Syllabus

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, NEW DELHI

PHYSICS (Code No. 042)
CLASS–XII (2023-24)
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 70
Units No. of Periods Marks
I Electrostatics
1. Electric Charges and Fields 26
2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 16
II Current Electricity
18
3. Current Electricity
III Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
4. Moving Charges and Magnetism 25
5. Magnetism and Matter
17
IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
6. Electromagnetic Induction 24
7. Alternating Current
V Electromagnetic Waves
04
8. Electromagnetic Waves
VI Optics 18
9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 30
10. Wave Optics
VII Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
08
11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
VIII Atoms and Nuclei 12
12. Atoms 15
13. Nuclei
IX Electronic Devices
10 7
14. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Total 160 70

Unit I: Electrostatics (26 Periods)

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law: force between two-point charges, forces between
multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a
dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight
wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and
outside).
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of
charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric
dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric
polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance
of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a
capacitor (no derivation, formulae only).

Unit II: Current Electricity (18 Periods)

Chapter 3: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation
with electric current; Ohm’s law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power,
electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell,
potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff ’s rules,
Wheatstone bridge.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (25 Periods)

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight solenoid (only qualitative
treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel current-
carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic
field; Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, moving coil galvanometer-its
current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Chapter 5 : Magnetism and Matter

Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field intensity
due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment
only), torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field (qualitative treatment only),
magnetic field lines.
Magnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances with examples, Magnetization
of materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents (24 Periods)

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law, Self and mutual
induction.

Chapter 7: Alternating Current

Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR
series circuit (phasors only), resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current.
AC generator, Transformer.
Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves (04 Periods)
Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature
(qualitative idea only).
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays)
including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI: Optics (30 Periods)

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal
reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s
formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through
a prism.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their
magnifying powers.
Chapter 10: Wave Optics
Wave Optics: Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface
using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference,
Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final expression only),
coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central
maxima (qualitative treatment only).

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (08 Periods)

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric
equation-particle nature of light.
Experimental study of photoelectric effect
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation.

Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei (15 Periods)

Chapter 12: Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model of hydrogen atom,
Expression for radius of nth possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron in nth orbit, hydrogen line
spectra (qualitative treatment only).
Chapter 13: Nuclei
Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number;
nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices (10 Periods)

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only) Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors- p and n type, p-n junction
Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, application of junction diode – diode
as a rectifier.
 Design of Question Paper
PHYSICS (Theory)-XII
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 70
S. Total Approximate
Typology of Questions
No. Marks Percentage
1. Remembering: Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.
Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by 27 38%
organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and
stating main ideas
2. Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge,
facts, techniques and rules in a different way. 22 32%

3. Analysing: Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives

or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations
Evaluating: Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria. 21 30%
Creating: Compile information together in a different way by combining
elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions.

Total 70 100%

Practical 30
Gross Total 100

Note: The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be made for generating
similar templates keeping the overall weightage to different form of questions and typology of
questions same.

The changes for class XII (2023-24) Board Examination are as under:

Particulars Academic Session 2022-23 Academic Session 2023-24

Competency Based Questions
  Competency Focused Questions
 
are 30% in the form of in the form of MCQs/Case Based
Multiple-Choice Questions, Questions, Source-based Integrated
Case Based Questions, Source Questions or any other type = 40%
Composition of
Based Integrated Questions or 
 Select response type questions
question paper for
any other type. (MCQ) = 20%
Board Examination
(Theory)  Objective Questions are 20%  Constructed response questions
Remaining 50% Questions are
  (Short Answer Questions/Long
Short Answer/Long Answer Answer type Questions, as per
Questions existing pattern) = 40%
 PART–A
S Points to Remember
S Competency-Focused Questions (As Per NEP)
Z Multiple Choice Questions
Z Assertion-Reason Questions
Z Case-based/Passage-based Questions
S Conceptual Questions
S Constructed Response Questions (As Per NEP)
Z Very Short Answer Questions
Z Short Answer Questions
Z Long Answer Questions
S Questions For Practice
 1 Electric Charges
and Fields

The study of electric charges at rest is called Electrostatics.

1. Two Kinds of Electric Charges
When two bodies are rubbed together, they get oppositely charged. Experimental evidences show
that there are two types of charges:
(i) Positive Charge: Positive charge is produced by the removal of electrons from a neutral body.
That is, positive charge means deficiency of electrons.
(ii) Negative Charge: Negative charge is produced by giving electrons to a neutral body. That is,
negative charge means excess of electrons on a neutral body.
SI unit of charge is coulomb (C).
2. Properties of Charges
(i) Conservation of Charge: The charge of an isolated system remains constant. This means that
charge can neither be created nor destroyed, but it may simply be transferred from one body
to another.
(ii) Additive Property: Total charge on an isolated system is equal to the algebraic sum of charges
on individual bodies of the system. This is called additive property of charges. That is, if a
system contains three charges, q1, q2, – q3, then total charge on system, Q= q1+ q2 – q3.
(iii) Quantisation of Charge: The total charge on a body is the integral multiple of fundamental
charge‘e’
i.e., q = ± ne where n is an integer (n = 1, 2, 3,...).
(iv) Charge is unaffected by motion: The charge on a body remains unaffected of its velocity, i.e.,
Charge at rest = Charge in motion
(v) Like charges repel while unlike charges attract each other.
3. Coulomb’s Law in General Form
It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional
to the product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance
between them. The direction of this force is along the line joining the two charges, i.e.,
q1 q2
F=k 2
r
1
where k = is constant of proportionality; ε is permittivity of medium between the charges. If
4rf
ε0 is permittivity of free space and K the dielectric constant of medium, then ε=Kε0
1 q1 q2
F=
4rf0 K r2

Electric Charges and Fields 7

 For free space K = 1, Therefore
1 q1 q2
F=
∴   
4rf0 r2
Dielectric constant or Relative permittivity (K): The dielectric constant of a medium is defined as
the ratio of permittivity of medium to the permittivity of free space, i.e., K = ε/ε0
Definition of coulomb: 1 coulomb charge is the charge which when placed at a distance of 1 metre
from an equal and similar charge in vacuum (or air) will repel it with a force of 9 × 109 N.
4. Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form
Consider two like charges q1 and q2 located at points A and B in vacuum. The separation between
the charges is r. As charges are like, they repel each other. Let F21 be the force exerted on charge
q2 by charge q1 and F12 that exerted on charge q1 by charge q2. If r21 is the position vector of q2
relative to q1 and rt21 is unit vector along A to B, then the force F21 is along A to B and
1 q1 q2
F21 = t ...(i)
4re0 r2 r 21
r 21
But rt21 =
r
1 q1 q2 r 21 1 q1 q2
F21 = = r
4rf0 r2 r 4rf0 r3 21
Similarly if r 12 is position vector of q1 relative to q2 and rt12 is unit vector from B to A, then
1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2
F12 = rt12 = r ...(ii)
4rf0 r 2 4rf0 r3 12
Obviously r12 = – r 21 , therefore equation (ii) becomes

1 q1 q2
∴ F12 = – r ...(iii)
4rf0 r3 21
Comparing (i) and (iii), we get
F21 = –F12
This means that the Coulomb’s force exerted on q2 by q1 is equal and opposite to the Coulomb’s
force exerted on q1 by q2; in accordance with Newton’s third law.
Thus, Newton’s third law also holds good for electrical forces.
5. Principle of Superposition of Electric Charges
Coulomb’s law gives the force between two point charges. But if there are a number of interacting
charges, then the force on a particular charge may be found by the principle of superposition. It
states that
If the system contains a number of interacting charges, then the
force on a given charge is equal to the vector sum of the forces
exerted on it by all remaining charges.
The force between any two charges is not affected by the
presence of other charges.
Suppose that a system of charges contains n charges ql, q2, q3,
... qn having position vectors r1, r2, r3, …rn relative to origin O
respectively. A point charge q is located at P having position
vector r relative to O. The total force on q due to all n charges

8 Xam idea Physics–XII

 is to be found. If F1, F2, F3, …F n, are the forces acting on q due to charges ql, q2, q3, ... qn respectively,
then by the principle of superposition, the net force on q is
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + … + F n
If the force exerted due to charge qi on q is F i , then from Coulomb’s law in vector form
1 qqi
Fi = (r – r i)
4rf0 | r – r i | 3
The total force on q due to all n charges may be expressed as
n n 1 qqi
F = / Fi = / (r – r i)
i = 1 4rf0 | r – r i |
3
i=1

1 n qi
= q / (r – r i)
4rf0 i = 1| r – r i | 3

Here ∑ represents the vector-sum.

6. Continuous Charge Distribution
The electrostatic force due to a charge element dq at charge q0 situated at point P is
1 q0 dq 1 q0 dq
dF = R = (r – rl )
4rf0 R3 4rf0 | r – rl | 3

The total force on q0 by the charged body is

1 dq (r – rl )
F= q0 y
4rf0 | r – rl | 3
For linear charge distribution, dq = λ dl, where λ is charge per
unit length and integration is over the whole length of charge.
For surface charge distribution, dq = σ dS, where σ is charge per
unit area and integration is for the whole surface of charge.
For volume charge distribution, dq = ρ dV, where ρ is charge per
unit volume and integration is for whole volume of charge.
Electric field

The electric field strength at any point in an electric field is a vector
quantity whose magnitude is equal to the force acting on a unit positive
test charge and the direction is along the direction of force.
F
If F is the force acting on infinitesimal positive test charge q0, then electric field strength, E = .
q0
Therefore from definition, electric field can be given as

F
E = lim
q0 " 0 q0

The unit of electric field strength is newton/coulomb or volt/metre (abbreviated

r
as N/C or V/m respectively).
(i) The electric field strength due to a point charge q at a distance r in
magnitude form

|F | 1 q
|E |= =
q0 4rf0 r2

Electric Charges and Fields 9

 1 q
In vector form, E = r
4rf0 r3
(ii) The electric field strength due to a system of discrete charge is
1 n qi
E= / 3 ri
4rf0 i = 1 r
i
(iii) The electric field strength due to a continuous charge distribution is
1 dq
E= y r
4rf0 r3
7. Electric field lines
An electric field line is a curve drawn in such a way that tangent to it at each point is in the direction

of the net field at that point.
Properties of electric field lines
(i) Field lines start from positive charges and end at negative charges. If there is a single charge,
they may start or end at infinity.
(ii) In a charge-free region, electric field lines can be taken to be continuous curves without any
breaks.
(iii) No two electric field lines can intersect each other because if they do so, then two tangents
can be drawn at the point of intersection; which would mean two directions of electric field
strength at one point and that is impossible.
(iv) The electric field lines do not form any closed loops. This follows from the conservative nature
of electric field.
(v) The equidistant electric field lines represent uniform electric field while electric field lines at
different separations represent non-uniform electric field (Figure).

+ – + –

x y
+ + x y

Ex = Ey Ex > Ey

8. Electric Dipole
A system containing two equal and opposite charges separated by a finite distance is called an
electric dipole. Dipole moment of electric dipole having charges +q and – q at separation 2l is defined
as the product of magnitude of one of the charges and shortest distance between them.
p = q2 l
It is a vector quantity, directed from – q to + q
[Remark: Net charge on an electric dipole is zero.]

10 Xam idea Physics–XII

 9. Electric Field Due to a Short Dipole
1 2p
(i) At a point P on axis, E =
4rf0 r3

(ii) At a point P´ on equatorial line,

1 p
El =
4rf0 r3
10. Electric Force and Torque on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
In a uniform electric field of strength E, the net electric
force is zero; but a torque equal to pE sin θ acts on the dipole
(where θ is the angle between directions of dipole moment
p and electric field E ). This torque tends to align the
dipole along the direction of electric field.
Torque in vector form x = p # E .
11. Electric Flux
The total number of electric field lines crossing (or diverging) a
surface normally is called electric flux.
Electric flux through surface element dS is Tz = E .dS = E dS cos θ,
dS
where E is electric field strength.
Electric flux through entire closed surface is
z = y E . dS
S
SI unit of electric flux is volt-metre or Nm2C–1.
12. Gauss’s Theorem
1
It states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to times the net charge
f0
enclosed by the surface
1
i.e., z = y E . dS = /q
S f 0
13. Formulae for Electric Field Strength Calculated from Gauss’s Theorem
E
(a) Electric field due to infinitely long straight wire of charge per unit
length λ at a distance r from the wire is
1 2m
E =
4rf0 r
(b) Electric field strength due to an infinite plane sheet of charge per unit r
area σ is
v
E= , independent of distance of point from the sheet.
2f 0
(c) Electric field strength due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell or conducting sphere
of radius R having total charge q, at a distance r from centre is
1 q
(i) at external point Eext = (For r > R) E
4rf0 r2
1 q
(ii) at surface point ES = (For r = R) E∝1/r2
4rf0 R2
(iii) at internal point Eint = 0 (For r < R) R r

Electric Charges and Fields 11

 (d) Electric field strength due to a uniformly charged non-conducting solid sphere of radius R
at a distance r from centre
1 q E
(i) at external point Eext = (For r > R)
4rf0 r2
q E∝1/r2
1

r
E∝
(ii) at surface point ES = (For r = R)
4rf0 R2
R
1 qr
(iii) at internal point, Eint = (For r < R)
4rf0 R3

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose and write the correct option(s) in the following questions.

1. Which statement is true for Gauss law? [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1)]
(a) All the charges whether inside or outside the Gaussian surface contribute to the electric flux.
(b) Electric flux depends upon the geometry of the Gaussian surface.
(c) Gauss theorem can be applied to non-uniform electric field.
(d) The electric field over the Gaussian surface remains continuous and uniform at every point.
2. Which of the diagrams correctly represents the electric field between two charged plates if a
neutral conductor is placed in between the plates? [CBSE 2022, (55/2/4), Term-1]
(a)
+ + + + + + + (b) + + + + + + +
− +++ +++ + − + + − ++

− − − − − − − − − − − −−
− − − − − − − − − − − − − −

+ + + + + + +
(c) (d) + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + +

− − − − − − − −−−
− − − − − − − − − − − − − −
− − − − − − −

3. The electric field due to a uniformly charged sphere of radius R as a function of the distance
from its centre is represented graphically by
(a) (b)

E E

O R O R r
r

(c) (d)

E E

O R r O R r

12 Xam idea Physics–XII

 4. A point positive charge is brought near an isolated conducting sphere (Fig. given below). The
electric field is best given by [NCERT Exemplar]

+q +q
(i) (ii)

+q
+q

(iii) (iv)
(a) Fig (i) (b) Fig (ii)
(c) Fig (iii) (d) Fig (iv)
5. The Electric flux through the surface [NCERT Exemplar]
S
S
S S
+
+ q
+ q q
+ q

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(a) in Fig. (iv) is the largest.
(b) in Fig. (iii) is the least.
(c) in Fig. (ii) is same as Fig. (iii) but is smaller than Fig. (iv)
(d) is the same for all the figures.
6. A hemisphere is uniformly charged positively. The electric field at a point on a diameter away
from the centre is directed [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) perpendicular to the diameter (b) parallel to the diameter
(c) at an angle tilted towards the diameter (d) at an angle tilted away from the diameter
7. An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field can experience [CBSE 2020 (55/1/2)]
(a) a force but not a torque. (b) a torque but not a force.
(c) always a force and a torque. (d) neither a force nor a torque.
8. Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole p is placed as shown. Which of the
following statements is correct? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) the dipole will not experience any force.
(b) the dipole will experience a force towards right.
(c) the dipole will experience a force towards left. p
–q +q
(d) the dipole will experience a force upwards.

9. A point charge +q, is placed at a distance d from an isolated conducting plane. The field at a
point P on the other side of the plane is [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) directed perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane.
(b) directed perpendicular to the plane but towards the plane.
(c) directed radially away from the point charge.
(d) directed radially towards the point charge.

Electric Charges and Fields 13

 10. If y E .dS = 0 over a surface, then [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) the electric field inside the surface and on it is zero.
(b) the electric field inside the surface is necessarily uniform.
(c) the number of flux lines entering the surface must be equal to the number of flux lines
leaving it.
(d) all charges must necessarily be outside the surface.
11. Two charges are at distance d apart in air. Coulomb force between them is F. If a dielectric
material of dielectric constant K is placed between them, the Coulomb force now becomes
(a) F/K (b) FK (c) F/K2 (d) K2F
12. Which among the curves shown in figure possibly represent electrostatic field lines?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

13. Two point charges A and B, having charges +q and –q respectively, are placed at certain
distance apart and force acting between them is F. If 25% charge of A is transferred to B, then
force between the charges becomes
9F 16F 4F
(a) F (b) (c) (d)
16 3 3
14. Two large conducting spheres carrying charges Q1 and Q2 are kept with their centres r distance
1 Q1 Q2
apart. The magnitude of electrostatic force between them is not exactly because
4rf0 r2
[CBSE 2020 (55/3/3)]
(a) these are not point charges.
(b) charge distribution on the spheres is not uniform.
(c) charges on spheres will shift towards the centres of their respective spheres.
(d) charges will shift towards the portions of the spheres which are closer and facing towards
each other.
15. A negatively charged object X is repelled by another charged object Y. However an object Z is
attracted to object Y. Which of the following is the most possibility for the object Z?
[CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1]
(a) positively charged only (b) negatively charged only
(c) neutral or positively charged (d) neutral or negatively charged
16. In an experiment three microscopic latex spheres are sprayed into a chamber and became
charged with charges +3e, +5e, and – 3e respectively. All the three spheres came in contact
simultaneously for a moment and got separated. Which one of the following are possible
values for the final charge on the spheres? [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1]
(a) + 5e, – 4e, + 5e (b) + 6e, + 6e, – 7e
(c) – 4e, + 3.5e, + 5.5e (d) + 5e, – 8e, + 7e
17. The magnitude of electric field due to a point charge 2q, at distance r is E. Then the magnitude
of electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R with total charge q
r
at a distance (r >> R) will be [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1]
2
E
(a) (b) 0
4
(c) 2E (d) 4 E

14 Xam idea Physics–XII

 18. Three charges q, –q and q0 are placed as shown in figure. The magnitude of the net force on

the charge q0 at point O is =k = G

1
[CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1]
(4rf0)
y

−q
a
q0
x
O a

2kqq0 2 kqq0 1 kqq0

(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
a2 a2 2 a2
19. Four objects W, X, Y and Z, each with charge +q are held fixed at four points of a square of
side d as shown in the figure. Objects X and Z are on the midpoints of the sides of the square.
The electrostatic force exerted by object W on object X is F. Then the magnitude of the force
exerted by object W on Z is [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1]
W X Y

Z
F F F F
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 5 3 2
20. A square sheet of side ‘a’ is lying parallel to XY plane at z = a. The electric field in the region
is E = cz2 kt . The electric flux through the sheet is [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1]
1 3 1
(a) a4c (b)a c (c) a 4 c (d) 0
3 3
21. Two point charges placed in a medium of dielectric constant 5 are at a distance r between
them, experience an electrostatic force ‘F’. The electrostatic force between them in vacuum at
the same distance r will be [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1]
(a) 5F (b) F (c) F/2 (d) F/5
22. Consider an uncharged conducting sphere. A positive point charge is placed outside the
sphere. The net charge on the sphere is then, [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1]
(a) negative and uniformly distributed over the surface of sphere
(b) positive and uniformly distributed over the surface of sphere
(c) negative and appears at a point on the surface of sphere closest to point charge
(d) zero
23. A cylinder of radius r and length l is placed in a uniform electric field parallel to the axis of
the cylinder. The total flux for the surface of the cylinder is given by
 [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1]
2
(a) zero (b) πr
(c) Eπr2
(d) 2 Eπr2
24. Two parallel large thin metal sheets have equal surface densities 26.4 × 10–12 C/m2 of opposite
signs. The electric field between these sheets is [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1]
–16
(a) 1.5 N/C (b) 1.5 × 10 N/C
–10
(c) 3 × 10 N/C (d) 3 N/C

Electric Charges and Fields 15

 25. A small object with charge q and weight mg is attached to one end
of a string of length ‘L’ attached to a stationary support. The system θ
is placed in a uniform horizontal electric field ‘E’, as shown in the E
L
accompanying figure. In the presence of the field, the string makes
a constant angle q with the vertical. The sign and magnitude of q is
 [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1]
mg
(a) positive with magnitude mg/E

(b) positive with magnitude (mg/E) tanq

(c) negative with magnitude mg/E tanθ

(d) positive with magnitude E tanθ/mg
26. A point charge situated at a distance ‘r’ from a short electric dipole on its axis, experiences a
force F . If the distance of the charge is ‘2r’, the force on the charge will be
[CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)]
F F
(a) (b)
16 8
F F
(c) (d)
4 2
27. The magnitude of the electric field due to a point charge object at a distance of 4.0 m is 9 N/C.
From the same charged object the electric field of magnitude, 16NC–1 will be at a distance of
[CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)]
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m (d) 6 m

28. An electron experiences n forece (1·6 × 10–16 N) it in an electric field E . The electric field is
E is [CBSE 2023 (55/3/1)]
(a) (1.0 ×103 NC –1) it (b) – (1.0 ×103 NC –1) it

(c) (1.0 ×10 –3 NC –1) it (d) – (1.0 ×10 –3 NC –1) it

29. Two charges q1 and q2 are placed at the centres of two spherical counducting shells of radius r1
and r2 respectively. The shells are arranged such that their centres are d [> (r1 + r2)] distance
apart. The force on q2 due to q1 is: [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)]
1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2
(a) (b)
4rf0 d2 4rf0 (d – r1) 2
1 q1 q2
(c) zero (d)
4rf0 [d – (r1 + r2)] 2
30. An electric dipole of length 2 cm is placed at an angle of 30˚ with an electric field 2 × 105N/C.
If the dipole experiences a torque of 8 × 10–3 Nm, the magnitude of either charge of the
dipole, is [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)]
(a) 4 µC (b) 7 µC
(c) 8 mC (d) 2 mC

Answers
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c)
8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c), (d) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b)
15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (a)
22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b)
29. (a) 30. (a)

16 Xam idea Physics–XII

 Assertion-Reason Questions

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the
correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false and R is also false.
1. Assertion (A) : A negative charge in an electric field moves along the direction of the electric field.
Reason (R) : On a negative charge a force acts in the direction of the electric field.
[CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1]
2. Assertion (A) : Charge is quantized because only integral number of electrons can be transferred.
Reason (R) : There is no possibility of transfer of some fraction of electron.
3. Assertion (A) : 
In a non-uniform electric field, a dipole will have translatory as well as rotatory
motion.
Reason (R) : In a non-uniform electric field, a dipole experiences a force as well as torque.
[CBSE Sample Paper 2021]
4. Assertion (A) : Electrostatic field lines start at positive charges and end at negative charges.
Reason (R) : Field lines are continuous curves without any breaks and they form closed loop.
5. Assertion (A) : Electrons moves away from a region of lower potential to a region of higher
potential.
Reason (R) : An electron has a negative charge.
6. Assertion (A) : All the charge in a conductor gets distributed on whole of its outer surface.
Reason (R) : In a dynamic system, charges try to keep their potential energy minimum.
[AIIMS 2018]
7. Assertion (A) : When a body acquires negative charge, its mass decreases.
Reason (R) : A body acquires positive charge when it gains electrons.
8. Assertion (A) : Surface charge density of an irregularly shaped conductor is non-uniform.

Reason (R) : Surface density is defined as charge per unit area.
9. Assertion (A) : Total flux through a closed surface is zero if no charge is enclosed by the surface.
Reason (R) : Gauss law is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is.
10. Assertion (A) : If a proton and an electron are placed in the same uniform electric field, they
experience different acceleration.
Reason (R) : Electric force on a test charge is independent of its mass.

Answers
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (d)
8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)

Electric Charges and Fields 17

 Case-based/Passage-based Questions

Read the paragraph given below and answer the questions that follow:
Frictional Electricity: Induction
The easiest way to experience electric charge is to rub certain solid bodies against each other.
Long ago, around 600 BC, the Greeks knew that when amber is rubbed with wool, it acquires
the property of attracting light objects such as small pieces of paper. This is because amber
becomes electrically charged. If we pass a comb through dry hair, the comb becomes electrically
charged and can attract small pieces of paper. An automobile becomes charged when it travels
through the air. A paper sheet becomes charged when it passes through a printing machine. A
gramophone record becomes charged when cleaned with a dry cloth.

Silk Silk
Glass
F Glass
- - -
- - - - +++++
++
- - F
- - - F
- -
- - - - - - -
F
Glass Ebonite
Two charged rods Two charged rods
of same sign of opposite sign

The explanation of appearance of electric charge on rubbing is simple. All material bodies
contain large number of electrons and equal number of protons in their normal state. When
rubbed against each other, some electrons from one body may pass on to the other body. The
body that receives the extra electrons becomes negatively charged and the body that donates the
electrons becomes positively charged because it has more protons than electrons. Thus, when a
glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, electrons are transferred from the glass rod to the silk cloth.
The glass rod becomes positively charged and the silk cloth becomes negatively charged.
(i) Charge Q is distributed to two different metallic spheres having radii R and 2R such that
both spheres have equal surface charge density. Then charge on larger sphere is
4Q 3Q 5Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 4 5
(ii) A large non-conducting sheet S is given a uniform charge density. Two uncharged small
metal rods A and B are kept near the sheet as shown in figure. Which of the following is true?
A B
+
+
+ − + − +
S
+
+
+
(a) S attracts A (b) S attracts B
(c) A attracts B (d) All of these
(iii) Charge on a body which carries 300 excess electrons is
(a) –4.8 × 10–18 C (b) 4.8 × 10–18 C
(c) –4.8 × 10–17 C (d) 4.8 × 10–17 C

18 Xam idea Physics–XII

 (iv) Which of the following cannot be true about properties of charge?
(a) Charges can be created or destroyed in equal and unlike pairs only.
(b) Proper sign have to be used while adding the charges in a system.
(c) Excess of electrons over protons in a body is responsible for positive charge of the body.
(d) It is not possible to create or destroy net charge carried by an isolated system.
OR
The cause of charging is
(a) actual transfer of neutrons (b) actual transfer of electrons
(c) actual transfer of protons (d) none of these

Explanations
(i) (a) If q, and q′ are charges on sphere of radii R and 2R, then surface charge density will be same.
i.e., v = vl
q ql Q
= & ql = 4q =a v = G
4rR2 4r (2R) 2 A
Q
As q + ql = Q ⇒ q + 4q = Q ⇒ q=
5
4Q
∴ ql =
5
(ii) (d) If the sheet S is given some positive charge density, then by induction, negative charge
develop on ends of A and B, closer to S and an equal positive charge develops on farther
ends of A and B as shown in figure. So, S attracts both A and B. Also, A attracts B.
(iii) (c) According to quantization of charge, Q = ne
Hence n = 300,   e = –1.6 × 10–19 C
So, Q = 300 × (–1.6 × 10–19) = –4.8 × 10–17C
(iv) (c) Excess of electrons over protons in a body is responsible for negative charge of the body.
OR
(b) The charging of body is due to transfer of electrons only.

Conceptual Questions
Q. 1. Why is the direction of the electric field due to a charged conducting sphere at any point
perpendicular to its surface? [CBSE 2019 (55/2/2)]

Ans. If electric field is not perpendicular but has a component tangential to the surface of the
conductor, it will exert force on charge and make them more. It means electrostatic condition
is violated. 1
 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/2/2)]

Q. 2. Two electric field lines cannot cross each other. Also, they cannot form closed loops. Give
reasons. [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)]
Ans.
(i) Two electric field lines never cross each other because if they do so there will be two directions
of electric field at the point of intersection which is not possible.
(ii) Since the electric field lines start from positive charge and terminate at the negative charge
hence closed loops are not possible.

Electric Charges and Fields 19

 Q. 3. Draw the pattern of electric field lines when a point charge +q is kept near an uncharged
conducting plate. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/3)]
+q
Ans.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Q. 4. Does the charge given to a metallic sphere depend on whether it is hollow or solid? Give reason
for your answer. [CBSE 2017 (55/1/1)]
Ans. No, ½
Because the charge resides only on the surface of the conductor. ½
 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017 (55/1/1)]

Q. 5. Two identical conducting balls A and B have charges –Q and +3Q respectively. They are
brought in contact with each other and then separated by a distance d apart. Find the nature
of the Coulomb force between them. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
3Q – Q
Ans. Final charge on balls A and B = =Q
2
The nature of the coulomb force between them is repulsive.
Q. 6. Fig. shows three point charges +2q, – q and +3q. The charges +2q
and –q are enclosed within a surface ‘S’. What is the electric flux due
to this configuration through the surface ‘S’? [CBSE Delhi 2010]
1
Ans. Electric flux = # (Net charge enclosed within the surface)
f0
1 q
  = ( 2q – q) =
f0 f0
Q. 7. What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm which encloses an electric dipole?
[CBSE Delhi 2015]
Ans. Net electric flux is zero.
Reason : (i) Independent to the shape and size.
(ii) Net charge of the electric dipole is zero.
Q. 8. Two metallic spheres A and B kept on insulating stands are in A B
P
contact with each other. A positively charged rod P is brought near
the sphere A as shown in the figure. The two spheres are separated
from each other, and the rod P is removed. What will be the nature
of charges on spheres A and B? [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. l Sphere A will be negatively charged.
l Sphere B will be positively charged.
E
 xplanation: If positively charged rod P is brought near metallic sphere A due to induction negative
charge starts building up at the left surface of A and positive charge on the right surface of B.
A B A B A B

20 Xam idea Physics–XII

 If the two spheres are separated from each other, the two spheres are found to be oppositely
charged. If rod P is removed, the charges on spheres rearrange themselves and get uniformly
distributed over them.
Q. 9. Two charges of magnitudes – 2Q and +Q are located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively.
What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘3a’ with its centre at
the origin? [CBSE (AI) 2013]
–2Q
Ans. Electric flux, z =
f0
Concept: Imagine a sphere of radius 3a about
the origin and observe that only charge –2Q is
inside the sphere.
Q. 10. A metal sphere is kept on an insulating stand. A negatively charged
rod is brought near it, then the sphere is earthed as shown. On
removing the earthing, and taking the negatively charged rod away,
what will be the nature of charge on the sphere? Give reason for
your answer. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans. The sphere will be positively charged due to electrostatic induction.
Explanation: When a negatively charged rod is brought near a metal sphere, the electrons will
flow to the ground while the positive charges at the near end will remain held there due to the
attractive force of the negative charge on the rod. On disconnecting the sphere from the ground,
the positive charge continues to be held at the near end. On removing the electrified rod, the
positive charge will spread uniformly over the sphere.

Q. 11. How does the electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface get
affected when its radius is increased? [CBSE 2016 (55/1/1)]
Ans. Electric flux remains unaffected. 1
 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016 (55/1/1)]

Q. 12. Sketch the electric field lines for a uniformly charged hollow cylinder shown
in figure. [NCERT Exemplar][HOTS]
Ans.

Q. 13. What is the nature of electrostatic force between two point electric charges q1 and q2 if
(a) q1 + q2>0? (b) q1 + q2<0?
Ans. (a) If both q1 and q2 are positive, the electrostatic force between these will be repulsive.
However, if one of these charges is positive and is greater than the other negative charge, the
electrostatic force between them will be attractive.
Thus, the nature of force between them can be repulsive or attractive.

Electric Charges and Fields 21

 (b) If both q1 and q2 are –ve, the force between these will be repulsive.
However, if one of them is –ve and it is greater in magnitude than the second+ve charge, the
force between them will be attractive.
Thus, the nature of force between them can be repulsive or attractive.
Q. 14. The dimensions of an atom are of the order of an Angstrom. Thus there must be large electric
fields between the protons and electrons. Why, then is the electrostatic field inside a conductor
zero? [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. The electric fields bind the atoms to neutral entity. Fields are caused by excess charges. There
can be no excess charge on the inner surface of an isolated conductor. So, the electrostatic field
inside a conductor is zero.
Q. 15. An arbitrary surface encloses a dipole. What is the electric flux through this surface?
[NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. Net charge on a dipole = – q + q = 0. According to Gauss’s theorem, electric flux through the
surface, q 0
z = = =0
f0 f0

Very Short Answer Questions

Each of the following questions are of 2 marks.

Q. 1. (a) An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. That is, a field line cannot have sudden
breaks. Why is it so?
(b) Explain why two field lines never cross each other at any point. [CBSE (AI) 2014]
Ans. (a) An electrostatic field line is the path of movement of a positive
test charge (q0 → 0)
A moving charge experiences a continuous force in an electrostatic
field, so an electrostatic field line is always a continuous curve.
(b) Two electric lines of force can never cross each other because if
they cross, there will be two directions of electric field at the point
of intersection (say A); which is impossible.
Q. 2. Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity? What are its SI unit?
[CBSE Sample Paper 2021, (AI) 2011, 2013, (F) 2009, 2012, 2013]
Ans. The electric dipole moment is defined as the product of either charge and the distance between
the two charges. Its direction is from negative to positive charge.

i.e., | p |=q(2l)
Electric dipole moment is a vector quantity.
Its SI unit is coulomb-metre.
Q. 3. Depict the orientation of the dipole in (a) stable, (b) unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric
field. [CBSE Delhi 2017]
Ans. (a) Stable equilibrium, θ = 0° P is parallel to E

22 Xam idea Physics–XII

 (b) Unstable equilibrium, θ = 180° P is anti parallel to E

Q. 4. The figure shows tracks of three charged particles in a uniform electrostatic field. Give the
signs of the three charges. Which particle has the highest charge to mass ratio? [NCERT]

A 1 y
++++++++++++++++ 2

–––––––––––––––– x
C B 3
Ans. A positively charged particle is deflected towards a negative plate and a negatively charged
particle towards a positive plate and shows a parabolic path.
From fig. it is clear that the particles (1) and (2) are deflected towards positive plate; hence, they
carry negative charges.
Particle (3) is deflected along negative plate, so it carries positive charge.
The transverse deflection in a given electric field is
qE
y = at2, where a = m and t = b u l
1 x
2

1 q E x2 q
So y= c m 2 \ m.
2 m u
From fig., it is obvious that the transverse deflection is the maximum for particle (3), hence,
particle (3) has the highest charge to mass ratio (q/m).
1
Q. 5. Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb force (F) versus d 2 n , where r is the distance
r
between the two charges of each pair of charges: (1 µC, 2 µC) and (2 µC, – 3 µC). Interpret the
graphs obtained. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
1 q q
1 2
Ans. F = .
4rf0 r2
1 1
The graph between F and 2 is a straight line of slope q q passing through origin in both
r 4rf0 1 2
the cases.

Since, magnitude of the slope is more for attraction, therefore, attractive force is greater than
repulsive force.
Q. 6. Derive an expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole of dipole moment P placed
in a uniform electric field E . Write the direction along which the torque acts.
[CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)]

Electric Charges and Fields 23

 Ans. qE

E a θ ½
q
-q P
-qE
Force on either charge, F = qE
Magnitude of torque = Either of force × ⊥ distance between them. ½
t = qE 2a sin q
⇒
t = pE sin q
∴
x=P ×E  ½
Direction is normal to the paper coming out of it. ½
 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/5/1)]

Q. 7. Two identical dipoles are arranged in x-y plane as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude
and the direction of net electric field at the origin O. [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)]
q
y

x
−q O q

−q

Ans. Electric field at O due to both dipole.

q y

−q q x
O

−q

kq 2kq
_ – tj – tj i = – tj E2 O
E 1 = 2 2
α
a a
kq 2kq
E 2 = ]– it – itg = – 2 it
a2 a
So, net electric field at O, Enet
2 2
2kq 2kq
f p +f p
E1
E net = E12 + E22 =
a2 a2
2 2 kq
       = NC–1
a2
E1
Also,      tan a = = 1   ⇒   a = 45°
E2

Hence, direction of E net is 45° to its – x axis or 225° to + x-axis.

24 Xam idea Physics–XII

Q. 8. (a) Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.
(b) A spherical rubber balloon carries a charge that is uniformly distributed over its surface. As
the balloon is blown up and increases in size, how does the total electric flux coming out of the
surface change? Give reason. [CBSE (F) 2016]
Ans. (a) Total number of electric field lines crossing a surface normally is called electric flux.
Its SI unit is Nm2C–1 or Vm.
q
(b) Total electric flux through the surface =
f0
As charge remains unchanged when size of balloon increases, electric flux through the
surface remains unchanged.
q = 10 µC
Q. 9. A point charge + 10 µC is at a distance 5 cm directly above the
the centre of a square of side 10 cm as shown in figure. What 5 cm
is the magnitude of the electric flux through the square? [Hint:
Think of the square as one face of a cube with edge 10 cm]
[NCERT] [HOTS]
Ans. Obviously the given square ABCD of side 10 cm is one face of a
cube of side 10 cm. At the centre of this cube a charge + q=10 µC 10 cm
is placed.
According to Gauss’s theorem, the total electric flux through the
q 10 cm
six faces of cube = f .
0

∴ Total electric flux through square,

1 q
z = f
6 0
1 10 # 10 –6
= #
6 8.85 # 10 –12
= 1.88 × 105 Nm2C–1.
Q. 10. Two identical point charges, q each, are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge Q of unknown
magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charges such that the system remains in
equilibrium. Find the position and nature of Q. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/1)]
Ans. System is in equilibrium therefore net force on each charge of system will be zero.
For the total force on ‘Q’ to be zero q Q q
1 qQ 1 qQ
= A x C (2–x) B
4rf0 x2 4rf0 (2 – x) 2 2m
⇒ x = 2 – x   ⇒ 2x = 2
⇒ x=1m
For the equilibrium of charge “q” the nature of charge Q must be opposite to the nature of charge q.
Q. 11. A particle of mass m and charge (–q) enters the region between the two charged plates initially
moving along X-axis with speed vx as shown in fig. The length of plate is L and an uniform
electric field E is maintained between the plates. Show that the vertical deflection of the
qEL2
particle at the far edge of the plate is .           [NCERT] [HOTS]
2mv x2

Electric Charges and Fields 25

 qE
Ans. Force on particle towards upper plate B, Fy = qE vertical acceleration of particle, a y = m .
Initial vertical velocity vy = 0
Speed of particle along X-axis =vx (constant)
L
Time taken by particle between the plates, t = v
x
1
From relation, s = ut + at2
2
1 qE L 2
Vertical deflection, y = 0 + a y t2 = 0 + c m mc v m
1
2 2 x
2
qEL
` y=
2mv x2
Q. 12. Given a uniform electric field E = 5×10 3 it N/C, find the flux of this field through a square of
10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the Y-Z plane. What would be the flux through the
same square if the plane makes a 30° angle with the X-axis? [CBSE Delhi 2014]
Ans. Here, E = 5 ×10 i N/C, i.e., field is along positive direction of X-axis.
3 t

Surface area, A = 10 cm × 10 cm = 0.10 m × 0.10 m = 10–2 m2

(i) When plane is parallel to Y-Z plane, the normal to plane is along X-axis. Hence
θ = 0°
∴ z = EA cos i = 5 # 103 # 10 –2 cos 0° = 50 NC –1 m2
(ii) When the plane makes a 30° angle with the X-axis, the normal to its plane makes 60° angle
with X-axis. Hence θ = 60°,
∴
z = EA cosi = 5×103 ×10 –2 cos 60° = 25 NC –1 m 2
Q. 13. Five point charges, each of charge +q are placed on five vertices of a regular hexagon of
side ‘l’. Find the magnitude of the resultant force on a charge –q placed at the centre of the
hexagon. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]

Ans.

Alternatively:

 he forces due to the charges placed diagonally opposite at the vertices of hexagon, on the
T
charge -q cancel in pairs. Hence net force is due to one charge only.
2
1 q
Net Force, F = 1
4rf0 l2
 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/3/1)]

Q. 14. Represent graphically the variation of electric field with distance, for a uniformly charged
plane sheet. [CBSE Sample Paper 2017]
Ans. Electric field due to a uniformly charged plane sheet. E
v
E = E = Constant
2f 0
which is independent of distance.
So, it represents a straight line parallel to distance axis.
r

26 Xam idea Physics–XII

Q. 15. A metallic spherical shell has an inner radius R1 and outer radius R2. A charge Q is placed at
the centre of the spherical cavity. What will be surface charge density on (i) the inner surface,
and (ii) the outer surface? [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. When a charge + Q is placed at the centre of spherical cavity,
the charge induced on the inner surface = – Q
the charge induced on the outer surface = +Q
–Q
∴ Surface charge density on the inner surface =
4rR12
+Q
Surface charge density on the outer surface =
4rR22

Q. 16. Two large parallel plane sheets have uniform charge densities +σ and – σ. Determine the
electric field (i) between the sheets, and (ii) outside the sheets. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]

Ans. A B
+σ −σ

 ½
Q
E EB E E
A B A
P EA EB R

Now Electric field Intensity due to a plane sheet of charge

v
E= ½
2f 0
Here
+v –v
EA = and EB =
2f 0 2f 0
(i) Electric field at point Q (In between the sheets)
v v v
 E = EA+EB = + = ½
2 f 0 2f 0 f 0
(ii) Field at the point P or R
v v
E = EA+EB =
 – =0 ½
2f 0 2f 0
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/4/1)]

Q. 17. The given figure shows the electric field lines around
three point charges A, B and C.
(a) Which charges are positive?
(b) Which charge has the largest magnitude? Why?
(c) In which region or regions of the picture could the
electric field be zero? Justify your answer.
(i) near A (ii) near B (iii) near C (iv) nowhere.
 [NCERT Exemplar] [HOTS]
Ans. (a) Charges A and C are positive since lines of force emanate from them.
(b) Charge C has the largest magnitude since maximum number of field lines are associated with it.
(c) (i) near A.

Electric Charges and Fields 27

 Justification: There is no neutral point between a positive and a negative charge. A neutral
point may exist between two like charges. From the figure we see that a neutral point exists
between charges A and C. Also between two like charges the neutral point is closer to the charge
with smaller magnitude. Thus, electric field is zero near charge A.
Q. 18. Two isolated metal spheres A and B have radii R and 2R respectively, and same charge q. Find
which of the two spheres have greater energy density just outside the surface of the spheres.
[CBSE Sample Paper 2016]
Ans. Energy density,
1
U = f0 E2
2
v Q
But, E = =
f0 Af 0
2
1 f0 Q Q2 1

` U= & U= & U? & U A > UB
2 A2 f2
0 2 A 2
f 0
A2 Q q

Q. 19. Four point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed at the corners of a square of
side ‘a’ as shown in the figure. Find the resultant electric force on a
charge Q. [CBSE 2018 (55/1)]
q a Q

Ans. Let us find the force on the charge Q at the point C.

Force due to the other charge Q
2
Q Q2
f p (along AC)
1 1
F1 = = ½
4rf0 (a 2 ) 2 4rf0 2a 2
Force due to the charge q (at B),
1 qQ
F2 = (along BC) Q
A Bq
4rf0 a 2
Force due to the charge q (at D), a 2

1 qQ
F3 = (along DC) Q ½
4rf0 a 2 q F3
D C
a F23
Resultant of these two equal forces
1 F
1 qQ ( 2 ) F2
F23 = (along AC)
4rf0 a2
∴ Net force on charge Q (at point C) ½
Q Q
= + 2 qG
1
F = F1 + F23 = ½
4rf0 a 2 2
This force is directed along AC. (For the charge Q, at the point A, the force will have the same
magnitude but will be directed along CA)
[Note: Don't deduct marks if the student does not write the direction of the net force, F]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018 (55/1)]

Q. 20. Three point charges q, – 4q and 2q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC
of side ‘l’ as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the magnitude of the resultant
electric force acting on the charge q. [CBSE 2018 (55/1)]

28 Xam idea Physics–XII

Ans. Force on charge q due to the charge –4q
4q 2 F2
f 2 p , along AB
1
F1 = ½
4rf0 l q
θ = 120° A
Force on the charge q, due to the charge 2q
2
2q
f p , along CA
1
F2 =
4rf0 l 2 F1
The forces F1 and F2 are inclined to each other at
an angle of 120° –4q 2q
B l C
Hence, resultant electric force on charge q,
F = F12 + F 22 + 2F1 F2 cos i ½

  = F12 + F 22 + 2F1 F2 cos 120°

= F12 + F 22 – F1 F2 ½
2
  = f p 16 + 4 – 8
1 q
4rf0 l 2
2 3 q2
f p
1
= ½
4rf0 l2
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018 (55/1)]

Q. 21. A simple pendulum consists of a small sphere of mass m suspended by a thread of length l.
The sphere carries a positive charge q. The pendulum is placed in a uniform electric field of
strength E directed vertically downwards. Find the period of oscillation of the pendulum due
to the electrostatic force acting on the sphere, neglecting the effect of the gravitational force.
[CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)]
Ans.

φ
½
qEsinϕ
Q
qEcosϕ
qE

E
Restoring force,
Fr = – qE sin φ ½
⇒ ma = – qE sin φ
When φ is small, sin φ - φ
⇒ ma = – qEφ
d2 x x
⇒
m = –qE
dt l
d2 x E x
⇒
= –q m ½
dt 2 l

Electric Charges and Fields 29

 Comparing with equation of linear SHM
d2 x qE
= – ~2 x & ~2 =
dt 2 ml
qE
& ~ = ml

2r ml
∴ T = ~ = 2r
½
qE
Alternatively: The student can use angular SHM intermediate also. Full marks to be awarded

for correct answer even without intermediate steps.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/3/1)]

Q. 22. An electric dipole of length 2 cm is placed with its axis making an angle of 60° with respect to
uniform electric field of 105 N/C.
If it experiences a torque of 8 3 Nm, calculate the magnitude of charge on the dipole, and its
potential energy. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021]
Ans. Here, 2l = 2 cm = 2 × 10–2 m
i = 60°, E = 105 N/C, x = 8 3 Nm
Using x = pE sin i
x = 2 qlE sin i
x 8 3 ×2
q= = = 8×10 –3 C
2 l E sin i 2 ×10 –2 ×105 × 3
Potential energy = – pE cos i = –2qlE cos i
1
= –2×10 –2 × 8 ×10 –3 ×105 × =8J
2
Q. 23. Two point charges q1 = +1 µC and q2 = +4 µC are placed 2 m apart in air. At what distance
from q1 along the line joining the two charges, will the net electric field be zero?
[CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)]
Ans. The electric field at point P due to q1,
kq1
E1 = 2
x
The electric field at point P due to q2, x (2 – x)
kq2 q1 P q
E2 = 2m
2
(2 – x) 2
At point P, net electric field is zero,
⇒ E1 = E2
kq1 kq2 1 4
⇒ 2
= ⇒ =
x (2 – x) 2 x2 (2 – x) 2
1 2
⇒ x = (2 – x) ⇒ (2 – x) = 2x

⇒ 3x = 2
2
∴ x= m
3
Q. 24. An electric field is uniform and acts along + x direction in the region of positive x. It is also
uniform with the same magnitude but acts in – x direction in the region of negative x. The
value of the field is E = 200 N/C for x > 0 and E = – 200 N/C for x < 0. A right circular cylinder
of length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its centre at the origin and its axis along the x-axis so that
one flat face is at x = +10 cm and the other is at x = –10 cm.

30 Xam idea Physics–XII

 Find:
(i) The net outward flux through the cylinder.
(ii) The net charge present inside the cylinder. [CBSE 2020 (55/1/1)]
Ans. (i) y

S
5 cm
E
E E
O x
S S i

x = 10 cm 20 cm x = 10 cm

The net outward flux through cylinder,

f = EA + EA = 2EA where, A = πr2 ½
∴ f = 2 × 200 × 3.14 × 0.05 × 0.05
= 3.14 NC–1m2 ½
(ii) The net charge present inside the cylinder,
q = ε0f
q = 8.854 × 3.14 × 10–12 ½
= 2.78 × 10–11 C ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (55/1/1)]

Short Answer Questions

Each of the following questions are of 3 marks.

Q. 1. Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and b are connected to each other by a wire. Find
the ratio of the electric fields at their surfaces. [CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)]
Ans. Two charged conducting spheres are connected to a wire then their potential on the surfaces are
same.
kq
<Since V = F
r
i.e., V1 = V2
kqa kqb qa a
a = b ⇒ qb = b
kq
Also, we know, E = (for point change)
r2
kqa kqb
then,    Ea = 2
, and   Eb =
a b2
kqa
Ea a2 b 2 qa b
Ratio,   = = 2×q = a .
Eb kqb a b

b2

Electric Charges and Fields 31

 Q
Q. 2. A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface. A point charge
2
is placed at the centre C and another charge +2Q is placed

outside the shell at A at a distance x from the centre as shown

in the figure.
(i) Find the electric flux through the shell.
(ii) State the law used.
(iii) Find the force on the charges at the centre C of the shell and
at the point A. [CBSE East 2016]
Total enclosed ch arg e
Ans. (i) Electric flux through a Gaussian surface, z =
f0
Net charge enclosed inside the shell, q = 0
q
∴ Electric flux through the shell, z = =0
f0
1
(ii) Gauss’s Law: Electric flux through a Gaussian surface is times the net charge enclosed
f0
within it.
1
Mathematically, y E . ds =
f0
×q
(iii) We know that electric field or net charge inside the spherical conducting shell is zero. Hence,
Q
the force on charge is zero.
2
Q
2Q d Q + n 2
1 2 1 3Q
Force on charge at A, FA = =
4rf0 x2 4rf 0 x2
+q −q
Q. 3. (a) The distance of a far off point on the equatorial plane of A B
an electric dipole is halved. How will the electric field be
affected for the dipole?
(b) 
Two identical electric dipoles are placed along the O

diagonals of a square ABCD of side 2 m as shown in

the figure. Obtain the magnitude and direction of the net
electric field at the centre (O) of the square. +q D C −q
[CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)]
r
Ans. (a) If r′ =
2 +q −q
kp kp 8kp A B
Then, Eleq = = = = 8 Eeq.
] rlg3 r 3 r3
c m r r
2
O
Hence, electric field at new position at equatorial line r
becomes 8 times of its initial value. r

(b) Here, AB = BC = CD = AD = 2 m and +q −q

qA = qD = +q, qB = qC = – q D √2 m C
Electric field due to A and C at O,
kq kq kq kq 2

E1 = EA + EC = + = + = 2kq NC –1    >r = 2 sin 45° = = 1 mH
r2 r2 ]1 g2 ]1 g2 2

32 Xam idea Physics–XII

 Again, electric field due to D and B,
kq kq kq kq E1
E2 = ED + EB = + = + = 2kq NC–1.
]rg2
]rg2
]1 g2
]1 g2

So, Enet = E12 + E22 α

O Enet
^2kq h + ^2kq h
2 2
  =
  = 2 2 kq NC–1
2kq E2
For direction, a = tan–1 f p
2kq
–1
     = tan (1) = 45°
So, Enet along 45° from E1 or E2.

Y
Q. 4. Two small identical electric dipoles AB and CD, each of
A +q
dipole moment P are kept at an angle of 120° to each
other in an external electric field E pointing along the −q
120°
x-axis as shown in the figure. Find the X′ X
O
E
(a) dipole moment of the arrangement, and C
B −q +q
(b) magnitude and direction of the net torque acting on it.
[CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)]
Ans. Y′

Electric Charges and Fields 33

 [Topper’s Answer 2020]

Q. 5. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. A cube with each side ‘a’ is kept in an electric field given by
E = C × rt, (as is shown in the figure) where C is a positive
dimensional constant. Find out[CBSE (F) 2012]
(i) the electric flux through the cube, and
(ii) the net charge inside the cube.
Ans. Gauss’s Law in electrostatics states that the total electric flux
1
through a closed surface enclosing a charge is equal to
f0
times the magnitude of that charge.
q
z = y E . dS =
S f0
(i) Net flux, z = z1 + z2
E
where z1 = E . dS
= 2aC dS cos 0° E
= 2aC × a2 = 2a3 C
  φ2 = aC × a2 cos 180° = – a3C
  ∴ φ = 2a3C + (–a3C) = a3C Nm2 C–1
(ii) Net charge (q) = ε0 × φ = a3C ε0 coulomb
∴ q = a3C ε0 coulomb.
Q. 6. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 has a charge Q.
(a) A charge q is placed at the centre of the shell. Find out the surface charge density on the
inner and outer surfaces of the shell.
(b) Is the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) zero; independent of the fact whether
the shell is spherical or not? Explain. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)]

Ans. (a) Diagram

r1 ½
+q

r2
Q+q
q
The Surface charge density on inner surface of the shell is v1 = – 1
4rr12
Q+q
The surface charge density on outer shell is v 2 = ½
4rr 22

34 Xam idea Physics–XII

 (b) Consider a Gaussian surface inside the shell, net flux is zero since qnet = 0. According to
Gauss’s law it is independent of shape and size of shell. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/2/1)]

Q. 7. Two large charged plane sheets of charge densities σ and –2σ C/m2 are arranged vertically
with a separation of d between them. Deduce expressions for the electric field at points
(i) to the left of the first sheet, (ii) to the right of the second sheet, and (iii) between the two
sheets. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)]

A B
+σ −2σ
Ans.

E2 1½
E1
E1
E2
E2 E1

(i) Electric field in the region left of first sheet, ½

E1 = E1 + E2
v v
E1 = –
f 0 2f 0
v
E1 = +
2f 0
It is towards right.
(ii) Electric field in the region to the right of second sheet ½
v v
EII = –
2f 0 f 0
v
EII =
2f 0
It is towards left.
(iii) Electric field between the two sheets, ½
EIII = E1 + E2
v v
EIII = –
f 0 2f 0
3v
EIII =
2f 0

Electric field is towards the right.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/2/1)]

Q.8. (a) ‘‘The outward electric flux due to charge +Q is independent of the shape and size of the
surface which encloses it.’’ Give two reasons to justify this statement.
(b) Two identical circular loops ‘1’ and ‘2’ of radius R each have linear charge densities –λ
and +λ C/m respectively. The loops are placed coaxially with their centres R 3 distance
apart. Find the magnitude and direction of the net electric field at the centre of loop ‘1’.
[CBSE Patna 2015]

Electric Charges and Fields 35

 Ans. (a) In figure, a charge + Q is enclosed inside the surfaces S1 and S2.
(i) 
For a given charge Q the same number of electric field
lines emanating from the surfaces S1 and S2 depends on S2
S1
the charge Q and independent to the shape and size of the
surfaces of S1 and S2.
+Q
(ii) From Gauss’s law the net-outward electric flux through any
1
closed surface of any shape and size is equal to f times
0
Q
the charge enclosed within that surface i.e., f
0

(b) Electric field at the centre O1 due to loop 1 is given by

E 1 = 0 (As Z = 0) 2 + 1

Electric field at a point outside the loop 2 on the axis R –

passing normally through O2 of loop 2 is R

mR Z
E2 = O2 Z= 3 R O1
2f0 (R2 + Z2) 3/2
Since Z= R 3
mR R 3
=
2f0 (R2 + 3R2) 3/2
m 3
= towards right (As λ is positive)
16f0 R
So, net electric field at the centre of loop 1,
E = E1 + E 2
m 3 m 3
= 0+ =
16f0 R 16f 0 R
Q. 9. Two charges q and –3q are placed fixed on x-axis separated by distance ‘d’. Where should a
third charge 2q be placed such that it will not experience any force? [NCERT Exemplar]

Ans. P q d Q
2q –3q
x

Let the charge 2q be placed at point P as shown. The force due to q is to the left and that due to
–3q is to the right.
2q2 6q2

` 2
= & (d + x) 2 = 3x2
4rf0 x 4rf0 (d + x) 2
d 3d

` 2x2 – 2dx – d2 = 0 & x= !
2 2
(–ve sign shows charge 2q at p would lie between q and –3q and hence is unacceptable.)
d 3d d

& x= + = (1 + 3 ) to the left of q.
2 2 2
Q. 10. A hollow conducting sphere of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 has a charge Q on its
surface. A point charge –q is also placed at the centre of the sphere.
(a) What is the surface charge density on the (i) inner and (ii) outer surface of the sphere?
(b) Use Gauss’ law of electrostatics to obtain the expression for the electric field at a point
lying outside the sphere. [CBSE 2020 (55/4/1)]

36 Xam idea Physics–XII

 q
Ans. (a) Surface charge density on the inner surface = ½
4rr12
Q–q
On the outer surface = ½
4rr22
(b) For a spherical Gaussian surface x > r2, 1
Q–q
y E. ds = f
0
Q –q
E × 4πx2 = f ½
0

1 Q–q
E= ½
4rf0 x2
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (55/4/1)]

Long Answer Questions

Each of the following questions are of 5 marks.

Q. 1. (i) State Coulomb’s law in electrostatics and write it in vector form, for two charges.
(ii) Gauss’s law is based on the inverse-square dependence on distance contained in the
Coulomb’s law.’ Explain.
(iii) Two charges A (charge q) and B (charge 2q) are located at points (0, 0) and (a, a) respectively.
Let it and tj be the unit vectors along x-axis and y-axis respectively. Find the force exerted
by A on B, in terms of it and tj . [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)]
Ans. (i) Coulomb’s Law:
It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the
square of distance between them. The direction of this force is along the line joining the two
charges, i.e.,
q1 q2
F=k 2
r
1
where k = is constant of proportionality; ε is permittivity of medium between the
4rf
charges. If ε0 is permittivity of free space and K the dielectric constant of medium, then

ε=Kε0 q1 q2
1
F=
4rf0 K r2
For free space K = 1, Therefore
1 q1 q2
∴           F =

4rf0 r2
In Vector from,
1 q1 q2
          F 21 =
4re0 r2 r 21
t

r 21
But           rt21 =
r
1 q1 q2 r 21 1 q1 q2
          F 21 = = r
4rf0 r2 r 4rf0 r3 21

Electric Charges and Fields 37

 Similarly if r 12 is position vector of q1 relative to q2 and rt12 is unit vector from B to A, then
1 q1 q2 1 q1 q2
     F 12 = r
t = r
4rf0 r2 12 4rf0 r3 12
(ii) Let + q charge is placed at a point O and a point P lies at
distance r from the point O. Imagine a sphere of radius r 0
and centre O. Thus, point P lies on the surface of the sphere.
Now, the surface of the sphere will behave as gaussian surface.
Therefore, the intensity of electric field on the surface at all
the points will be equal in magnitude and will be directed
radially outward.
\ The electric flux passing through the spherical surface,

fE = E . S cos 0°
      fE = E . S     [S = 4pr2]
\       fE = pr2 E ...(i)
qin
From Gauss’s law, fE = f ...(ii)
0
qin
From equation (i) and (ii), 4pr2E = f
0
qin
or E=
4rf0 r2
Now, imagine a charge q0 placed at point P.
\ Force on q0, F = q0 E
q0 qin
⇒        F=
4rf0 r2
1 q0 qin
\        F= . 2
4rf0 r
Hence it verify coulomb’s inverse square law.
(iii) Force exerted by A on B,
kq1 q2
F BA = 2 rt
r
Using distance Formula,
r= (a–0) 2 + (a–0) 2 = 2 a
ait + ajt it + tj
rt = =
2a 2
kq × 2q it + tj kq2
Now, F BA = f p= _ it + tj i N
^ 2 ah
2
2 2 a2
Q. 2. Find expressions for the force and torque on an electric dipole kept in a uniform electric field.
[CBSE (AI) 2014; 2019 (55/5/1); 2020 (55/3/1); 2020 (55/5/1); CBSE Sample Paper 2021]
OR
(i) Define torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p placed in a uniform electric field
E . Express it in the vector form and point out the direction along which it acts.
(ii) What happens if the field is non-uniform?
(iii) What would happen if the external field E is increasing (i) parallel to p and (ii) anti-
parallel to p ?[CBSE (F) 2016]

38 Xam idea Physics–XII

 Ans. Consider an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field of strength E in such a way that its
dipole moment p makes an angle θ with the direction of
E . The charges of dipole are – q and +q at separation 2l
the dipole moment of electric dipole,
p = q2l ...(i)
Force: The force on charge +q is, F 1 = qE , along the

direction of field E .
The force on charge – q is F 2 = qE , opposite to the
direction of field E .
Obviously forces F 1 and F 2 are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction; hence net force
on electric dipole in uniform electric field is
F = F1 – F2 = qE – qE = 0 (zero)
As net force on electric dipole is zero, so dipole does not undergo any translatory motion.
Torque: The forces F 1 and F 2 form a couple (or torque) which tends to rotate and align the dipole
along the direction of electric field. This couple is called the torque and is denoted by τ.
∴ Torque τ = magnitude of one force × perpendicular distance between lines of action of forces

= qE (BN)
= qE (2l sin θ)
= (q2l) E sin θ
= pE sin θ [using (i)] ...(ii)
Clearly, the magnitude of torque depends on orientation (θ) of the electric dipole relative to
electric field. Torque (τ) is a vector quantity whose direction is perpendicular to the plane
containing p and E given by right hand screw rule.

