Tlte mathematical rules of tl,e universe are visible to men

in
tltefo rm of beauty.
-.John Miche l

Statistics
1. lr:-itroduction
2. Mean of grouped data
3. Mode of grouped data
4. Median of grouped data
5. Graphical r~presentation of cumulative frequency distri
bution

INTRODUCTION

Statistics is defined as the science of the collection, organisation, prese

ntation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data. (According to Croxton and Cowd
en).
Raw data is a collection of actual information that is used to
make logical inferences.
The raw data is so large that it will not be easily understood.
First of all data is condensed
and presented in the form of a frequency table. We gene
rally observe a tendency in
the data to clust er arou nd a certain value. Then, single
value represents the whole
set of raw data. Such a representative is called a measure
of central tendency or an
average. The common-average is arithmetic mean. Other meas
ures of central tendency
are median, mod e, harm onic mea n and geometric mean. Here
, in this chapter, we will
study arithmetic mea n only.
Series
There are two type s of series:
1. Inclusive or Discrete Series
2. Exclusive or Con tinuo us Series.
Inclusive or Discrete Series
Let us consider the follo wing series:
The number of patie nts atten ding a hosp ital in different
mon ths is given below:
Number of patie nts 1 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60
Number of days
12 16 19 . 17 ·14 12
(ina month)
In.the above table, ali the num bers of patie nts are integers and
it is not possible that
the number may be in fraction.
The patients are grou ped as 1 -10 and 11- 20
919
 7: 1 5 9

920 s. ekPtd~ New Mathematics for Class X

1- 10 and 11- 20 are discrete (discontinuous series) as there is no patient between
10 and 11.
Definition. When the class Intervals are so fixed that the upper limit of the class /s
included in the same class interval. Then such series are known as inclusive series.

In class 20 - 25, the upper limit 25 is included in this class itself.

Exclusive or Continuous Series
Let us consider the following series:
The distribution of heights of 40 students of a certain class in a certain city is given
below:
Height (in cm) 150-155 155-160 160-165 165-170 170-175
Number of students 13 9 7 6
-
5
-
In the above table the height may be in a fraction of a cm. There is no gap between the
upper limit of the 1st class (150- 155) and the lower limit of the Ilnd class (155-160).
A difficulty arises if there is a gap between the upper limit (155 cm) of the Ist class
and lower limit (155 cm) of the IInd class. Because of the height (155.4 cin or 155.S
cm) in the gap between 155 cm and 156 cm are possible.
This is exclusive or continuous series.
Definition: In the exclusive or co~tinuous series, the upper limit of one class is the
lower limit of the next class. The common point (155 cm) of two classes is included in
higher class (155 - 160) and not in the lower class (150-155).

Working rule to convert a discontinuous series into a continuous series

(Inclusive series to exclusive series)
Step 1. Find the adjustment factor by the following formula:
1
first class]
Adjustment factor=
2 [Lower limit of second class - Upper limit of
Step 2. Subtract the adjustment factor from the lower limit and add it to the upper
limit of each class. We will get an exclusive series.
For example: We consider the following inclusive series: 11...- 20, 21- 30, 31-40.

Step 1. Adjustment factor = .!_ (21 - 20] = .!_ =0.5

2 2
Step 2. The inclusive series is converted into exclusive series:
Inclusive form Exclusive form
11 - 0.5 - 20 + 0.5 i.e.; 10.5 - 20.5,
11-20 10.5-20.5
21 - 0.5 - 30 + 0.5 i.e.; 20.5 - 30.5, 20.5-30.5
21-30
31 - 0.5 - 40 + 0.5 i.e.; 30.5 - 40.5 31-40 30.5-40.5 _
 -4-

Statistics 921

of Ungrouped Data
P'-r::: - 1•· A •M.
ff ·thmetic mean of raw data (when frequencie s are not given)
~ arithmetic mean of a raw data is obtained by adding all the values of the
.1:ies and dividing the sum by the total number of values that are added.
varia • • bl
f th vana
r,et the values o e es x are X1, .t2, ..., x"' where n is the total number of
es then
v~U, • n
. (-) _ x 1 +x 2 + ... +xn 1~ •
•thmetic mean x - = - ~xi
~ n n~.
n

The symbol L
i=1
X; denotes the sum x 1 + x 2 + ... + xn.

