Scribd
Upload
12 views2 pages

MA23C03 unit 3 problemset

The document is a problem set for a course on Linear Algebra and Numerical Methods, focusing on inner products, norms, and related concepts. It includes definitions, examples, and proofs related to inner product spaces, orthogonality, and the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process. Additionally, it covers topics such as orthogonal complements and least squares approximation.

Uploaded by

shivaranjaneravishankar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views2 pages

MA23C03 unit 3 problemset

The document is a problem set for a course on Linear Algebra and Numerical Methods, focusing on inner products, norms, and related concepts. It includes definitions, examples, and proofs related to inner product spaces, orthogonality, and the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process. Additionally, it covers topics such as orthogonal complements and least squares approximation.

Uploaded by

shivaranjaneravishankar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

MA23C03 LINEAR ALGEBRA AND NUMERICAL METHODS

UNIT III - Problem Set

INNER PRODUCTS AND NORMS

1. Let V be a vector space over R or C. Define an inner product on V .

2. Write down the standard inner products on Rn and Cn .

3. What is an inner product space? Give 2 examples.

4. Let V be an inner product space. (i) Define the norm of a vector x ∈ V . (ii) When do you say
two vectors x, y ∈ V are orthogonal?
R1 R1
5. Let V = P (R). Define ⟨f (x), g(x)⟩1 = 0 f (t)g(t)dt and ⟨f (x), g(x)⟩2 = −1 f (t)g(t)dt. Show that
both are inner products on P (R). For f (x) = x, g(x) = x2 , find ⟨f (x), g(x)⟩1 and ⟨f (x), g(x)⟩2 .
Are the two inner products on P (R) the same?

6. (Optional) Define two different inner products on R2 .

7. Let V be an inner product space. Prove that for x, y, z ∈ V and c ∈ F , the following statements
are true: (i) ⟨x, y + z⟩ = ⟨x, y⟩ + ⟨x, z⟩.
(ii) ⟨x, cy⟩ = c̄⟨x, y⟩.
(iii) ⟨x, 0⟩ = ⟨0, x⟩ = 0.
(iv) ⟨x, x⟩ = 0 if and only if x = 0.
(v) If ⟨x, y⟩ = ⟨x, z⟩ for all x ∈ V , then y = z.

8. Let V be an inner product space. Prove that for x, y, z ∈ V and c ∈ F , the following statements
are true:
(i) ∥cx∥ = |c| · ∥x∥
(ii) ∥x∥ = 0 if and only if x = 0. In any case, ∥x∥ ≥ 0.
(iii) (Cauchy-Schwarz inequality) |⟨x, y⟩| ≤ ∥x∥ · ∥y∥.
(iv) (Triangle Inequality) ∥x + y∥ ≤ ∥x∥ + ∥y∥.

9. x = (1 + 3i, 4, 2 − i), y = (4 + i, 6i, 1 − 5i) ∈ C3 . Compute ⟨x, y⟩, ∥x∥ , ∥y∥, ∥x + y∥. Verify the
Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and the triangle inequality.
R1
10. Let f (t) = t2 , g(t) = et in C([0, 1]) with the inner product ⟨f (t), g(t)⟩ = 0 f (t)g(t)dt. Compute
⟨f, g⟩, ∥f ∥ , ∥g∥, ∥f + g∥. Verify the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and the triangle inequality.
!
1 3 + 2i
11. Define the Frobenius inner product on Mn×n (F ), (F = C or R). For A = ,B=
5+i −i
!
2 − 7i 23
find ⟨A, B⟩, ∥A∥ , ∥B∥ , ∥A + B∥ with respect to the Frobenius inner product.
8 + i 3 − 2i
Verify the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and the triangle inequality.
12. Let V be an inner product space. Let x, y ∈ V .
(i) Prove the parallelogram law: ∥x + y∥2 + ∥x − y∥2 = 2 ∥x∥2 + 2 ∥y∥2 .
(ii) Prove that ∥x + y∥2 = ∥x∥2 + ∥y∥2 if x and y are orthogonal.

GRAM-SCHMIDT ORTHOGONALIZATION PROCESS

13. In each part, apply Gram-Schmidt process to the given subset S of the inner product space V to
obtain an orthonormal basis β for span(S). Find the Fourier coefficient of the given vector x ∈ V
relative to β.
(i) V = R4 with the standard inner product, S = {(2, −1, −2, 4), (−2, 1, −5, 5), (−1, 3, 7, 11)},
x = (−11, 8, −4, 18).
R1
(ii) V = P2 (R) with the inner product ⟨f (x), g(x)⟩ = −1 f (t)g(t)dt, S = {1, x, x2 } the standard
basis of P2 (R), h(x) = 2 − 3x + 5x2 .
R1
(iii) V = P2 (R) with the inner product ⟨f (x), g(x)⟩ = 0 f (t)g(t)dt, S = {1, x, x2 } the standard
basis of P2 (R), h(x) = 1 + x.
(iv) V = R3 with the standard inner product, S = {(1, 1, 1, ), (0, 1, 1, ), (0, 0, 1)}, x = (1, 0, 1).

ORTHOGONAL COMPLEMENT

14. Let S be a non-empty subset of an inner product space V . Define the orthogonal complement
S ⊥ of S. Give simple examples.

15. In each part find the orthogonal complement S ⊥ of the subset S of the vector space V .
(i) V = R3 , S = {e2 }.
(ii) V = R2 , S = {(2, −5)}.
(iii) V = R3 , S = {(1, −4, 1)}.
(iv) V = C3 , S = {(1, 0, i), (1, 2, 1)}.

LEAST SQUARES APPROXIMATION

16. Find the least squares approximation line for the following data. Also compute the error.
(i) (−3, 9), (−2, 6), (0, 2), (1, 1).
(ii) (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 7), (7, 9), (9, 12).

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy