2 amidea A Big Leap from Rote to Competency-Based Learning PHYSICS Competency-Focused Questions CBSE Examination Papers-2023 Constructed Response Questions CBSE Sample Question Paper-2024 NCERT Textbook & Exemplar QuestionsPrinting History: ‘Twentieth Revised Edition: 2023-24 Syllabus Covered: CBSE, Delhi Price: Seven Hundred Twenty Rupees (© 720/-) ISBN: 978-93-5612-262-8 CCapytight Reserved by the Publisher par of 8 Book may be rasaduce ALRigtts smog eid, nny on by ee mean Published By: VK Global Publications Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office: 4923/3, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 Ph: 91-11-23250105, 23250106 Fax: 91-11-23250141 Corporate Office: 15/1, Main Mathura Road, Faridabad-121003 (NCR) Heryana Phone: 0129-7117719-48 lines, Fax: 0129-2250322 Email’ mail@vkpublications.com ww. vkpublications.com Printed At: VK Global Digital Pvt. Ltd. = niserbemseraanes ac epee an oa et pen yer eon Alene Mes MeOContents PART-A . Electric Charges and Fields . Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Current Electricity |. Moving Charges and Magnetism . Magnetism and Matter . Electromagnetic Induction . Alternating Current . Electromagnetic Waves Ray Optics and Optical Instruments, Wave Optics . Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Atoms . Nuclei . Electronic Devices PART-B CBSE Sample Question Paper-2024 (Solved) CBSE Sample Question Paper-2023 (Unsolved) CBSE Examination Paper-2023 (Solved) CBSE Practice Question Paper (Unsolved) 53 97 135 181 201 235 273 2905 365 403 435, 465 487 513 542 563Syllabus CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, NEW DELHI PHYSICS (Code No. 042) CLASS-XII (2023-24) Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 70 Units Marks 1 | Electrostaties 1. Electric Charges and Fields 26 2, Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 16 Il |Current Electricity 8, Current Electricity TIT | Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 4. Moving Charges and Magnetism 25 5. Magnetism and Mauer TV _ [Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 6. Electromagnetic Induction 24 7. Alternating Current V__ | Electromagnetic Waves 8, Electromagnetic Waves VI [Optics 18 9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 30 10, Wave Optics Vii_| Dual Nature of Radiation and Matier 11, Dual Nature of Radiation and Mauer VIII_|Atoms and Nuclei 2 12, Atoms 1B 13, Nuclei IX [Electronic Devices 14, Semiconductor Electronies: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits ‘Total 160 70 Unit I: Electrostatics (26 Periods) Chapter 1: Electric Charg Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law: force between two-point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field duc to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (lield inside and outside). 18 Ww 4 08. 10 7Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy ofa system of two-point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae only). Unit Il: Current Electricity (18 Per Chapter 3: Current Electricity Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone bridge. Unit Ill: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (25 Periods) Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment, Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight solenoid (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel current- carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Chapter 5 : Magnetism and Matter Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only), torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field lines. Magnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances with examples, Magnetization of materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties. Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents (24 Pet is) Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Self and mutual induction. Chapter 7: Alternating Current Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating currenvvoltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit (phasors only), resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current, AC generator, Transformer.Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves (04 Periods) Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature (qualitative idea only). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses. Unit VI: Optics (30 Periods) Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula, magnification, power ofa lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism. Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Chapter 10: Wave Optics ‘Wave Opties: Wave frontand Huygen’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane waveat a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final expression only), coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maxima (qualitative treatment only). (08 Periods) Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Experimental study of photoelectric effect Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation, Unit Vill: Atoms and Nuclei (15 Periods) Chapter 12: Atoms Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model of hydrogen atom, Expression for radius of nth possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron in nth orbit, hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only) Chapter 13: Nuclei Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion. Unit IX: Electronic Devices (10 Pet Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only) [ntrinsicand extrinsic -onductors- p and n type, p-n junction V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, application of junction diode = diodeDesign of Question Paper PHYSICS (Theory)-XIl ‘Time allowed: 8 hours Ne ni) a = fore eee No. Db ace yon ae SS I. | Remembering: Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling fica, terms, basic concepts, and answers Understanding: Demonstiate understanding of facts and ideas by | 27 389% congunizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas 2, | Applying: Solve problems tonew situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way. 22 32% 3. | Analysing: Examineand break information into parts by identifying motives ‘or causes, Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations Evaluating: Present and defend opinions by making judgments about |, information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on aset of ctteria, | 2) aan Creating: Compile information together in a different way by combining clements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions. Total 70 100% Practical 30 Gross Total 100 he above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be made for generating similar templates keeping the overall weightage to diflerent form of questions and typology of questions same. 1e changes for Se lass XII (2023-24) Board Particulars Academic Session 2022-23 Academic Session 2023-24 Composition of question paper for Board Examination (Theory) « ‘Competency Based Questions are 30% in the form of Multiple-Choice Questions, Case Based Questions, Source Based Integrated Questions or any other type. Objective Questions are 20% Remaining 50% Questions are Short Answer/Long Answer Questions ¢ Competency Focused Questions in the form of MCQsiCase Based Questions, Source-based Integrated Questions or any other type = 40% 4 Select response type questions (MCQ) Constructed response questions (Short Answer Questions/Long Answer type Questions, as per existing pattern) = 40%PART-A Points to Remember Competency-Focused Questions (As Per NEP) » Multiple Choice Questions » Assertion-Reason Questions » Case-based/Passage-based Questions Conceptual Questions Constructed Response Questions (As Per NEP) » Very Short Answer Questions » Short Answer Questions » Long Answer Questions Questions For PracticeElectric Charges and Fields POINTS TO [REMEMBER The study of electric charges at rest is called Electrostatics. 1. Two Kinds of Electric Charges When two bodies are rubbed together, they get oppositely charged. Experimental evidences show that there are two types of charges: (i) Positive Charge: Positive charge is produced by the removal of electrons from a neutral body. That is, positive charge means deficiency of electrons. (ii) Negative Charge: Negative charge is produced by giving electrons to a neutral body. That is, negative charge means excess of electrons on a neutral body. SI unit of charge is coulomb (C). 2. Properties of Charges (@ Conservation of Charge: The charge of an isolated system remains constant. This means that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, but it may simply be transferred from one body to another. (ii) Additive Property: Total charge on an isolated system is equal to the algebraic sum of charges on individual bodies of the system. This is called additive property of charges. That is, if a system contains three charges, qi, qa, ~ qs then total charge on system, Q= 41+ qo—qs- (iii) Quantisation of Charge: The total charge on a body is the integral multiple of fundamental charge'e’ ie, qutne where mis an integer (v= 1, 2, 3,..). rebte| A) Ata Os Moma | L@La! (jv) Charge is unaffected by motion: The charge on a body remains unaffected of its velocity, ie., Charge at rest = Charge in motion ” 3. Coulomb's Law in General Form It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. The direction of this force is along the line joining the wo charges, ke charges repel while unlike charges attract each other. te Fake 1 e where k= 7 is constant of proportionality; ¢ is permiuivity of medium between the charges. If 418 permittivity of free space and K the dielectric constant of medium, then &: 1% poe le, ae Ky ctric Charges and Fields 7For free space K = 1, Therefore F we, 2 Dielectric constant or Relative permittivity (K): The dielectric constant of a medium is defined as the ratio of permiuivity