The arithmetic mean of a set of observation s is equal to their sum divided by the
wta l number of observation s.
fXAMPLE Neeta and her four fri.~nds secured 65, 78, 82, 94 and 71 marks in a test of
mathemati cs. Find the average (arithmetic mean) of their marks.
65+78+82 +94+71 390
SOLUTION. Arithmetic mean or average = = = 78
5 5
Hence, arithmetic mean = 78

TYPE-2: Direct method (when frequencies are given)

Let x 1, x 2, ••• , Xn be the values of a variate with correspond ing frequencie s
J1,f2, ... Jn respectively , then arithmetic mean of these values is
- f1X1 + f2X2 + •·· + fnxn
X = ---------
/1 + /2 + ... +In

ExAMPLE 1. Calculate the mean for the following distribution :

•1 9
I Variable . I 5 I 6 I 7 8
quency 4 8 14 11 3
'
S0LTUION. X f fx
5 4 20
6 8 48
7 14 98
8 11 88
9 3 27
Total N = z.f = 40 z.fx = 281
fx; = 281 = 7.025
=· z.:Ef;
Mean 40
 922 s. ekuJ,~ New Mathematics for Class X

TYPE - 3: Grouped frequency distribution

Sometimes the data is so large that it is inconvenient to list every item in
. . t . . the
frequency distribution table. TI1en we group the items m o convenient intervals anct
data is presented in a frequency distribution in which each class interval contai,... fi~e
. . . .U.ls ve
or ten values of the variate generally. The mid-value of each class 1s the representative
of each item falling in that interval.
Here, individual values lose their identity. If we assume that all values fallin in
class interval are equal to the middle value of this class interval. This middle vagl _a
. . ~~
called ~d-value, mid-point or class mark.
In order to make life easy and save ti.me and energy, the following methods are
adopted for calculation purposes:
(I) Direct method
(11) Assumed mean deviation method
(III) Step deviation method
(a) Direct method for calculation of mean
'
Mid-value Frequency f,·I X·I
X1 !1 f1X1

X2 !2 f2X2

Xk fk fkxk
k
Total N L fi·X·
i=l I I

According to direct method

k
L x-J,·
i=l I I 1 k
= = - L '·X·
I, f; N i=1Jt,

This method will involve large numbers and hence greater time for calculation.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1. Mid-values of class intervals are given with their frequencies. Find the
mean by direct method.
Mid-values 2 3 4 5 6
Frequencies 49 43 57 38 13

SOLUTION. Mid-values Frequencies (f;) Ii.X·

I I

2 49 98
3 43 129
 Statistics 923
4 57 228
5 38 190
6 13 78
Total N = r.fi = 200 r.Jc1; = 723
By direct method,
- "f.f; X; 723
Meanx = - - =-=3 .615
"f. f; 200

pLE 2. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their

f~"' ettvironment awareness programme, in which they collected the following
data regarding the number of plants in 20 houses in a locality. Find the
mean number of plants per house. [NCERT Textbo ok]
Number of plants 0--2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10--12 12-14
Number of houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3
Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why ?
SOLUTION.
Number of plants Number of houses Class mark (x;) fi1;
(C.1.) (fi)
0-2 1 1 1
2-4 2 3 6
4-6 1 5 5
6-8 5 7 35
8-10 6 9 54
10-12 2 11 22
12-14 3 13 · 39
r.fi =20 r.fc1; =162
"f./i•X· • 162
Mean = ~f.' = = 8.1 plants
,, 20 .
Therefore, the mean numbe r of plants per house is 8.1.
ExAMPLE 3. Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50- workers of a
factory. [NCERT Textbook]
Daily wages (in t) 100--120 120--140 140--160 160--180 180--200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Find the mean d~ily wages of the workers of the f actonJ by using an
appropriate method.

