Introduction to

the History and

Generation of
Computers
Computers have come a long way since their inception in the
1940s. This presentation will explore the fascinating history and
evolution of computing, from the first groundbreaking devices to
the advanced technologies of today and beyond.

by Johar
Coders
First Generation Computers (1940s-1950s)
ENIAC
The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Limited Programming
Computer (ENIAC) was one of the first general-
Programming these early computers involved
purpose electronic computers, weighing over 30
manually rewiring the circuits, a time-consuming
tons and occupying 1,800 square feet.
and error-prone process.

1 2 3

Vacuum Tubes
First-generation computers relied on bulky,
power-hungry vacuum tubes for their operation,
leading to large, expensive, and often unreliable
machines.
Second Generation Computers (1950s-1960s)
Transistors
Magnetic Drums Improved Programming
The introduction of transistors,
which were smaller, faster, and Second-generation computers High-level programming

more reliable than vacuum used magnetic drums for data languages, such as FORTRAN and

tubes, revolutionized computer storage, a significant COBOL, were developed, making

design and performance. improvement over the initial it easier to write and execute
punch card systems. programs.
Third Generation
Computers (1960s-
1970s)
Integrated Circuits
1 2 Time-Sharing
The integration of
Third-generation computers
multiple transistors
introduced time-sharing,
and other components
allowing multiple users to
onto a single chip,
access the same computer
known as the
system simultaneously.
integrated circuit, led
to smaller, faster, and
more reliable
computers.

High-Level languages, such as BASIC and Pascal, made it easier for non-
3
Languages specialists to write code.

The development of
more sophisticated
programming
Miniaturization 4 more compact, and
more energy-efficient,
C
paving the way for the
o
development of
m
personal computers.
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Fourth Generation Computers (1970s-1980s)
Microprocessors Operating Systems
The invention of the microprocessor, a single chip containing
Fourth-generation
the entire central
computers
processing
sawunit
the (CPU),
emergence
allowed
of user-
for the
frien
de

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Networking

The GUI, featuring windows, icons, and a mouse pointer, made
The development
computers more
of local
accessible
area networks
and intuitive
(LANs)for
andthe
the
average
early s
Fifth Generation
Computers (1980s-
1990s)

Artificial Intelligence Parallel Processing

Fifth-generation computers Advances in parallel processing
focused on the development allowed for the simultaneous
of artificial intelligence, execution of multiple tasks,
including expert systems, significantly improving the
natural language processing, speed and efficiency of
and machine learning. computers.

Knowledge-Based enabl
Systems ed
The incorporation of comp
knowledge- based systems, uters
such as expert systems, to
make decisions and solve
Multimedia
problems like human
experts. The integration of audio,
video, and graphics
capabilities into computers
revolutionized the way we
interact with and consume
digital content.
Characteristics of Each Generation

First Generation
1 Vacuum tubes, limited programming, large and unreliable.

Second Generation

2 Transistors, magnetic drums, improved programming languages.

Third Generation
Integrated circuits, time-sharing, high-level languages, miniaturization.
3

Fourth Generation
Microprocessors, user-friendly operating systems, graphical user interface, networking.
4

Fifth Generation
Artificial intelligence, parallel processing, knowledge-based systems, multimedia.
5
Advancements in
Hardware and Software
Hardware Software

Processor Chips Operating Systems

Memory (RAM, ROM) Application Programs

Storage Devices (HDD, SSD) Programming Languages

Input/Output Devices Databases

Impact of Computers on
Society
Communication and
1 Collaboration 2 Education and Learning
Computers have
Computers and the
transformed the
internet have
educational landscape,
revolutionized the way
enabling access to a
we communicate, share
wealth of information
information, and
and interactive learning
collaborate with people
experiences.
around the world.

Business
3 4 Scientific Research
and
Powerful computing
Commerce
capabilities have
Computers have
accelerated scientific
streamlined business
discovery and
processes, improved
innovation, allowing for
efficiency, and enabled
complex simulations,
new models of
data analysis, and
commerce, such as e-
problem-solving.
commerce and online
banking.
Future Trends and Developments in Computing
Quantum Computing Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT)
The development of quantum Machine Learning
The interconnection of everyday
computers, which harness the Advancements in AI and machine devices and sensors through the
principles of quantum learning will lead to more internet will enable a more
mechanics, promises intelligent, autonomous, and seamless and intelligent
exponential increases in adaptive systems that can learn integration of technology into our
computational power and and make decisions like humans. lives.
data processing capabilities.