of medium to the permittivity of free space, te., K = ele Definition of coulomb: 1 coulomb charge is the charge which when placed at a distance of | metre from an equal and similar charge in vacuum (or air) will repel it with a force of 9 x 10°N. 4. Coulomb's Law in Vector Form Consider two like charges q, and gg located at points A and B in vacuum. The separation between the charges is r. As charges are like, they repel each other. Let Fa) be the force exerted on charge qy by charge q, and Fiz that exerted on charge q, by charge gg. If 7,,_is the position vector of qy relative tog, and #,, is unit vector along 4 wo B, then the force Fo; is along A to B and = = 1 fife, Fa= Ge pia of) Bul y= i t-—t NI 71 1 he > a = Re —— ae, 2 + ane, 7 Similarly if 719 is position vector of g; relative to gg and fy is unit vector from B to A, then, fe- tte, 1 Sih > = Fe, Fe Heys TP ali) {er Ww oO = rr a a [a e) 7 ) Fe z fe) a Obviously 71) == Y21 , therefore equation (i) becomes - 1_ fie» = rey lft) ‘Comparing (i) and (it), we get Fy =-Fe ‘This means that the Coulomb's force exerted on qy by q, is equal and opposite to the Coulombs force exerted on , by q,; in accordance with Newton's third law. ‘Thus, Newton's third law also holds good for electrical forces. 5. Principle of Superposition of Electrie Charges Coulomb's law gives the force between two point charges. But if there are a number of imeracting charges, then the force on a particular charge may be found by the principle of superposition. It states that If the system contains a number of interacting charges, then they force on a given charge is equal to the vector sum of the forces ‘exerted on it by all remaining charges. The force between any two charges is not affected by the presence of other charges. ‘Suppose that a system of charges contains n charges 4, Ja: 43, oo qa having position vectors 7%, hy r, relative to origin O respectively. A point charge q is located at P having position vector 7 relative to O. The total force on g due to all n charges 8 — Xamidea Physics-xilisto be found. If F,, Fa, Fs,...Fa, are the forces acting on q due to charges qi, Ga, 4a, qu respectively, then by the principle of superposition, the net force on q is Foi+igthy+..+F, Ifthe force exerted due to charge q, on q is F;, then from Coulomb's law in vector form 1% Heir 7/9 The total force on q due to all n charges may be expressed as FR ~-7) ara Pa $F 5-1 ™ ei im iA [7 7, =o 3h) Here E represents the vector-sum. 6. Continuous Charge Distribution ‘The electrostatic force due to a charge element dg at charge qp situated at point P is at-— 404 5 L fla elt ay ane, Re 4) FF |? The total force on qe by the charged body is de a! age - 7) F-7)) For linear charge distribution, dg = 2 di, where 4 is charge per 4 unit length and integration is over the whole length of charge. For surface charge distribution, dy = oS, where ois charge per unit area and integration is for the whole surface of charge. For volume charge distribution, dg = pd¥f where p is charge per unit volume and integration is for whole volume of charge. Electric field The electric field strength at any point in an electric field is a vector ‘quantity whose magnitude is equal to the force acting ona unit positive o} test charge and the direction is along the direction of force. If F is the force acting on infinitesimal positive test charge qy, then electric field strength, E Therefore from definition, electric field can be given as The unit of electric field strength is newton/coulomb or volt/metre (abbreviated as NIC or Vim respectively). (@ The electric field strength due to a point charge q at a distance 7 in magnitude form =, _IFI ge ylt l= Electric Charges and Fields 9 vu S Zz | wn so e) Bs) fu K< m K< (es) ima ye){er Ww oO = rr a a [a e) 7 wn Fe z [e) a In veetor form, E = (i) The electric field strength due to a system of discrete charge is Pee ae, 2p" (iii) The electric field strength due to a continuous charge distribution is 7. Electric field lines An electric field line isa curve drawn in such a way that tangent to it at each point is in the direction of the net field at that point. Properties of electric field (#) Field lines start from positive charges and end at negative charges. If there is a single charge, they may start or end at infinity. (i) Ina charge-free region, electric field lines can be taken to be continuous curves without any breaks. (iii) No two electric field lines can intersect cach other because if they do so, then two tangents can be drawn at the point of intersection; which would mean two directions of electric field strength at one point and that is impossible. (iv) The electric field lines do not form any closed loops. This follows from the conservative nature of electric field. () The equidistant electric field lines represent unilorm electric field while electric field lines at different separations represent non-uniform electric field (Figure). OK Ss 8. Electric Dipole ‘A system containing two equal and opposite charges separated by a finite distance is called an electric dipole. Dipole moment of electric dipole having charges +g and —q at separation 21 is defined as the product of magnitude of one of the charges and shortest distance between them. pra —_1——> ——— Itis a vector quantity, directed from —q to + q “a B +a [Remark: Net charge on an electric dipole is zer0.] 