Cairo University MTHG102 - Fall 2024

Faculty of Engineering Linear Algebra

Assignment 4 (after Lecture 5 )

(1) **Determine all values of c so that each given condition is satisfied.
1
𝑐
2
(i) ‖𝑢‖ = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = .
𝑐
2
−
( 𝑐)
𝑐 −4
(ii) ‖𝑣 − 𝑢‖ = 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = (2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = ( 3 ).
3 5

(2) **Which of the vectors

1 3 2 1/2 1/2 −2/3
𝑣1 = (−1), 𝑣2 = (−1), 𝑣3 = ( 4 ), 𝑣4 = ( 0 ), 𝑣5 = (−1/2), 𝑣6 = (−4/3)
−2 2 −1 1⁄4 −1 1/3

are (a) orthogonal? (b) (in the same direction? (c) in opposite directions?

𝑎 1 1
(3) ** (a)If possible, find a, b, and c so that 𝑣 = (𝑏) is orthogonal to both 𝑤 = (2) and 𝑢 = (−1).
𝑐 1 1
Hence write the equation of the plane generated by u and w .
(b) In an inner product space V, can you find u, v ϵ V such that u = 2, v = 1 and
(u,v) = -3? Clarify!
(4) *Let V be the Euclidean space R4 with the standard inner product. Compute (u,v), ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖
for 𝑢 = [−2 1 3 4], 𝑣 = [3 2 1 − 2]
Note : A vector space V , with an inner product defined on it, is called “an Inner Product Space”
and if dim(V) is finite, it is called an “Euclidean Space”.

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(5) **(a) If V is a real inner product space and u,v ϵ V with u = 2, v = √3, and (u,v) = -1,

compute u  3v , d(u, v), and the angle θ between u and v..

(b) Let u and v belong to R2. Which of the following functions defines an inner
product function on R2? Clarify.
(i) (u , v) = 3u1v2 + u2v1 (ii) (u , v) = u1v1 – u2v1 - u1v2 + 3 u2v2
Use the defined inner product to compute the distance between u = (1, -1) and v = (1, 1).

(6) *Let {u, v, w} be an orthonormal set of vectors in an inner product space V. Compute
u  3v - w and d( u, 2w).

(7) **Let V be an inner product space and u a fixed vector in V. Prove that the set of all
vectors in V that are orthogonal to u, say W, is a subspace of V. If V=R4 with the standard
inner product and u = (1, 2, 0, -1), find a basis for W.

(8) (a) In R3, can the function ( u , v ) = u1 v1 - u2 v1 - u1 v2 + 2u2 v2 + u3 v3 for every

u = (u1, u2, u3), v = (v1, v2, v3) in R3 define an inner product function? Clarify!

𝜋
**(b) Let V = C[0, π] with the inner product ( f , g ) = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , ∀ f, g ϵ C[0, π].

Find a and b that make {a sin t, b cos t} an orthonormal subset of V.

(9) *Let V be an inner product space. Show that if v is orthogonal to w1, w2 ,..., wk, then v
is orthogonal to every vector in Span{ w1, w2,….., wk }.

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 1
(10) *(a) Let V = P1 with the inner product function defined by ( p , q ) = ∫0 p(t)q(t)dt ∀ p, q ϵ P1.

If p(t) = 1 + t and q(t) = 1 + k t, compute ‖p(t)‖ and the scalar k so that p(t) and q(t) are
orthogonal.
1
(b) Let V = C([-1,1]) with the inner product (f, g) = ∫-1 f(t)g(t) dt , ∀ f, g ∈ V

i) Compute ‖cos 𝑡‖.

ii) Is B = { sin t, sin 2t} an orthogonal subset of V? Clarify.

1
(11) *Let V = P2. Define ( p , q ) = ∫0 𝑝(𝑡)𝑞 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ∀ p, q ∈ P2.

(a) Compute ‖𝑡 2‖ and d(t2 , t + 1).

(b) If p(t) = 3t + 1, q(t) = at + b, find the values of a and b, if exist, so that p(t) and
q(t) are orthogonal.

𝜋
(12) *Let V = C[0, π]. Define ( f , g ) = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ∀ f, g ϵ C[0, π].

(a) Compute ‖sin 𝑡‖.

(b) Are f(t) = sin 2t and g(t) = cos t orthogonal? Clarify.
1 −2
(13) **Use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform the basis {[0] , [ 1 ]}for the subspace
1 3
W of the Euclidean space R3 into:
(a) an orthogonal basis.
(b) an orthonormal basis.
1 1
3
(14) *Consider the Euclidean space R and let W be the subspace that has a basis S={[1] , [0]}.
1 2
Use the Gram-Schmidt process to obtain an orthogonal basis for W.

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(15) ** Use the Gram-Schmidt process to construct an orthonormal basis for the subspace W
of the Euclidean space R4 spanned by:
 1   0   2    4 
       
 0   1   0   3 
  ,   ,   ,  
 1   1   0   1 
 0   0    1  1 

(16) *Find an orthonormal basis for the following subspace of R3

𝑎 𝑎
(i) W1 = { (𝑏 ) : c = a + b } , (ii) W2 = { (𝑏) : a + b + 2c =0 }
𝑐 𝑐

1 0 5
(17) *Find an orthonormal basis for the range of A = ( 0 2 6)
−2 1 −7

(18) *Find orthogonal bases for the null space and the row space of

1 1 −1 1 0
A = (2 1 3 17 5)
1 2 −6 −14 −5
1 −3
3
(19) **Let W be the subspace of the Euclidean space R with basis S={[ 0 ] , [ 2 ]}.
−2 1
−1
Is 𝑣 = [ 2 ] in W ?
−3
(a) Find the length of v directly.
(b) Using Gram-Schmidt process, transform S into an orthonormal basis T for W.
(c) the length of v by using the coordinate vector of v with respect to T.

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 1
(20) Let V = C([-1,1]) with the inner product (f, g) =  f(t) g(t) dt ,  f, g  V .
1

i) Compute ‖sin 𝑡‖.

ii) Is B = { 1, t, 3t2 – 1} an orthogonal subset of V? Is B a basis for some subspace of V? Clarify.

(21) Find the least-squares approximate solution for the system A x = b, where

2 1 −2 6
A = (1 0 −1), b = (3).
1 1 0 9
1 1 −1 6
Hence, compute:
(i) the orthogonal projection of b on the column space of A.
(ii) the norm of the error vector of approximation.

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