sustainable consumption and production patterns. b. Provide examples of specific SDGs and their objectives.

9. **Conclusion and Reflections:** 6. **Concepts of Stability and Sustainability:**

a. Global governance and sustainable development are a. Define stability and sustainability in the context of
crucial for addressing pressing global challenges and economic and environmental challenges.
promoting peace, prosperity, and equity worldwide. b. Discuss the importance of balancing stability and
b. Studying this text provides insights into historical and sustainability for long-term global well-being.
contemporary efforts to create a more just and sustainable
world through international cooperation and collective action.
7. **Challenges and Solutions for Sustainable
Development:**
Certainly! Here's another questionnaire based on the provided a. Identify key challenges hindering sustainable development
text: according to the text.

b. Propose solutions or strategies to address these challenges

1. **Understanding Global Governance:** effectively.

a. Define global governance based on the text.

b. Why is global governance considered necessary in a world 8. **Role of the United Nations in Addressing Global
of interdependent actors? Issues:**

a. How does the United Nations contribute to resolving

international conflicts and promoting peace?
2. **Historical Perspectives on World Order:**
b. Discuss the UN's role in addressing humanitarian crises,
a. Describe the historical figures and their proposals for climate change, and other global challenges.
world governance mentioned in the text (e.g., Dante Alighieri,
William Penn, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant).

b. What were the main motivations behind these historical 9. **Reflections on Global Governance and Sustainable
calls for world order? Development:**

a. Reflect on the significance of global governance and

sustainable development in today's world.
3. **League of Nations and United Nations:**
b. Share your insights or perspectives on the potential for
a. Compare and contrast the goals and structures of the international cooperation to address global issues effectively.
League of Nations and the United Nations.

b. Why did the League of Nations fail, and how did the
United Nations seek to address its shortcomings? Feel free to review these questions, and let me know if there
are any adjustments or additional areas you'd like to explore!
Sure, here are the answers to the questionnaire:

4. **United Nations Structure and Functions:**

a. Outline the main organs of the United Nations and their 1. **Understanding Global Governance:**
respective functions.
 a. Global governance, as defined in the text, refers to the a. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of
establishment and operation of social institutions that define 17 goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to address
social practices, assign roles, and guide interactions among global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and climate
interdependent actors to resolve conflicts, facilitate change, aiming to achieve sustainable development by 2030.
cooperation, and alleviate collective action problems.
b. Examples of specific SDGs include ending poverty (Goal
b. Global governance is considered necessary in a world of 1), ensuring clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), promoting
interdependent actors because it helps coordinate collective gender equality (Goal 5), and combating climate change (Goal
action and address global challenges that exceed the 13).
capabilities of individual governments.

6. **Concepts of Stability and Sustainability:**

2. **Historical Perspectives on World Order:**
a. Stability refers to firmness, permanence, and resistance to
a. Historical figures such as Dante Alighieri, William Penn, disruptive change, while sustainability involves meeting the
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant proposed various needs of the present without compromising the ability of
forms of world governance, including federal states or future generations to meet their own needs.
confederations, to achieve universal peace and prosperity.
b. Balancing stability and sustainability is crucial for long-
b. The main motivations behind these historical calls for term global well-being, as it ensures economic prosperity,
world order were to prevent conflicts, promote stability, and environmental preservation, and social equity.
establish common legal frameworks to ensure peace and
prosperity for all nations.
7. **Challenges and Solutions for Sustainable
Development:**
3. **League of Nations and United Nations:**
a. Key challenges hindering sustainable development include
a. The League of Nations and the United Nations both aimed extreme poverty, climate change, resource scarcity, and the
to maintain international peace and security, promote inability to produce stability and sustainability.
cooperation among nations, and address global challenges.
However, the League of Nations failed due to a lack of b. Solutions to address these challenges may include
unanimity and the absence of major powers like the United technological innovation, investment in education and human
States. capital, and shifts towards sustainable consumption and
production patterns.
b. The United Nations sought to address the League of
Nations' shortcomings by establishing a more inclusive and
representative structure, with mechanisms such as the Security 8. **Role of the United Nations in Addressing Global
Council to enforce decisions and maintain peace. Issues:**

a. The United Nations contributes to resolving international

4. **United Nations Structure and Functions:** conflicts and promoting peace through mechanisms such as
peacekeeping operations, mediation, and diplomacy.
a. The main organs of the United Nations include the
General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social b. Additionally, the UN plays a crucial role in addressing
Council (ECOSOC), International Court of Justice, and the humanitarian crises, advancing human rights, combating
Secretariat. Each organ has specific functions related to climate change, and promoting sustainable development
peacekeeping, economic development, human rights, and through various agencies and programs.
international law.

b. The Security Council has primary responsibility for 9. **Reflections on Global Governance and Sustainable
maintaining international peace and security, with authority to Development:**
enforce decisions through measures such as sanctions or
military action, whereas the General Assembly serves as a a. Global governance and sustainable development are
forum for member states to discuss and decide on international essential for addressing global challenges and promoting
issues, with decisions made by a simple majority vote. peace, prosperity, and equity worldwide.

b. International cooperation, as facilitated by organizations

like the United Nations, offers a pathway to tackle complex
5. **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):** issues and build a more sustainable and inclusive future for all.
Based on the provided information, here is a questionnaire:

12. Provide examples of Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) outlined in the text.
**Section 1: Global Governance and Historical Perspectives**

13. Describe the significance of the First, Second, Third, and

1. Define global governance based on the provided text. Fourth Industrial Revolutions according to the provided
information.