10 Xam idea Physics-xil9. Electric Field Due to a Short Dipole fa P is js 1% (0) Ata point Pom ais, B= Fy (i) At a point P” on equatorial line, pie t_E x a tel He, P — > 10. Electric Force and Torque on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field In a uniform electric field of strength £, the net electric force is zero; buta torque equal to pE sin 0 acts on the dipole (where 6 is the angle between directions of dipole moment P and electric field E). This torque tends to align the le along the direction of electric field. Torque in vector form 7 =p XE. 11. Electric Flux The total number of electric field lines crossing (or diverging) a surface normally is called electric flux. Electric flux through surface element dS is A = E.dS = E dS cos 0, fe where E is electric field strength. Electric flux through entire closed surface is o=fE ds SI unit of electric flux is voltemetre o Nm", 12. Gauss's Theorem It states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to Ltimes the net charge é vu S Zz | wn so e) Bs) fu K< m K< (es) ima ye) enclosed by the surface o = oa i ie, = JE dS = os =u 13. Formulae for Electric Field Strength Calculated from Gauss’s Theorem (a) Electric field due to infinitely long straight wire of charge per unit length 4. ata distance r from the wire is pa—l_2A ae, () Electric field strength due to an infinite plane sheet of charge per unit r area cis, Oa ss : E = 36> independent of distance of point from the sheet (© Electric field strength due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell or conducting sphere of radius R having total charge g, at a distance r from centre is 14 © atemternal point Egg= Gee e (Fort > R . 1 ¢ (@) at surface point £5 = Gea (For r= R) (ii) atimernal point £,,, = 0 (Forr < R) Electric Charges and Fields 11(d) Electric field strength due to a uniformly charged non-conducting solid sphere of radius R ata distance r from centre () atexternal point E,,= ae (For r > R) e 0 | i @ fo \exwe (i) atsurlace point Earp (Forr= 2) . é 1@ 5 (i) atinternal point, By = Gaegs For <) Choose and write the correct option(s) in the following questions. 1. Which statement is true for Gauss law? [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1)] (@) Allthe charges whether inside or outside the Gaussian surface contribute to the electric flux. (2) Electric flux depends upon the geometry of the Gaussian surface. (©) Gauss theorem can be applied to non-uniform electric field. (@) The electric field over the Gaussian surface remains continuous and uniform at every point. 2. Which of the diagrams correctly represents the electric field between two charged plates if a neutral conductor is placed in between the plates? [CBSE 2022, (55/2/4), Term-1) @) ® (a) {er Ww oO = rr a a [a [e) i rm) Fe z fe) a © @ WSs) 3. The electric field due to a uniformly charged sphere of radius R as a function of the distance from its centre is represented graphically by @ ® FX LA, oO R _— s a os © w aw LA y L c oS e a 12 Xam idea Physics-xil4. 5. 6. A point positive charge is brought near an isolated conducting sphere (Fig. given below). The electric field is best given by INCERT Exemplar] <0 Se oO wa 44 “a Gi w @) Fig) (b) Fig (ii) © Fig ji) (d) Fig @) ‘The Electric flux through the surface (NCERT Exemplar] s s iJ 2 @ wo id) @) (a) in Fig. () is the largest. () in Fig, Gi) is the least. (©) in Fig. (i) is same as Fig. (i) but is smaller than Fig. (iv) (@) is the same for all the figures. A hemisphere is uniformly charged positively. The electric field at a point on a diameter away from the centre is directed [NCERT Exemplar] (@) perpendicular to the diameter () parallel to the diameter (©) atanangle tilted towards the diameter (d) at an angle tilted away from the diameter An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field can experience (CBSE 2020 (55/1/2)] (@) a force but nota torque. (8) atorque but not a force. (©) always a force and a torque. (@) neither a force nor a torque. Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole p is placed as shown. Which of the following statements is correct? [NCERT Exemplar) > (a) the dipole will not experience any force. ee () the dipole will experience a force towards right. (© the dipole will experience a force towards lefi. = (@) the dipole will experience a force upwards. Ser and —_—_ A point charge +g, is placed at a distance d from an isolated conducting plane. The field at a point P on the other side of the plane is [NCERT Exemplar] (@ directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane. @) directed perpendicular to the plane but towards the plane. (©) directed radially away from the point charge. (@) directed radially towards the point charge. Electric Charges and Fields 1310. i. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 7. If fE.d8 = 0 over a surface, then [NCERT Exemplar] (@) the electric field inside the surface and on itis zero. (®) the electric field inside the surface is necessarily uniform. (© the number of flux lines entering the surface must be equal to the number of flux lines leaving it. (@) all charges must necessarily be outside the surface. ‘Two charges are at distance d apart in air. Coulomb force between them is F. If a dielectric material of dielectric constant K is placed between them, the Coulomb force now becomes (a) F/K ()FK (© FR? (d) RF Which among the curves shown in figure possibly represent electrostatic field lines? 3 O1 TEEs ‘Two point charges A i ie having sacl — and -g mere, are placed at certain distance apart and force acting between them is F. If 25% charge of 4 is transferred to B, then force between the sah becomes ir @F oF oF o* i pening aarylag harping, Nak O, mi hipeneainarocmeeneaiia apart. The magnitude of electrostatic force between them is not exactly because ane. 7 [CBSE 2020 (55/3/3)) (@ these are not point charges. (Q) charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform, (©. charges on spheres will shift towards the centres of their respective spheres. (a) charges will shift towards the portions of the spheres which are closer and facing towards each other. A negatively charged object X is repelled by another charged object ¥. However an object Z is attracted to object Y. Which of the following is the most possibility for the object Z? [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) (@) positively charged only (0) negatively changed only (©) neutral or positively charged (@) neutral or negatively charged In an experiment three microscopic latex spheres are sprayed into a chamber and became charged with charges +3e, +5e, and - 3e respectively. All the three spheres came in contact simultaneously for a moment and got separated. Which one of the following are possible values for the final charge on the spheres? [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) (@) + 5e,-48, + 5¢ (0) + Ge, + 6¢,~Te (0) 46, + 3.5e, + 5.5¢ (@) + Be, ~8e, + 7e ‘The magnitude of electric field due to a point charge 2g, at distance ris E. Then the magnitude of electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R with total charge q at a distance $(r >> R) will be [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) @e wo © @4E 14 Xam idea Physics-Xil18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ‘Three charges q,-g and gy are placed as shown in figure. The magnitude of the net force on the charge qy at point O is [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) dy | 40, O|—a— * hag, BELT 1 haa @ 0 wo o> oz a v2 Four objects W, X, Y and Z, each with charge +9 are held fixed at four points of a square of side d as shown in the figure. Objects X and Z are on the midpoints of the sides of the square. ‘The electrostatic force exerted by object WV on object X is F. Then the magnitude of the force exerted by object Won Zis [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1} wox sy a z FE F F F ws oF oF > A square sheet of side ‘a’ is lying parallel to XY plane at z = a, The electric field in the region is E = cz*k. The electric flux through the sheet is, [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1} A A Las @ ae yee © yee mo ‘Two point charges placed in a medium of dielectric constant 5 are at a distance r between them, experience an electrostatic force ‘F’. The electrostatic force between them in vacuum at the same distance r will be (CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1] @ 5F OF or FS Consider an uncharged conducting sphere. A positive point charge is placed outside the sphere. The net charge on the sphere is then, (CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1] ive and uniformly distributed over the surface of sphere re and uniformly distributed over the surface of sphere and appears at a point on the surface of sphere closest to point charge A cylinder of radius r and length / is placed in a uniform electric field parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The total flux for the surface of the cylinder is given by [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1] (a) zero () © Ex (d) 2En” ‘Two parallel large thin metal sheets have equal surface densities 26.4 x 10-'® C/m! of opposite signs. The electric field between these sheets is [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1] (@) LSN/G 15 x 10 NIC @ 3x10 NC @ 3N/IC Electric Charges and Fields 1525. A small object with charge g and weight mg is attached to one end of a string of length ‘I? attached to a stationary support. The system is placed