File Handling Temata) a) DANZA @ CLO aAN ntti Co ge eto te aro Camaros ene mtg ene outen fabs same em be anode hte pees aga, roel eects erd te nar te crn edpemin ‘oye tee “eben ‘ane = ene) 1 print ope fe nse eect tena) “Covfetorcer tres dee! nating 912029Basic File Operations 1 Opening ies ‘espen tacton ne nratanea tsar peat ieactthe opm ie or rece (eft mde) fies sen somes) te = en sae“) ‘Tepe nn due retest cose. ‘hsp ge eo, may py nets ate many ‘Teagan ks esa ere fleas Tefen bye ‘hired sind lag a gi ay. than «cen tor sorte?) ean oe te Lop ere each ine nthe fle Prine Lie out", cam) 2 Reading Files vo) etecte fenestra ino de herent e resend ate ones ote te li ame Insetecw cal, ee et 20/9425 acto) ad Revere at Ths atti of rare ie whl wri aan a sth on sorele.te 7) ae Hes Pristen stip)Basic File Operations (Continued) 23 Whiting Fes “Tone te e pnaeade) T e a eg eece Te ‘ell mde eon reo cine: You eerton Example Using wee) en cut wes) 9 fot ‘etait he sc wo) Nene ep es) sample Using writeLtnes(3 ome = et ne scan ie) cmt aston ta fo + ERR rst este en mit na i he A de rary, 4 Anpencing Fes png ns rg rutin! te nao te Vind ot to ‘hon eee te) th Town eae ean ete ae ge ongFile Closing and the with Statement Manual Closing After working with a fil, you must close it to free resources. file = open("sanple.txt', "r') # Perform File operations file.close() # Manvally close the file Automatic Resource Management with with Using the with statement ensures thatthe file is automatically ‘closed after exiting the block, even if an exception occurs, Example with open(*sample.txt", 'r*) as file: content = file.read() # The file 4s automatically closed after the wuith’ block ends. Why Use with? Prevents resource leaks, ‘Automatically handles file closure, reducing the risk of errors.File Pointer Operations By combining S@8k() and t611(), we can precisely control the file pointer and navigate through the file as needed Changing Position with seok() ‘The S€8K() function allows us to move the file pointer to a specific byte Position in the fe We can pass two arguments to S86K(): the offset (numberof bytes ‘to move) and the whence (reference point, usually 0 forthe beginning ofthe fle) + This lets us position the file pointer wherever we need it, so we can read of write from that point ith open("sample.txt", ‘p*) as file: file.seek(5) # Move pointer to Sth byte print(file.read()) # Reads from 5th byte In this example the file pointer is moved tothe Sth byte, and then the content from that position is read and printed. Checking Position with telld + The te11() function retums the current position ofthe file pointer in terms of bytes from the beginning of the fe ‘tis useful for keeping track of where we are inthe file ith open("sample.txt', 'n') as File: file.seck(5) # Move to the Sth byte print(#ile.tell()) # outputs 5 + Here, after moving the file pointer tothe th byte wth S@ek(), the ‘Ee11() function confirms that the pointer is indeed at byte 5.Working with Binary Files come 1 easing Diary ota so open srinkata) Error Handling in File Operations set ncptials hand lalate ore pace print" errr ecard while handling the fie.*)Practical Examples splits based on whitespace. Reversing File Lines 4) Get reverse File lines( Filename): Wath’ open(#irename, ‘e*) as file: afhes = #ilerréad]ines() for line in reversed lines print(line.stript)) # Call the function with a sanple file Feverse file -lines( sample. txt") F and = open(“helio.txt", “r” ene ieee ite cree for pelge(linesSerip0 (32-2) Pre class) ‘huh words = Len(content.-sp1ie()) calculates the total number of words by sk ‘eadlines(): reads al lines fom ile and stores them in alist where each element corresponds toa ine inthe file ‘Revers@d(1n@S) Reverses the order ofthe lines. Instead of iterating through the lines inthe original order, it processes them from the ast ne othe first oirtentsSpL4ELINES() Spits the string into alist of lines using line breaks (NA) as delimiters ‘Lines ¢64P(): Removes any eading/traling whitespace (Including newline characters) ing the content into alist of words using the LSp14E() method, which fnum_ines = en(content.plitlines() calculates the total numberof ines by spliting the content nto alist of nes using sspLStLines(). File Statistics det File statistics(filenare): withropen(Filengee,"re)oas File: content= Ple:neadl) ‘oun_ characters = len(congent rumcyorde = fencer: SQ) ayy feturn'num_cnaracters, num words, flm_Lines #,Ca11 the function, and display the results Characters, words, "Lines = File statistics( sample. txt" Spans iS hardeters: character sy, Wands! (hota, “LinesPractical Examples Checking Palindrome Lines def check palindrone_Lings( filename SMeftopencFilenanes SSS as Fie: ‘for line in file: slopes < Tine ses0Q) 41; print Patindrone:* {¥ripped)") Character Count in file de count characters in #iteFLenaee): Sieh Spen(eiithage, or) as file: ‘contest a File’ readt) tor SRETIS content char courthcaeed retutn crane eobat 4 Call the function and print the resul Boint(coune characters th fHiet sample: txt") ‘char_count.get(char, @) + 2Practical Example ‘Write a program to read through a file and print the contents of the file line by line) all in upper case. 4 Progran to read a File and print its contents in uppercase 4 Eunction to read and print file contents in uppercase def print File uppercase(#i1e_nane with open(file name, ‘r*) as file: or line 1a file: Bprinctline:vpper(), end="") # Convert to uppercase and print pron: The file "{File nane)* was not found.") except Exception ase: Print (fan error occurred: {e}") $ Input: File nane, falePnene’ = Snput{"Enter the file naxe: 4 Call the function brint_ile_Uppercase(File_nane)Wate Python pogram that perform the olosing iss 1 Reads file specified bythe wer 2. Prin al ins dat start with spoiieproix AOR) 3. nal ines hat contain a peific substring (ee, DULAC). 44. Hanles he following: «Ext newline character in the 1 Skipping relevant ins using the COM tstsment 4+ Exorpions for misig fils or othe rors during le handling ‘Use sting methods such as Sans) and find). Ensure he ile is losed properly fer reading, and provide meaningful eror messages if the les not found or apotber Example Output (for mbox-short.txt): Lines starting with the prefix: From: From: stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za From: louis@media. berkeley.edu From: zqian@unich.edu From: Lines containing the substring: @uct.ac.za From: stephen.narquard@uct.ac.za X-Authentication-Warning: set sender to stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za using -f Author: stephen.marquard@uct.ac.za From: david.horwitz@uct.ac.za X-Authentication-Warning: set sender to david.horwitz@uct.ac.za using -f Author: david.horwitz@uct.ac.zaaeBest Practices for File Handling 3) Use with Statement 2) Handle Exceptions Gracefully Ensures proper closure of les, even ding Prevant program erashes by using ty exceptions except blocks. 4 Oplimize for Large Files Use resdine) oF terate over the file instead of loading the entve content into memory. Common Errors and Solutions Error cause FieNotrounct or File does nat exist. Permissiontiror Insufficient permissions. LUncupportedOperation ‘operation not alowed in fle mode \oeror ‘General /0 ero. 3) Avoid Unnecessary File Overwrites Use appropriate modes (iw, 2, otc) based onthe operation Solution ‘Check the fie path or exeate the fle ‘Check file permission. Use the corect mode (¢.9) Use ty-excopt to handle gracefully