►
 S eltalfd~ New Mathematics for Class X

SOLUTION.
Daily wages Number of Class-mark d-=x--a =d/20
-
(C.l.) workers (f;) (x;) I I U; /iI·U·I

100-120 12 110 -40 -2 -24 -

130 -20 -1 -14
-
120-140 14
0 0 -
140-160 8 150 0
160-180 6 170 20 1 6
-
10 190 40 2 20
-
180-200
2.f; =50 rf;u; == -12
-
Here, a= 150, h =20
Using the step-deviation method,
"f.J;-u- -12
Mean = a + ' ' xh = 150 + - x 20
"f.f; 50
=150- 4.8 =145.2
{b) Assumed mean method
If the values of x are large, then the. calculation of the arithmetic mean by direct
method becomes lengthy and tedious. To avoid such lengthy calculations, we use the
short cut method. In this method, the labour of calculation becomes less.
In this method, we choose an assumed mean 'a' (say) and subtract it from each of
the values X;, The reduced value X;-a is called the deviation of X; from a. The deviations
are multiplied by corresponding frequencies to get f;d;, On adding all f;d.;, we get the
sum i.e., r.f,-d;.
n

Ltidi
Arithmetic mean =a+ _i=_ln_ _
Lt;
i=l

Let Xi, x 2, ..., xn be values of a variable x, with correspond ing frequencies f 1, f2, f 3, ...,
fn respectively. Taking deviations about an arbitrary point a, we get
d; =X; - a, where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n
⇒ f;d; =f;(x;-a) ;i=l,2,3, ..,n
n n n n n

⇒ L,J;d; = L,J;(x; -a) ⇒ L,J;d; = L,J;x; -a L,J;

i=l i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1

On dividing by 2.f;, we get

n n

(t1;a;J =
L,J;(x; - a)
i=l =
L,f;X;
i=1 a "f.f;
---
"f.f; r, f; 1/; "f.f;
 Statistics ~ j

The assumed mean is chosen in such a manner that

r4otes:
1. It should be one of the central values.
2. The deviations are small.
3. one deviation is zero.

working Rule .
Step 1. Choose a number 'a' from the central values of x in the first column, that
will be our assumed mean.
Step 2. Obtain deviations d; by subtractin g'a' from X;. Write down these deviations
against the corresponding frequencies in the third column.
Step 3. Multiply the frequencies of the second column with the correspond ing
deviations d; in the third column to prepare a fourth column off; d;,
Step 4. Find the sum of all the entries in the fourth column to obtain 'f.f,d; and also,
find the sum of all the frequencies in the second column to obtain r.f;.

• • ( Lf;d;
n ]
Step 5. Find the arithmetic mean by using the formula x= a+ i=~f;

EXAMPLE 4. The following table gives the 4istribution oftotal household expenditure
(in t) of manual workers in a city.

Expenditure 100-150 lS0-200 200-250 2S0-300 300-350 350-400 40o-450 4S0-500

(in~)
Frequency 24 40 33 28 30 22 16· 7
SOLUTION. Let assumed 1lmean =• 275
Expenditure. Frequency Mid-value
(in ~) (f;) (x;)
d; =x-275 JiI. d-I
100-150 24 125 -150 -3600
150-200 40 175 -100 -4000
200-250 33 225 -50 -1650
250-300 28 275 0 0
300-350 30 325 50 1500
350-400 22 375 100 2200
400-450 16 425 150 2400
450-500 7 475 200 1400
'J:.fi =200 'J:.fid; =-1750
_ r.f;d; -1750
X =a+--= 275+- - =t266.25
r.f; 200
~::-"::::..~':.:.......=-128 S. ekud~ New Mathematics for Class X

EXAMPLE 5. TI,e following distribution s1iows the daily pocket allowance of children
a /ocalihJ, The mean pocket allowance is f 18. Find the missing freq"ency°J.
[NCERT Textbook]
Daily pocket ----.:.:
11-13 13-15 15-17 17-19 19-21 21-23
allowance (int) 23-25
Number of
children 7 6 9 13 f 5 ---- 4

----
-
SOLUTION.