in a uniform horizontal electric field “F’, as shown in the E accompanying figure. In the presence of the field, the string makes —| a constant angle @ with the vertical. The sign and magnitude of q is (CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1]_ | (@) positive with magnitude mg/E Q) positive with magnitude (mg/E) tand (©) negative with magnitude mg/E tand (@) positive with magnitude E tan6/mg 26. A point charge situated at a distance ‘r’ from a short electric dipole on its axis, experiences a force F . If the distance of the charge is “2r’, the force on the charge will be [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)] B x op oF F F oF wy 27. The magnitude of the electric field due to a point charge object at a distance of 4.0 m is 9 N/C. From the same charged object the electric field of magnitude, 16NC™ will be at a distance of [CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)] @ Im W2m 8m Wom 28. An electron experiences n forece (1-6 X 10° N) i im an electric field E. The electric field is Eis (CBSE 2023 (55/3/1)] (@) (L0x10°NCHE () -(.0x10°NCHE (© (.0x10°NCYE @ -(1.0x102NC)i 29. ‘Two charges 9, and q, are placed at the centres of two spherical counducting shells of radius r, and r, respectively. The shells are arranged such that their centres are d [> (r, + r,)] distance apart. The force on q, due to q, is: [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)] 1 ng 1 ag © Fe ©) aes an 1 44 () zero @ +. ® © Beata 30. An electric dipole of length 2 cm is placed at an angle of 30° with an electric field 2 x 10°N/C. If the dipole experiences a torque of 8 X 10° Nm, the magnitude of either charge of the dipole, is [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)] @ 4n0 7c © 8m @2mc Answers 1 @ 2 @) 3.) 4. @) 5.) 6. (@) 7.0) © 9. @) 10.0,@ 1. @ 12.6) 13.) 14. (b) 15. (@) 16. (0) 17.) 18. ©) 19.6) 20. (a) 21. @) 22.) 23. (a) 24. d) 25. 26.0) 27.0 28. (0) 29. @ 30. (@) 16 Xam idea Physics-XilAssertion-Reason Questions In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (@) () © @ L z 5 Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. Ais true but Ris false. Ais false and R is also false. Assertion(4) : A negative charge in an electric field moves along the direction of the electric field. Reason (R) : Ona negative charge a force acts in the direction of the electric field. [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1] Assertion(4) : Charges quantized because only integral number of electrons can be transferred. Reason (R) : There is no possibility of transfer of some fraction of electron. Assertion(4) : Ina non-uniform electric field, a dipole will have translatory as well as rotatory motion, Reason (R) : Ina non-uniform electric field, a dipole experiences a force as well as torque. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021) Assertion(4) : Electrostatic field lines start at positive charges and end at negative charges. Reason (R) Assertion(4) : Electrons moves away from a region of lower potential to a region of higher potential eld lines are continuous curves without any breaks and they form closed loop, n electron has a negative charge. All the charge in a conductor gets distributed on whole of its outer surface. : Ina dynamic system, charges try to keep their potential energy minimum, [aus 2013] 7. Assertion(4) : When a body acquires negative charge, its mass decreases. Reason (R) : A body acquires positive charge when it gains electrons. 8. Assertion(A) : Surface charge density of an irregularly shaped conductor is non-uniform, Reason (R) + Surface density is defined as charge per unit area. 9. Assertion(4) + Total flux through a closed surface is zero if no charge is enclosed by the surface. Reason (R) + Gauss law is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is. 10. Assertion(4) : Ifa proton and an electron are placed in the same uniform electric field, they experience different acceleration. Reason (R) + Electric force on a test charge is independent of its mass. Answers L@ 2.6) 3.@) 4.0 5.@) 6. (@) 7d) 8 o .@ 10. (0) Electric Charges and Fields 17Read the paragraph given below and answer the questions that follow: 18 Frictional Electricity: Induction ‘The easiest way to experience electric charge is to rub certain solid bodies against each other. Long ago, around 600 BC, the Greeks knew that when amber is rubbed with wool, it acquires the property of attracting light objects such as small pieces of paper. This is because amber becomes electrically charged. If we pass a comb through dry hair, the comb becomes electrically charged and can attract small pieces of paper. An automobile becomes charged when it travels through the air. A paper sheet becomes charged when it passes through a printing machine. A gramophone record becomes charged when cleaned with a dry cloth. “Two charged rods of same sign ‘The explanation of appearance of electric charge on rubbing is simple. All material bodies contain