In vector form, x = p # E ...(iii)

Thus, if an electric dipole is placed in an electric field in oblique orientation, it experiences no force
but experiences a torque. The torque tends to align the dipole moment along the direction of electric
field.
When the field is non-uniform, the net force will evidently be non-zero. There will be translatory

motion of the dipole.

When E is parallel to p , the dipole has a net force in the direction of increasing field.

When E is anti-parallel to p , the net force on the dipole is in the direction of decreasing field.

In general, force depends on the orientation of p with respect to E .

Electric Charges and Fields 39

 Q. 3. Find an expression for the electric field strength at a distant point situated (i) on the axis and
(ii) along the equatorial line of an electric dipole. [CBSE (AI) 2013; (F) 2015; 2019 (55/5/1)]
OR
Derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line of an
electric dipole of dipole moment p and length 2a. What is the direction of this field?
[CBSE South 2016; 2019 (55/1/1)] [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)]
Ans. Consider an electric dipole AB. The charges –q and +q of dipole are situated at A and B
respectively as shown in the figure. The separation between the charges is 2a.
Electric dipole moment, p = q.2a
The direction of dipole moment is from –q to +q. 2a

(i) At axial or end-on position: Consider a

point P on the axis of dipole at a distance r a a
from mid-point O of electric dipole.
r–a
The distance of point P from charge +q at r+a
B is BP = r – a
and distance of point P from charge –q at A is, AP = r + a.
Let E1 and E2 be the electric field strengths at point P due to charges +q and –q respectively.
We know that the direction of electric field due to a point charge is away from positive charge
and towards the negative charge. Therefore,
1 q 1 q
E1 = (from B to P) and E2 = (from P to A)
4rf0 ^ r – a h 2 4rf0 ^ r + a h2

Clearly the directions of electric field strengths E 1 are E 2 along the same line but opposite
to each other and E1 > E2 because positive charge is nearer.
∴ The resultant electric field due to electric dipole has magnitude equal to the difference of
E1 and E2 direction from B to P i.e.
1 q 1 q
E = E1 – E2 = –
4rf0 ^ r – a h 2 4rf0 ^ r + a h2

^ r + ah – ^ r – ah
2 2

> H
q 1 1 q
4rf0 = ^ r – a h2 2G
= – =
^ r + ah 4rf0 ^ r – ah ^ r + ah
2 2

q 4ra 1 2 ^ q2 a h r
= =
4rf0 ^ 2
r – a2 h
4rf0 ^ 2
r – a2 h
2 2

But q.2 a = p (electric dipole moment)

1 2pr
∴
E= ...(i)
4rf0 ^ 2
r – a2 h
2

If the dipole is infinitely small and point P is far away from the dipole, then r >> a, therefore
equation (i) may be expressed as
1 2pr 1 2p
E= or E = ..(ii)
4rf0 r 4 4rf0 r3
This is the expression for the electric field strength at axial position due to a short electric
dipole.
(ii) At a point of equatorial line: Consider a point P on broad side on the position of dipole
formed of charges +q and –q at separation 2a. The distance of point P from mid point (O) of

40 Xam idea Physics–XII

 electric dipole is r. Let E 1 and E 2 be the electric field strengths due to charges +q and – q
of electric dipole.
From fig. AP = BP = r2 + a2
1 q
` E1 = along B to P
4rf0 r2 + a2
1 q
   E 2 = along P to A
4rf0 r + a2
2

Clearly E 1 and E 2 are equal in magnitude r

i.e. , | E 1 |=| E 2 |or E1= E2 .

To find the resultant of E 1 and E 2 , we resolve them into a a
rectangular components. a

Component of E 1 parallel to AB = E1 cos θ, in the direction to BA

Component of E 1 perpendicular to AB = E1 sin θ along OP
Component of E 2 parallel to AB = E2 cos θ in the direction BA
Component of E 2 perpendicular to AB = E2 sin θ along PO
Clearly, components of E 1 and E 2 perpendicular to AB: E1 sin θ and E2 sin θ being equal
and opposite cancel each other, while the components of E 1 and E 2 parallel to AB : El cosθ
and E2 cos θ, being in the same direction add up and give the resultant electric field whose
direction is parallel to BA .
∴ Resultant electric field at P is E = El cos θ + E2 cos θ
1 q
But E1 = E2 =
4rf0 ^ r + a2 h
2

OB a a
From the figure, cos i = = =
^ r + a2 h
PB 2
r +a 2 2
1/2

1 q a 1 2qa
E = 2E1 cos i = 2× . =
4rf0 ^ r2 + a2h ^ 2 0 ^ r2 + a2 h
r + a2 h
1/2 4 rf 3/2

But q.2a=p=electric dipole moment ...(iii)

1 p
∴ E=
4rf0 ^ 2
r + a2 h
3/2

If dipole is infinitesimal and point P is far away, we have a << r, so a2 may be neglected as
compared to r2 and so equation (iii) gives
1 p 1 p
E= =
4rf0 ^ 2 h 3 / 2 4rf0 r3
r
i.e., electric field strength due to a short dipole at broadside on position
1 p
E= in the direction parallel to BA ...(iv)
4rf0 r3
Its direction is parallel to the axis of dipole from positive to negative charge.
It may be noted clearly from equations (ii) and (iv) that electric field strength due to a short
dipole at any point is inversely proportional to the cube of its distance from the dipole and
the electric field strength at axial position is twice that at broad-side on position for the same
distance.
Important: Note the important point that the electric field due to a dipole at large distances
1 1
falls off as 3 and not as 2 as in the case of a point charge.
r r
Electric Charges and Fields 41
 Q. 4. A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of radius ‘a’. Obtain an expression for the electric
intensity E at a point on the axis of the ring. Hence show that for points at large distances from
the ring, it behaves like a point charge. [CBSE Delhi 2016, 2020 (55/5/1)]
Ans. Consider a point P on the axis of uniformly charged
ring at a distance x from its centre O. Point P is at
distance r = a2 + x2 from each element dl of ring. a

If q is total charge on ring, then, charge per metre

q
length, m = .
2ra
The ring may be supposed to be formed of a large
number of ring elements.
Consider an element of length dl situated at A.
The charge on element, dq = λ dl
∴ The electric field at P due to this element
1 dq 1 m dl
dE 1 = = , along PC
4rf0 r2 4rf0 r2

The electric field strength due to opposite symmetrical element of length dl at B is

1 dq 1 m dl
dE 2 = = , along PD
4rf0 r 2 4rf0 r2

If we resolve dE1 and dE2 along the axis and perpendicular to axis, we note that the components
perpendicular to axis are oppositely directed and so get cancelled, while those along the axis are
added up. Hence, due to symmetry of the ring, the electric field strength is directed along the axis.
The electric field strength due to charge element of length dl, situated at A, along the axis will be
1 m dl
dE = dE1 cos i = cos i
4rf0 r2
x
But, cos i = r
1 m dl x 1 mx
∴ dE = = dl
4rf0 r3 4rf0 r3
The resultant electric field along the axis will be obtained by adding fields due to all elements of
the ring, i.e.,
1 mx 1 mx
∴ E=y dl= y dl
4rf0 r3 4rf0 r3

But, y dl = whole length of ring = 2πa and r = (a2 + x2)1/2

1 mx
∴ E= 2ra
4rf0 (a + x2) 3/2
2

q
c mx
q 1 2 ra
As, m = , we have E = 2 ra
2ra 4rf0 (a2 + x2) 3/2
1 qx
or, E= , along the axis
4rf0 (a + x2) 3/2
2

1 q
=
At large distances i.e., x >> a, E 4rf0 x2 ,

i.e., the electric field due to a point charge at a distance x.
For points on the axis at distances much larger than the radius of ring, the ring behaves like a
point charge.

42 Xam idea Physics–XII

Q. 5. (a) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Show with help of suitable figure that outward flux due to
a point charge Q, in vacuum within gaussian surface, is independent 2σ −2σ σ
of its size and shape.
(b) In the figure there are three infinite long thin sheets having surface
charge density +2σ, –2σ and +σ respectively. Give the magnitude A B C D
and direction of electric field at a point to the left of sheet of
charge density +2σ and to the right of sheet of charge density +σ.
[CBSE Sample Paper 2021]
Ans. (a) Statement: The net-outward normal electric flux through any closed surface of any shape is
equal to 1/ε0 times the total charge contained within that surface, i.e.,
y E : dS = f1 / q
S 0

where y indicates the surface integral over the whole of the closed surface, / q is the
S
algebraic sum of all the charges (i.e., net charge in coulombs) enclosed by surface S and
remain unchanged with the size and shape of the surface.
Proof: Let a point charge +q be placed at centre O of a sphere S. Then S is a Gaussian
surface.
Electric field at any point on S is given by
1 q
E=
4rf0 r2
The electric field and area element points radially outwards, so θ = 0°.
dS
Flux through area dS is
dz = E . dS = E dS cos 0° = E dS
Total flux through surface S is
z= y dz = y EdS = E y dS = E × Area of sphere
S S S
1 q q
z= 4rr2 or, z = f which proves Gauss’s theorem.
4rf0 r2 0

(b) At A, both v and 2v will act in left and –2s will act in right, so, charge density at A can be

given as
2v 2v v v
EA = – + =
2f 0 2f 0 2f 0 2f 0
The net electric field at A is towards left. +2σ –2σ +σ

Similarly at point D, v and 2v will act in right and –2v

–2σ –2σ 2σ
will act in left. 2σ
σ A
σ
B C D
v 2v 2v v
So, ED = – + =
2f 0 2 f 0 2 f 0 2f 0
The net electric field at D is towards right.
Q. 6.
(i) Using Gauss Theorem show mathematically that for any point outside the shell, the field
due to a uniformly charged spherical shell is same as the entire charge on the shell, is
concentrated at the centre. [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)]
(ii) Why do you expect the electric field inside the shell to be zero according to this theorem?
                OR            [CBSE Allahabad 2015]
A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has charge Q spread uniformly over its surface.
Using Gauss’s theorem, derive an expression for the electric field at a point outside the
shell. [CBSE Delhi 2009]
Draw a graph of electric field E(r) with distance r from the centre of the shell for 0 ≤ r <∞.