Daily pocket No. of children Class- d-

U·= _,
allowance (in t) (J;) mark d; = X;-18 I 2 Ji·U·
I I
(C.I.) (x;)
11-13 7 12 -6 -3 -21 -
13-15 14 -4 -2 -12
-
6
15-17 16 -2 -1 -
9 -9
17-19 0 0 -
13 18 0
19-21 f 20 2 1 f
-
.21-23 5 22 4 2 10
23-25 4 24 6 3 12
"i.fi= 44 + f "if;u; =-20 +J
Mean, i.e., x=18 (given)
Here, a =18, h =2
Using step-deviation method
-20+ f
Mean= a+--x h
'f.J;u;
⇒ 18= 18+---x2
"i.f; 44+ f
⇒ f =20.
-20 + f = 0 ⇒
EXAMPLE 6. Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number
of heart beats per minute were recorded and summarised as follows. Find
the mean heart beats per minute for these women, choosing a suitable
method. [NCERT Textbook]
Number of heart
65-68 68-71 71-74 74-77 77-80 80-83 83-86
beats per minute
Number of
2 4 3 8 7 4 2
women
SOLUTION.

Number of heart No. of Class- X; -75.5

beats per minute women.(/;) marks d-=X·-(l U;= !i·U·
l l
(C.I.)
I I
3
(x;)
65-68 2 66.5 -9 -3 -6
68-71 4 69.5 -6 -2 -8 -
71-74 3 72.5 -3 -1 -3 -
 Statistics 927

-
i---
74-77
77-80
8
7
75.5
78.5
0
3
0
1
0
7
~
80-83 4 81.5 6 2 8
i---
83-86 2 84.5 9 3 6
i---
'f/; =30 "I.'J,·U·
I I =4
._.-

Here, a = 75.5, h = 3
Using the step-deviation method~ we have
"I.J;-u- 4
Mean= a+-'-' xh = 75.5+-x3
"I.f; 30
= 75.5 + 0.4 = 75.9
Hence, the mean heart beats/minute of given women is 75.9.
step deviation method
(C)
Deviation method can be further s~plified on dividing the deviation by width of
the class interval h. In such a case the arithmetic :p1ean is reduced to a great extent.
x--a '
u;= h , i = l, 2, 3, ..., n
1

xi =a + h U;, i =l, 2, 3, ..., n.

f; X; =af; + h.h u;, i = l, 2,-3, ..., n
[/;x; = "I.a f; + r.h f;u; ⇒ r.f;'x; = az,J; + hr.f;u;
"I, f. X • ·-"£+. IJ U,. "I,i=' U
.........a..J_ll- ' : a-'l_ll +h-}_11_I ⇒ Mean '(x) =a +-'J_1i_i X h
I, f; I.f; • I,f; . I.f;
Working Rule
Step 1. Choose a number 'a' fro_m.the central values of x (mid-values).
X·1 -a
Step 2. Obtain U; = h

Step 3. Multiply the frequency f; with the corresponding 1:'; to get f; u;.
Step 4. Find the sum of all f; U;, i.e., r.f;u;.
- I.f;U; h
Step 5. Use the formula x =a+ J; . to get the required mean.
I,, I.

EXAMPLE 7. In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling mangoes kept in packing
boxes. These boxes contained varying number of mangoes. The following
was the distribution of mangoes according to the number of boxes.
[NCERT Textbook]
Number of mangoes 50-52 53-55 56-58 59-61 62-64
Number of boxes 15 110 135 115 25
Find the mean numb~r of mangoes kept in a packing box. Which method
of.finding the•niean did you choose?
 =

928 $. eku,J,~ New Mathematics for Class X

SOLUTION.