large number of electrons and equal number of protons in their normal state. When rubbed against each other, some electrons from one body may pass on to the other body. The body that receives the extra electrons becomes negatively charged and the body that donates the electrons becomes positively charged because it has more protons than electrons. Thus, when a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, electrons are transferred from the glass rod to the silk cloth. The glass rod becomes positively charged and the silk cloth becomes negatively charged. (@) Charge Q is distributed to two different metallic spheres having radii R and 2R such that both spheres have equal surface charge density. Then charge on larger sphere is 4 8 5 « 2 o 2 o 2 w& (a) A large non-conducting sheet S is given a uniform charge density. Two uncharged small ‘metal rods A and B are kept near the sheet as shown in figure. Which of the following is true? s (@) Sauracts A (© S auracts B (©) A auracts B (@ All of these (iii) Charge on a body which carries 300 excess electrons is (a) 4.8 x 10°C (0) 4.8 x 10°C (48 x 10°76 @ 48x 107 Xam idea Physics-Xil(ie) Which of the following cannot be true about properties of charge? (@) Charges can be created or destroyed in equal and unlike pairs only. (®) Proper sign have to be used while adding the charges in a system. (©) Excess of electrons over protons in a body is responsible for positive charge of the body. (2) Ibis not possible to create or destroy net charge carried by an isolated system. OR The cause of charging is (@) actual transfer of neutrons ()) actual transfer of electrons (©) actual transfer of protons (@) none of these Explanations @ @ Ifg,and q' are charges on sphere of radii and 2R, then surface charge density will be same. ie, ono 4 q 4nR® 4n(2R)? a _ Q As q+q@=Q > q+%4=Q > = 4Q 15 (@ @ I the sheet § is given some positive charge density, then by induction, negative charge develop on ends of A and B, closer to § and an equal positive charge develops on farther ends of A and B as shown in figure. So, S attracts both A and B. Also, A attracts B (i) (© According to quantization of charge, Q = ne Hence n= 300, ¢ =-1.6 x 10 So, 300 x (1.6 x 10") = 4.8 x 10-7C (®) (© Excess of electrons over protons in a body is responsible for negative charge of the body. OR (0) The charging of body is due to transfer of electrons only. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS Q.1. Why is the direction of the electric field due to a charged conducting sphere at any point perpendicular to its surface? [CBSE 2019 (55/2/2)) Ans. If electric field is not perpendicular but has a component tangential to the surface of the conductor, it will exert force on charge and make them more. It means electrostatic condition is violated. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/2/2)] Q.2. Two electric field lines cannot cross each other. Also, they cannot form closed loops. Give reasons. [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)) Ans. (@) Two electric field lines never cross each other because if they do so there will be two directions of electric field at the point of intersection which is not possible. (ii) Since the electric field lines start from positive charge and terminate at the negative charge hence closed loops are not possible. Electric Charges and Fields 19Q.3. Draw the pattern of electric field lines when a point charge +q is kept near an uncharged conducting plate. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/3)) Ans. Q.4. Does the charge given to a metallic sphere depend on whether it is hollow or solid? Give reason for your answer. [CBSE 2017 (55/1/1)) ‘Ans. No, % Because the charge resides only on the surface of the conductor. % [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017 (55/1/1)} Q.5. Two identical conducting balls A and B have charges -Q and +3Q respectively. They are brought in contact with each other and then separated by a distance d apart. Find the nature of the Coulomb force between them. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)) 3Q- ‘Ans. Final charge on balls A and B = e 2 ‘The nature of the coulomb force between them is repulsive. Q.6. Fig. shows three point charges +2, -q and +3g. The charges +2q and -9 are enclosed within a surface ‘S*. What is the electric flux due 54, to this configuration through the surface ‘S'? [CBSE Delki 2010] s Ans. Electric flux = ix (Net charge enclosed within the surface) 0 1 = gre Q.7. What is the electric flux through a cube of side I em which encloses an electric dipole? [CBSE Delhi 2015) Ans. Net electric lux is zero. Reason : (i) Independent to the shape and size. Gi) Net charge of the electric dipole is zero. 8 Two metalic spheres 4 and B kept on insulating stands are in CY) contact with each other. A positively charged rod P is brought near % the sphere 4 as shown in the figure. The two spheres are separated from each other, and the rod P is