Electric Charges and Fields 43

 OR
Find the electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged spherical shell at a point (i) outside
the shell and (ii) inside the shell. Plot the graph of electric field with distance from the centre
of the shell. [CBSE North 2016; 2020 (55/1/1)]
OR
Using Gauss’s law obtain the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged thin
spherical shell of radius R at a point outside the shell. Draw a graph showing the variation of
electric field with r, for r > R and r < R. [CBSE (AI) 2013; 2020 (55/2/1)]
Ans. (i) Electric field intensity at a point outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell: Consider
a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R carrying
charge Q. To find the electric field outside the shell, we 0
consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r (>R),
concentric with given shell. If E 0 is electric field outside the
shell, then by symmetry electric field strength has same
magnitude E0 on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially
outward. Also the directions of normal at each point is
radially outward, so angle between E 0 and dS is zero at
each point. Hence, electric flux through Gaussian surface. z = y E 0 : dS .
S

z = y E : dS = y E0 dS cos 0 = E0 .4rr2
S S
Now, Gaussian surface is outside the given charged shell, so charge enclosed by Gaussian
surface is Q.
Hence, by Gauss’s theorem

y E 0 : dS = f1 # charged enclosed
S 0

1 1 Q
⇒
E0 4rr2 = f # Q & E0 =
0 4rf0 r2
Thus, electric field outside a charged thin spherical shell is the same as if the whole charge Q
is concentrated at the centre.
If σ is the surface charge density of the spherical shell, then
Q = 4rR2 v coulomb
1 4 rR 2 v R2 v
∴
E0 = =
4rf0 r2 f0 r 2
(ii) Electric field inside the shell (hollow charged conducting sphere):
The charge resides on the surface of a conductor. Thus a hollow
charged conductor is equivalent to a charged spherical shell. To find
the electric field inside the shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian
surface of radius r (< R) concentric with the given shell. If E is the
electric field inside the shell, then by symmetry electric field strength
has the same magnitude Ei on the Gaussian surface and is directed
radially outward. Also the directions of normal at each point is
radially outward, so angle between E i and dS is zero at each point.
Hence, electric flux through Gaussian surface
= y E i .dS = y Ei dS cos 0 = Ei . 4rr2
S

44 Xam idea Physics–XII

 Now, Gaussian surface is inside the given charged shell, so charge enclosed by Gaussian
surface is zero.
Hence, by Gauss’s theorem
y E i . dS = f1 × charge enclosed
S 0
1
⇒
E i 4rr 2 = f # 0 & Ei = 0
0
Thus, electric field at each point inside a charged thin
spherical shell is zero. The graph is shown in fig.
Q. 7. (i) Use Gauss’ law to obtain an expression for the electric field due to an infinitely long thin
straight wire with uniform linear charge density m . [CBSE 2020 (55/5/1), 2023 (55/2/1)]
(ii) An infinitely long positively charged straight wire has a linear charge density m . An
electron is revolving in a circle with a constant speed v such that the wire passes through
the centre, and is perpendicular to the plane, of the circle. Find the kinetic energy of the
electron in terms of magnitudes of its charge and linear charge density m on the wire.
(iii) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of linear charge density m . [CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)]

Ans.
(i) Electric field due to infinitely long, thin and uniformly charged straight wire: Consider
an infinitely long line charge having linear charge density λ coulomb metre–1 (linear charge
density means charge per unit length). To find the electric field strength at a distance r, we
consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r and length l coaxial with line charge. The
cylindrical Gaussian surface may be divided into three parts:
(i) Curved surface S1 (ii) Flat surface S2 and (iii) Flat surface S3.
By symmetry, the electric field has the same magnitude E at each point of curved surface S1
and is directed radially outward.
We consider small elements of surfaces S1,
S2 and S3 The surface element vector dS 1
is directed along the direction of electric
field (i.e., angle between E and dS 1
is zero); the elements dS 2 and dS 3 are
directed perpendicular to field vector E
(i.e., angle between dS 2 and E is 90° and
so also angle between dS 3 and E ).
Electric Flux through the cylindrical surface
yS E : dS = yS E : dS 1 + yS E : dS 2 + yS E : dS 3
1 2 3

= yS E dS1 cos 0° + yS E dS2 cos 90° + yS E dS3 cos 90°

1 2 3

= y E dS1 + 0 + 0
= E y dS1 (since electric field E is the same at each point of curved surface)
= E 2rrl (since area of curved surface = 2 π rl)
As λ is charge per unit length and length of cylinder is l therefore, charge enclosed by
assumed surface = (λl)
∴ By Gauss’s theorem
y E : dS = f1 # charge enclosed
0
1 m
⇒ E 2rrl = f (ml) & E=
2rf r
0 0
Thus, the electric field strength due to a line charge is inversely proportional to r.

Electric Charges and Fields 45

 (ii) Infinitely long charged wire produces a radical electric field.
m
E= ...(i)
2rf0 r
The revolving electron experiences an electrostatic force
and provides necessarily centripetal force.
mv 2
eE = ...(ii)
r
em mv 2 em
⇒ = & mv2 =
2rf0 r r 2rf0
1 em
Kinetic energy of the electron, K = mv2 =
2 4rf 0
(iii)

Q. 8. (i) Define electric flux and write its SI unit.

(ii) Use Gauss law to obtain the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged
infinite plane sheet.
(iii) A cube of side L is kept in space, as shown in the figure. An electric field E = (Ax+B)it NC–1
exists in the region. Find the net charge enclosed by the cube. [CBSE 2023 (55/3/1)]
y

z
Ans. (i) Electric flux: It is defined as the total number of electric field lines passing through an area
normal to its surface.
Also, z = y E . dS
The SI unit is Nm2/C or volt-metre.
(ii) Let electric charge be uniformly
distributed over the surface of a
thin, non-conducting infinite sheet.
Let the surface charge density (i.e.,
charge per unit surface area) be σ.
We need to calculate the electric
field strength at any point distant r
from the sheet of charge.
To calculate the electric field strength near the sheet, we now consider a cylindrical Gaussian
surface bounded by two plane faces A and B lying on the opposite sides and parallel to the

46 Xam idea Physics–XII

 charged sheet and the cylindrical surface perpendicular to the sheet (fig). By symmetry the
electric field strength at every point on the flat surface is the same and its direction is normal
outwards at the points on the two plane surfaces and parallel to the curved surface.
Total electric flux
or yS E . dS = yS E . dS 1 + yS E . dS 2 + yS E . dS 3
1 2 3

yS E . dS = yS E dS1 cos 0° + yS E dS2 cos 0° + yS E dS3 cos 90°

1 2 3

= E y dS1 + E y dS2 = Ea + Ea = 2Ea

∴ Total electric flux = 2Ea

As σ is charge per unit area of sheet and a is the intersecting area, the charge enclosed by
Gaussian surface = σa
According to Gauss’s theorem,
1
Total electric flux = f × (total charge enclosed by the surface)
0
1
2Ea = f ^va h
v

i.e., ` E=
0 2f 0

Thus electric field strength due to an infinite flat sheet of charge is independent of the
distance of the point.

(iii) Given, E = ] A x + B g it NC –1
x

0 y
L

z
q
From Gauss’s Law, y E. ds = fin
0

Only flux through shaded portion will contribute.

Flux through face A, fA = E A . ds where, at x = 0,) E A = _ A ^0h + B i it

= Bit . L2 ]– itg fA = – BL2
Flux through face B, fB = E . ds where, at x = L, E B = ] AL + Bg it
= ] AL + Bg it . L2 it = (AL3 + BL2)
Hence, Net flux = fA + fB = – BL2 + AL3 + BL2
= AL3
qin
Again, from Gauss theorem, fnet = f
0

∴
qin = AL3 e0 C

Electric Charges and Fields 47

 Q. 9. Apply Gauss’s Theorem to find the electric field near a charged conductor.
OR
v
Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is E = f nt where σ is
0
surface charge density and nt is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction.
[CBSE (AI) 2010]
Ans. Let a charge Q be given to a conductor, this charge under electrostatic equilibrium will redistribute
and the electric field inside the conductor is zero (i.e., Ein=0).
Let us consider a point P at which electric field
strength is to be calculated, just outside the surface of
the conductor. Let the surface charge density on the
surface of the conductor in the neighbourhood of P be
σ coulomb/metre2 . Now consider a small cylindrical
box CD having one base C passing through P; the other
base D lying inside the conductor and the curved surface
being perpendicular to the surface of the conductor.
Let the area of each flat base be a. As the surface of the conductor is equipotential surface, the
electric field strength E at P, just outside the surface of the conductor is perpendicular to the
surface of the conductor in the neighbourhood of P.
The flux of electric field through the curved surface of the box is zero, since there is no
component of electric field E normal to curved surface. Also the flux of electric field through the
base D is zero, as electric field strength inside the conductor is zero. Therefore the resultant flux
of electric field through the entire surface of the box is same as the flux through the face C. This
may be analytically seen as:
If S1 and S2 are flat surfaces at C and D and S3 is curved surface, then
Total electric flux yS E . dS = yS E . dS 1 + yS E . dS 2 + yS E . dS 3
1 2 3

= yS E dS1 cos 0 + yS 0 . dS 2 + yS E dS3 cos 90°

1 2 3

∴ yS E dS1 = Ea
As the charge enclosed by the cylinder is (σa) coulomb, we have, using Gauss’s theorem,
1
Total electric flux = f × charge enclosed
0
1
Ea = f ^va h
v
⇒ or E= f
0 0

Thus the electric field strength at any point close to the surface of a charged conductor of any
shape is equal to 1/ε0 times the surface charge density σ. This is known as Coulomb’s law. The
electric field strength is directed radially away from the conductor if σ is positive and towards
the conductor if σ is negative.
v
If nt is unit vector normal to surface in outward direction, then E = f nt .
0
Obviously electric field strength near a plane conductor is twice of the electric field strength near
a non-conducting thin sheet of charge.
Q. 10. (a) Consider a system of n charges q1, q2, ... qn with position vectors r1, r2, r3, ..., rn relative
to some origin ‘O’. Deduce the expression for the net electric field E at a point P with
position vector rp , due to this system of charges.
(b) Three point electric charges +q each are kept at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a.
Determine the magnitude and sign of the charge to be kept at the centroid of the triangle
so that the charges at the vertices remain in equilibrium. [CBSE (F) 2015] [HOTS]

48 Xam idea Physics–XII

 Ans. (a) Electric field due to a system of point charges.
Consider a system of N point charges q1, q2,
..., qn, having position vectors r1, r2, ..., rn with
respect to origin O. We wish to determine the
electric field at point P whose position vector
is r . According to Coulomb’s law, the force on
charge q0 due to charge q1 is
1 q1 q0
F 1 =
4rf0 r 2 r1P
t
2p

where rt1P is a unit vector in the direction from q1 to P and r1P is the distance between q1 and P.
Hence the electric field at point P due to charge q1 is
F1 1 q1
E 1 = = rt
q0 4rf0 r1P2 1P
Similarly, electric field at P due to charge q2,
1 q2
E 2 =
4rf0 r 2 r 2P
t
2P

According to the principle of superposition of electric fields, the electric field at any point due
to a group of point charges is equal to the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each
charge individually at that point, when all other charges are assumed to be absent.
Hence, the electric field at point P due to the system of n charges is
E = E 1 + E 2 + … + E n
q1 q2 qn
= 2 rt1P + 2 rt 2P + ... + 2 rt nPG
1
=
4rf0 r1P r2P rnP
1 / n qi
=
4rf0 i = 1 riP2 r iP
t

(b) T
 he charge at any vertex will remain in equilibrium if the net force experienced by this
charge due to all other three charges is zero.
Let Q be the required charge to be kept at the centroid G.
Considering the charge at A,
Force F1 on charge at A due to charge at B
2
1 q
F1 = along BA
4rf0 a2

Force F2 on charge at A due to charge at C

2
1 q
F2 = along CA
4rf0 a2

Since angle between F1 and F2 is 60°.

