Data Communication

Introduction to Data Communication, Advantages of Digital

Communication, Communication Model, Codes for Digital Signal
Transmission,
 Data Communication
• The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
• Forms of Data include: text, numbers, images, audio and video.
• Communication refers to the exchange of data( text, numbers,
images, audio and video) between two parties.
• Data communication is the exchange of data between two devices via
some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. For data
communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of
a communication system made up of a combination of hardware
(physical equipment) and software (programs).
 Advantages of Digital Communication
• Noise Immunity
▪ The effect of distortion, noise, and interference is much less in digital signals
as they are less affected.
• Reliability
▪ Digital systems are more reliable.
• Low cost
▪ Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than analog circuits.
• Flexibility
▪ The hardware implementation in digital circuits, is more flexible than analog.
 Advantages of Digital Communication
• Security
▪ Signal processing functions such as encryption and compression are
employed in digital circuits to maintain the secrecy of the information.
• Error detection and Correction
▪ The probability of error occurrence is reduced by employing error detecting
and error correcting codes.
• Storage
▪ Digital signals can be saved and retrieved more conveniently than analog
signals.
 A COMMUNICATIONS MODEL
• The fundamental purpose of a communications system is the
exchange of data between two parties.
• The key elements of the communication model are as follows:
▪ Source: This device generates the data to be transmitted; examples are
telephones and personal computers, work stations, mobile phones etc.
 A COMMUNICATIONS MODEL
▪ Transmitter: A transmitter transforms data generated by source according to
medium requirement. It encodes data into signals( digital or analog). For
example, a modem takes a digital bit stream from an attached device such as
a personal computer and transforms that bit stream into an analog signal that
can be handled by the telephone network.
▪ Transmission system: This can be a single transmission line or a complex
network connecting source and destination.
▪ Receiver: The receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and
converts it into a form that can be handled by the destination device. For
example, a modem will accept an analog signal coming from a network or
transmission line and convert it into a digital bit stream.
▪ Destination: Takes the incoming data from the receiver.
Simplified Data Communications Model
 Codes for Digital Signal Transmission
• Human Codes
• Morse code
▪ Dot, Dash and space
▪ The term Morse Code refers to either of two systems for representing letters of
the alphabet, numerals, and punctuation marks by an arrangement of dots, dashes, and
spaces. The codes are transmitted as electrical pulses of varied lengths or analogous
mechanical or visual signals, such as flashing lights.
▪ The two systems are the original “American” Morse Code and the later International
Morse Code, which became the global standard.
• Machine code
• Binary states
• Binary digit (bit)
 Machine Codes
• Characteristics
• Two-state code
• Same number of bits
• Perfectly formed
• Same duration
• Code points: possible combination
• Types of characters
• Alphanumeric
• Format effector
• Control (device & transmission)
 Specific Code
• Baudot code
• American standard code for information interchange (ASCII)
• Extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC)
• Unicode or ISO10646
 Baudot Code
• The Baudot code or International Teleprinter Code was invented by
Emile Baudot in 1870.
• It is binary code which uses crosses and dots. It was used for
teleprinter messages instead of the morse code and allowed to
encode 25=32 characters efficiently. Each character was preceded and
followed by a bit to announce its start and end.
 American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
• By American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Standard ASCII
• 7 bits: easy sorting by computers and understand by human
Extended ASCII
• 8-bit code
Extended binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code (EBCDIC)
• 8-bit code
• IBM mainframe computers
 Unicode or ISO 10646
• 16-bit
• By Unicode Consortium for international languages
• Used by Windows NT
 Machine Codes
• Characteristics
• Two-state code
• Same number of bits
• Perfectly formed
• Same duration
• Code points: possible combination
• Types of characters
• Alphanumeric
• Format effector
• Control (device & transmission)
 Data Representation
• Information today comes in different forms such as text, numbers,
images, audio, and video. In digital they are represented by bit
patterns.
• Text
▪ In data communications, text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of
bits (0s and 1s). Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to represent
text symbols. Each set is called a code, and the process of representing
symbols is called coding.
▪ Today, the prevalent coding system is called Unicode, which uses 32 bits to
represent a symbol or character used in any language in the world. The
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), developed some
decades ago in the United States, now constitutes the first 127 characters in
Unicode and is also referred to as Basic Latin.
 Data Representation
• Numbers
▪ Numbers are also represented by bit patterns. However, a code such as ASCII is not used to
represent numbers; the number is directly converted to a binary number to simplify
mathematical operations.
• Images
▪ Images are also represented by bit patterns. In its simplest form, an image is composed of a
matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small dot. The size of the pixel
depends on the resolution. For example, an image can be divided into 1000 pixels or 10,000
pixels. In the second case, there is a better representation of the image (better resolution),
but more memory is needed to store the image.
▪ After an image is divided into pixels, each pixel is assigned a bit pattern. The size and the
value of the pattern depend on the image. For an image made of only black-and-white dots
(e.g., a chessboard), a 1-bit pattern is enough to represent a pixel.
▪ There are several methods to represent color images. One method is called RGB, so called
because each color is made of a combination of three primary colors: red, green, and blue.
The intensity of each color is measured, and a bit it. Another method is called YCM, in
which a color is made of a combination of three other primary colors: yellow, cyan, and
magenta.
 Data Representation
• Audio
▪ Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music. Audio is by
nature different from text, numbers, or images. It is continuous, not discrete.
Even when we use a microphone to change voice or music to an electric
signal, we create a continuous signal.
• Video
▪ Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie. Video can
either be produced as a continuous entity (e.g., by a TV camera), or it can be a
combination of images, each a discrete entity, arranged to convey the idea of
motion.
 Transmission Modes
● Communication between two devices can
be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
 Transmission Modes
Sender Receiver Sender/Receiver Sender/Receiver

Tx Rx
A Tx Rx B A B
Rx Tx

a. Simplex mode b. Half duplex mode

Sender/Receiver Sender/Receiver

Tx Rx
A B
Rx Tx

c. full duplex mode

 Simplex Mode
● In simplex mode, the transmission is unidirectional,
as on a one-way street. Only one of the two devices
on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.
The receiver can not send message back to the
sender
Sender Receiver

A Tx Rx B
 Simplex mode
Examples:
TV transmissions, Radio transmission (AM, FM),
mouse to PC communications, PC to Monitor
(display device) transmission, Remote Control
Remote to TV, Remote to AC etc.
 Half-Duplex
● In half-duplex mode, each station can both
transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa.
Sender/Receiver Sender/Receiver

Tx Rx
A B
Rx Tx
 Half-Duplex
● The half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is no need for
communication in both directions at the same time; the entire capacity of
the channel can be utilized for each direction.
● Walkie-talkies and CB (citizens band) radios are both half-duplex
systems.
● CSMA based LAN,
 Full-Duplex
● In full-duplex mode (also called duplex), both stations
can transmit and receive simultaneously
● The full-duplex mode is like a two-way street with traffic
flowing in both directions at the same time.
. Sender/Receiver Sender/Receiver

Tx Rx
A B
Rx Tx
 Full Duplex
In full-duplex mode, signals going in one direction
share the capacity of the link with signals going in the
other direction. This sharing can occur in two ways:
✔Either the link must contain two physically separate
transmission paths, one for sending and the other for
receiving;
✔or the capacity of the channel is divided between
signals traveling in both directions
 Example
● Examples: Telephone Network, Cellular Networks(
GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G),Switch based LAN, DSL etc.
 Comparison
Basis for comparison Simplex mode Half-duplex mode Full-duplex mode
Direction of In simplex mode, the In half-duplex mode, In full-duplex mode, the
communication communication is the communication is communication is
unidirectional. bidirectional, but one at bidirectional.
a time.
Send/Receive A device can only send Both the devices can Both the devices can
the data but cannot send and receive the send and receive the
receive it or it can only data, but one at a time. data simultaneously.
receive the data but
cannot send it.
Performance The performance of The performance of The Full-duplex mode
half-duplex mode is full-duplex mode is has better performance
better than the simplex better than the among simplex and
mode. half-duplex mode. half-duplex mode as it
doubles the utilization
of the capacity of the
communication
channel.
Example Examples of Simplex Example of half-duplex Example of the
mode are radio, is Walkie-Talkies. Full-duplex mode is a
keyboard, and monitor. telephone network.