removed. What will be the nature of charges on spheres A and B? [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)) Ans. @ Sphere A will be negatively charged. © Sphere B will be positively charged. Explanation: If positively charged rod P is brought near metallic sphere A due to induction negative charge starts building up at the left surface of A and positive charge on the right surface of B. PP Pe 20 Xam idea Physics-xilAns. Q10. Ans. Qu. If the wo spheres are separated from each other, the two spheres are found to be oppositely charged. If rod P is removed, the charges on spheres rearrange themselves and get uniformly distributed over them. ‘Two charges of magnitudes - 2Q and +Q are located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively. What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘Sa’ with its centre at the origin? [CBSE (A1) 2013] Electric flux, Concept: Imagine a sphere of radius 3a about the origin and observe that only charge -2Q is inside the sphere. (0.0) (a0) A metal sphere is kept on an insulating stand. A negatively charged rod is brought near it, then the sphere is earthed as shown. On removing the earthing, and taking the negatively charged rod away, what will be the nature of charge on the sphere? Give reason for Ground your answer. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)) ‘The sphere will be positively charged due to electrostatic induetion. Explanation: When a negatively charged rod is brought near a metal sphere, the electrons will flow to the ground while the positive charges at the near end will remain held there due to the attractive force of the negative charge on the rod. On disconnecting the sphere from the ground, the positive charge continues to be held at the near end. On removing the electrified rod, the positive charge will spread uniformly over the sphere. oft How does the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface get affected when its radius is increased? [CBSE 2016 (55/1/1)) ‘Ans, Electric flux remains unaffected. 1 Q.12. Ans. Qa. Ans. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016 (55/1/1)| Sketch the electric field lines for a uniformly charged hollow cylinder shown in figure. INGERT Fxemplar|HOTS] \by We What is the nature of electrostatic force between two point electric charges q, and gp if (@) 91 + qo>0? ©) qi + q2<0? (@) If both q, and qo are positive, the electrostatic force between these will be repulsive. However, if one of these charges is positive and is greater than the other negative charge, the electrostatic force between them will be attractive. Thus, the nature of force between them can be repulsive or attractive. Electric Charges and Fields 21Qu. Ans. Q15. Ans. (8) Iboth q, and go are -ve, the force between these will be repulsive. nc of them is ve and itis greater in magnitude than the second+ ve charge, the force between them will be attractive. ‘Thus, the nature of force between them can be repulsive or attractive. ‘The dimensions of an atom are of the order of an Angstrom. Thus there must be large electric fields between the protons and electrons. Why, then is the electrostatic field inside a conductor zero? INCERT Fxemplar] The electric fields bind the atoms to neutral entity. Fields are caused by excess charges. There can be no excess charge on the inner surface of an isolated conductor. So, the electrostatic field inside a conductor is zero. An arbitrary surface encloses a dipole. What is the electric flux through this surface? INCERT Exemplar] 4 + 7 = 0. According to Gauss’s theorem, electric flux through the Net charge on a dipole surface, Each of the following questions are of 2 marks. QL Ans. Q3. (@) An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. That is, a field line cannot have sudden breaks. Why is it so? (®) Explain why two field lines never cross each other at any point. [CBSE (AD 2014] (@) An electrostatic field line is the path of movement of a positive = test charge (go> 0) Fi o Amoving charge experiencesacontinuous force in an electrostatic field, so an electrostatic field line is always a continuous curve. (W) Two electric lines of force can never cross each other because if they cross, there will be wo directions of electric field at the point 2 @ of intersection (say 4); which is impossible. Define electric dipole moment. Is ita scalar or a vector quantity? What are its SI unit? [CBSE Sample Paper 2021, (Al) 2011, 2013, (F) 2009, 2012, 2013) The electric dipole moment is defined as the product of either charge and the distance between the two charges. Its direction is from negative to positive charge. #2} ie, |p |=g20 e 2 Electric dipole moment is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is coulomb-metre. Depict the orientation of the dipole in (a) stable, (b) unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric field. _ [CBSE Delhi 2017] (@) Stable equilibrium, @ = 0° P is parallel to E 22. Xam idea Physics-Xil