2. How are globalization and global governance

interconnected according to the text? **Section 4: Globalization and Hyper-Consumption**

3. Provide examples of global public goods mentioned in the 14. Define globalization and hyper-consumption based on the
text. text.

4. Describe historical calls for a new world order as outlined in 15. Explain the concept of hyper-debt according to the
the text, including references to specific individuals and their provided information.
proposals.

16. Describe the metaphors of globalization mentioned in the

5. What were the goals and objectives of the League of text and their significance.
Nations as described in the text?

**Section 5: Reflection**
**Section 2: The United Nations**

17. Why is global governance considered essential in today's

6. What was the purpose of the United Nations Charter, and interconnected world?
when was it endorsed?

18. How do historical perspectives on global governance

7. Describe the membership process for joining the United inform current efforts towards international cooperation and
Nations as outlined in the text. peace?

8. What are the main purposes and principles of the United 19. Reflect on the role of the United Nations in addressing
Nations according to the provided information? global challenges such as sustainable development and
peacekeeping.

9. Outline the structure of the United Nations, including its

main organs and their functions. 20. Discuss the potential implications of globalization, hyper-
consumption, and hyper-debt on future societies and
economies.
**Section 3: Sustainable Development**

This questionnaire covers various aspects of global

10. Define stability and sustainability based on the text. governance, historical perspectives, the role of the United
Nations, sustainable development, and the challenges posed by
globalization.
11. What are some challenges mentioned in achieving
sustainability according to the text?
Sure, here are the answers to all the questions in the - The United Nations was officially established on October
questionnaire: 24, 1945.

1. **What is the definition of global governance?** 7. **How many original member states were there in the
United Nations?**
- Global governance brings together diverse actors to
coordinate collective action at the level of the planet. It - There were 51 original member states in the United
involves the establishment and operation of social institutions Nations.
capable of resolving conflicts, facilitating cooperation, and
alleviating collective action problems in a world of
interdependent actors. 8. **What is the main goal of the United Nations?**

- The main goal of the United Nations is to maintain world

2. **How are globalization and global governance peace and security.
connected?**

- Globalization and global governance are intimately 9. **Who is the current President of the General Assembly?**
connected. As globalization occurs, states lose control over
their destinies, problems become larger than the capacities of - The current President of the General Assembly is Volkan
individual governments, and states must delegate and possibly Bozkir.
abdicate political authority to supranational entities with
powers that more nearly coincide with the scope of the issues
and actors to be managed. 10. **How many permanent members are there in the United
Nations Security Council?**

- There are five permanent members in the United Nations

3. **What are the goals of global governance?**
Security Council.
- The goals of global governance include providing goods
such as peace and security, justice and mediation systems for
conflict resolution, functioning markets, unified standards for 11. **What is the purpose of the Sustainable Development
trade and industry, and managing catastrophic risks to Goals (SDGs)?**
maximize the reduction of their likelihood and impact.
- The purpose of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) is to set a framework for global development, aiming
to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all
4. **What is one crucial global public good mentioned in the
by 2030.
text?**

- One crucial global public good mentioned in the text is

catastrophic risk management, which involves putting 12. **Name three of the Sustainable Development Goals
appropriate mechanisms in place to maximize the reduction of (SDGs).**
the likelihood and impact of any event that could cause the
death of 1 billion people across the planet or damage of - Three of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are:
equivalent magnitude.
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

2. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at

5. **Who proposed the idea of a single world government in all ages.
the 14th century?**
3. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
- Dante Alighieri proposed the idea of a single world impacts.
government in the 14th century in his political tract titled "De
Monarchia."
13. **What characterizes the Fourth Industrial Revolution?**

- The Fourth Industrial Revolution is characterized by the

6. **In what year was the United Nations officially
application of information and communication technologies to
established?**
industry, also known as "Industry 4.0." It involves the
integration of cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things
(IoT), and artificial intelligence to create smart factories and
autonomous production systems.

14. **What is globalization, and what are some of its

effects?**

- Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness

and interdependence of economies, cultures, and societies
worldwide. Some of its effects include economic growth,
cultural exchange, technological innovation, but also concerns
about inequality, cultural homogenization, and environmental
degradation.

15. **What does the term "hyper-consumption" refer to?**

- The term "hyper-consumption" refers to a pattern of

excessive and unsustainable consumption driven by factors
such as advertising, consumer culture, and planned
obsolescence.

16. **What are the metaphors used to describe globalization

mentioned in the text?**

- The metaphors used to describe globalization mentioned in

the text include "solid," "liquid," and "flow."

These are the answers to all the questions in the questionnaire.

Let me know if you need further clarification on any of the
answers!