2
1 q
F1 + F2 = 3 along GA
4rf0 a2
a
Also, the distance of centroid G from any vertex is .
3

Electric Charges and Fields 49

 The nature of charge to be kept at G has to be opposite (–ve) so that it exerts a force of
attraction on charge (+q) kept at A to balance the force F1 + F2 .
1 Qq 1 Q.3q
Force exerted by (– Q) kept at G on charge (+q) at A = = along AG
4rf0 a 2 4rf0 a2
c m
3
Equating the two forces, being equal and opposite
2
1 q 1 3Qq q
3
4rf0 a 2
=–
4rf0 a2
& Q=–
3

Questions for Practice

1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions.
(i) Two point charges +8q and –2q are located at x = 0 and x = L respectively. The point on x
axis at which net electric field is zero due to these charges is
 [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1)]
(a) 8L (b) 4L (c) 2L (d) L
(ii) Which one of the following plots represents the variation of electric field with distance r due
to a thin spherical shell of radius R? (r is measured from the centre of the spherical shell)
(a) E (b) E (c) E (d) E

O r O r O r O r
R R R R
(iii) An object has charge of 1 C and gains 5.0 ×1018 electrons. The net charge on the object
becomes [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1]
(a) – 0.80 C (b) + 0.80 C (c) + 1.80 C (d) + 0.20 C
(iv) The electric flux emerging out from 1C charge is [CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)]
1 4r
(a) f (b) 4π (c) f (d) ε0
0 0

(v) In which of the following cases the electric field strength is independent of distance?
[CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)]
(a) Due to a point charge (b) Due to a line charge
(c) Due to a spherical charge (d) Due to infinite flat sheet of charge
2. I n the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false and R is also false.
(i) Assertion (A) : If a proton and an electron a replaced in the same uniform electric field, they
experience different acceleration.

Reason (R) : Electric force on a test charge is independent of its mass.

50 Xam idea Physics–XII

 (ii) Assertion (A) : The charge given to a metallic sphere does not depend on whether it is
hollow or solid.
Reason (R) : Since the charge resides only on the surface of the conductor.
3. Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B of identical size have charges qA and –3qA
respectively. When they are brought in contact with each other and then separated, what are the
new charges on them?
4. Two charges of magnitudes – 3Q and + 2Q are located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively.
What is the electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘5a’ with its centre at
the origin?
5. A charge Q µC is placed at the centre of a cube. What is the electric flux coming out from any one
surface? [CBSE (AI) 2012]
6. Two identical point charges, q each, are kept 2 m apart in air. A third point charge Q of unknown
magnitude and sign is placed on the line joining the charges such that the system remains in
equilibrium. Find the position and nature of Q.
7. Draw the pattern of electric field lines, when a point charge –Q is kept near an uncharged
conducting plate. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/1)]
8. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of side l. What is the electric flux passing through two
opposite faces of the cube? [CBSE (AI) 2012]
R
9. Figure shows a point charge +Q, located at a distance from the centre of a spherical metal
2
shell. Draw the electric field lines for the given system. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

10. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field.

(i) Show that the net force acting on it is zero.
(ii) The dipole is aligned parallel to the field. Find the work done in rotating it through the
angle of 180°. [CBSE (AI) 2012]
11. Two concentric metallic spherical shells of radii R and 2R are given charges Q1 and Q2
respectively. The surface charge densities on the outer surfaces of the shells are equal.
Determine the ratio Q1 : Q2. [CBSE (F) 2013]
3t –1
12. Consider a uniform electric field E = 3×10 i NC . (a) What is the flux of this field through a
square of 10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the yz plane? (b) What is the flux through the
same square if the normal to its plane makes a 60° angle with the x-axis? [NCERT]
13. Two large, thin metal plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates
have surface charge densities of opposite signs and of magnitude 17.0 × 10–22 C/m2 What is
electric field strength E: (a) in the outer region of the first plate, (b) in the outer region of the
second plate, and (c) between the plates? [NCERT]
14. A long charged cylinder of linear charge density +λ1 is surrounded by a hollow coaxial conducting
cylinder of linear charge density –λ2. Use Gauss’s law to obtain expressions for the electric field
at a point (i) in the space between the cylinders, and (ii) outside the larger cylinder.
15. Four point charges qA = 2 µC, qB = – 5µC, qC = 2 µC and qD = – 5 µC are located at the corners
of a square ABCD of side 10 cm. What is the force on a charge of 1 µC placed at the centre of the
sphere? [NCERT]

Electric Charges and Fields 51

 16. Two large charged plane sheets of charge densities σ and –2σ C/m2 are arranged vertically with
a separation of d between them. Deduce expressions for the electric field at points (i) to the left
of the first sheet, (ii) to the right of the second sheet, and (iii) between the two sheets.
17. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 has a charge ‘Q’. A charge ‘q’
is placed at the centre of the shell.

(a) What is the surface charge density on the (i) inner surface, (ii) outer surface of the shell?

(b) Write the expression for the electric field at a point x>r2 from the centre of the shell.
[CBSE (AI) 2010]
18. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and
area of cross-section 25 cm2 is placed in a three E E
dimensional coordinate system as shown in the
figure. The electric field in the region is given
by E = 50 x it, where E is in NC–1 and x is in
metres. Find
(i) net flux through the cylinder.

(ii) charge enclosed by the cylinder. [CBSE Delhi 2013]
19. Two parallel uniformly charged infinite plane sheets, ‘l’ and ‘2’, have charge densities + σ and
–2 σ respectively. Give the magnitude and direction of the net electric field at a point
(i) in between the two sheets and (ii) outside near the sheet ‘1’. [CBSE Ajmer 2015]
F
20. The electric field E due to any point charge near it is defined as E = lim where q is the test
q"0 q
charge and F is the force acting on it. What is the physical significance of lim in this expression?
q"0
Draw the electric field lines of point charge Q when (i) Q > 0 and (ii) Q < 0.
21. Two point charges of + 5 × 10–19 C and + 20 × 10–19 C are separated by a distance of 2 m. Find
the point on the line joining them at which electric field intensity is zero.
22. Two charges of value 2 mC and –50 mC are placed 80 cm apart. Calculate the distance of the point
from the smaller charge where the intensity is zero.

Answers
1. (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (d) (iv) (a) (v) (d)
2. (i) (b) (ii) (a)
–Q Q q
3. –qA, –qA 4. f 5. nVm 6. 1 m 8. Vm
0 6f 0 3f 0
10. (ii) 2pE 11. 1 : 4 12. (a) 30 Nm2C–1 (b) 15 Nm2C–113.(a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 1.92 × 10–10 NC–1
–q Q +q 1 Q +q
15. 0 17. (a) (i) (ii) (b)
4rr12
4rr22 4rf0 x2

18. (i) 0.125 Nm2C–1 (ii) 1.107 × 10–12C

–3v –vt
19. (i) f tj (ii) j
0 2f 0
2
21. m 22. 0.2 m
3

zzz

52 Xam idea Physics–XII

 2 Electrostatic Potential
and Capacitance

1. Electric Potential
The electric potential is the physical quantity which determines the direction of charge flow
between two bodies when brought in contact. The positive charge always flows from a body at
higher potential to that at lower potential.
Definition: The electric potential at any point in an electric field is defined as the work done in
bringing a unit positive test charge from infinity to that point without acceleration.
If W is the work done in bringing infinitesimal positive test charge q0 from infinity to given point,
then electric potential
W
V = q
0
Electric potential at any point is also defined as the negative line integral of electric field from
infinity to given point (independent of path followed).
r
i.e., V = – y3 E . dl
The unit of electric potential is joule/coulomb or volt and its dimensional formula is [ML2 T –3 A–1].
2. Potential Difference
The potential difference between two points in an electric field is defined as the work done in
bringing unit positive charge from one point to another.
3. Formulae for Electric Potential
1 q
(a) Due to a point charge q at a point distant r is V =
4rf0 r
(b) Due to a short electric dipole at a distance r from its centre
1 p
(i) at its axis is V =
4rf0 r2
(ii) at its equatorial position, V = 0
(iii) at a general point having polar coordinates (r, θ) with respect to centre of dipole is
1 p cos i
V=
4rf0 r2
(c) due to a system of charges is
1 qi 1 < q1 q2 qN
F
N
V = V1 + V2 + ... + VN = / r = + + ... +
i = 1 4rf0 i 4rf0 r1 r2 rN
4. Equipotential Surface
An equipotential surface is the surface having the same potential at each point. The surface of a
charged conductor in equilibrium is a equipotential surface.

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 53

 5. Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point Charges
1 q1 q2
If q1 and q2 are point charges at separation r12, then electric potential energy U = .
4rf0 r12
If there are n point charges q1, q2,.... qn in system at separation rij between ith and jth charge
(i = 1, 2, ..., n, j = 2, 3, ... n) then potential energy of system
qq
1 n n i j
U= / / r (i = 1, 2,..., n, j=2, 3,...n)
4rf0 i j > i ij
6. Electric Potential Energy of a Dipole in Uniform Electric Field
Potential energy of dipole in uniform electric field is
U = – pE cos θ = – p . E
Work done in rotating the dipole in uniform electric field from inclination θ1 to θ2
W = U2 – U1 = pE (cos θ1 – cos θ2)
If dipole is initially in stable equilibrium position (θ1 = 0) and finally its inclination is θ, then
W = pE (1 – cos θ)
7. Conductors and Insulators
Conductors are those substances which contain free charge carriers and so allow easy flow of current.
Insulators are those substances which contain practically no free charge carriers and do not allow
the flow of current.
8. Free and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
The electrons are free charge carriers inside a metallic conductor while positive ions fixed in lattice
are bound charge carriers.
9. Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation
The insulators are often referred as dielectrics. Each dielectric is formed of atoms/molecules. In
some dielectrics the positive and negative charge centres coincide, such dielectrics are said to be
non-polar dielectrics. While in some other dielectrics the centres of positive and negative charges
do not coincide, such dielectrics have permanent electric dipole moment and said to be polar
dielectrics. The example of polar dielectric is water, while example of non-polar dielectric is carbon
dioxide (CO2).
When a dielectric is placed in an external electric field, the centres of positive and negative dipoles
get separated (in non-polar dielectrics) or get farther away (in polar dielectrics), so that molecules
of dielectric gain a permanent electric dipole moment; this process is called polarisation and the
dipole is said to be polarised.
The induced dipole moment developed per unit volume in an electric field is called polarisation
density. Numerically it is equal to surface charge density induced at the faces which are perpendicular
to the direction of applied electric field.
10. The Behaviour of a Conductor and Dielectric in the Presence of External Electric Field.
Conductor Dielectric

where K is dielectric constant

1. No electric field lines travel inside conductor. 1. Alignment of atoms takes place due to electric field.
2. Electric field inside a conductor is zero. 2. 
This results in a small electric field inside
dielectric in opposite direction.
E
Net field inside the dielectric is .
K

54 Xam idea Physics–XII

 11. Capacitor and Capacitance
A capacitor contains two oppositely charged metallic conductors at a finite separation. It is a device
by which capacity of storing charge may be varied simply by changing separation and/or medium
between the conductors.
The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of magnitude of charge (Q) on either plate and
potential difference (V ) across the plate, i.e.,
Q
C=
V
The unit of capacitance is coulomb/volt or farad (F).
12. Combination of Capacitors in Series and Parallel
(a) Series Combination: When capacitors are connected in series, then net capacitance C is given by
1 1 1 1
= + +
C C1 C2 C3
Net charge, Q = q1 = q2 = q3 (remain same)
Net potential difference, V=V1+V2+V3
(b) Parallel Combination: When capacitors are connected in parallel, then the net capacitance
C = C1 + C2 + C3
In parallel combination net charge, Q = q1 + q2 + q3
Net potential difference, V = V1 = V2 = V3 (remain same)
13. Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor
A parallel plate capacitor consists of two parallel metallic plates separated by a dielectric. The
capacitance is given by
Kf0 A
C= ,
d
where K is dielectric constant, A = area of each plate and d = separation between the plates.
Special Cases:
(i) When there is no medium between the plates, then K=1, so
f0 A
Cvacuum = = C0
d
(ii) When space between the plates is partly filled with a medium of thickness t and dielectric
constant K, then capacitance
f0 A f0 A
C = =
t
d – t c1– m
1
d– t+
K K
Clearly, C>C0, i.e., on introduction of a dielectric slab between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor,
its capacitance increases.
14. Charge Induced on a Dielectric
ql = – q c1– m where q is free charge on the capacitor plates.
1

K

15. Energy stored in a Charged Capacitor

1 Q2 1
U = CV = 2
= QV
2 2C 2
This energy resides in the medium between the plates.
The unit is joule (J) .The energy stored per unit volume of a charged capacitor is given by
U 1
u= = f0 E2
V 2
where E is electric field strength. The unit is joule/m3(J/m3)

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 55