Number of
mangoes
No.of
boxes (f;)
Class-mark
(X;) d-=x--a
I f U; = d/3 /;u;
--
(C.J.)
50-52 15 51 -6 -2 -30. ----
53-55 110 54 -3 -1 -110 -
56-58 135 57 0 0 0
59-61 115 60 3 1 115
62-64 25 63 6 2 so
"Lf; = 400 "i:.J;u; = 25
Here, a =57, h =3 -
25
Mean= a+ "Lf;u; x h = 57 + x3
"Lf; 400
• = 57 + 0.19 = 57.19 mangoes.
We chose the step deviation method as f; is large and difference between
class marks is same.
EXAMPLE 8. The table below shows the daily expendit;ure on food of25 households in
a locality.
Daily expenditure
(inf) 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350

Number of
4 5 12 2 2
households •
Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method.
SOLUTION.
Daily expenditure No.of Class:..mark
(inf) (C.I.) d-I = x--225 fid;
households (f;) (x;) I

110-150 4 125 -100 -400

150-200 5 175 -50 -250
200-250 12 225 0 0
250-300 2 275 50 100
300-350 2 325 100 200
"Lf; = 25 "Lfi-d.
I I = -350
.
Here, a= 225
Using the assumed mean method,·
Mean = a + lf;d; =225 + - 350
lf; 25
= 225 - 14 = 211
Hence, the mean daily expenditure on food is~ 211.
 Statistics 929
,_.pLE g, To find out the concentration of S02 in the air (in parts per million,
i.~.,
ff> ppm), the data was collected for 30 localities in a certain city and ts
presented below: (NCERT Textbook]
Concentration of S02 (in ppm) Frequency
0.00-0.04 4
0.04-0.08 9
0.08-0.12 9
0.12-0.16 2
0.16-0.20 4
0.20-0.24 2
Find the·mean concentration of S02 in the air.
SOLUTION,

C.I. x1 -0.10
f; X·I d; = X;-0.10 U;= f;I·U·I
0.04
0.00-0.04 4 0.02 --0.08 -2 .. -8
0.04-0.08 9 0.06 --0.04 -1 -9
0.08-0.12 9 0.10 0 0 0
0.12-0.16 2 0.14 0.04 1 2
0.16-0.20 4 0.18· 0.08 2 8
0.20-0.24 2 0.22 0.12 3 6
'f./; = 30 'f.'f,•U·
I I = -1

Here, a =0.10, h =0.04

Using step-deviation method, we have
I.fi-u• -1
Mean= a+-'-' xh = 0.10+-x0.04
I.Ji 30
=0.10 - 0.001 =0.099 Approx.
Note. It should be clearly understood that In the. above example, the upper
limits of each class are excl~ded from the respective classes and they
are included in the lower limit of the immediate next class.

EXAMPLE 10. A class te.acher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a
class for the whole tenn. Find the mean number of days a student was
absent. [NCERT Textbook]
Number of days 0-6 6-10 10-14 14-20 20-28 28-38 38-40
Number of 4
11 10 7 4 3 1
students
 3 tor Cla ss~
~ 0 $ eku,J,~ New Mathematics

SOLUTION.
Number of students Class mark (x;) /;x;
Number of days (f;)
(C.I.) 3 3~

------
11 80 -- --
0-6 8
10
6-10 12 84
7
10-14 17 68
14-20
4
4
24 96 ----
20-28 33 99
28-38
3
39 39 -
38-40
1
IJ;x; - 499
-
r.f; 40 -
Using direct method, we ha ve
I.J;x; = 499 = 12.48
Mean = I.f; 4o
days.
b o f da ys
. . t = 12.48
a stu de nt wa s ab sen
Hence, the me an nu m er
percentage) of 35 cities.
• ble ives the literacy rate (in [NCERT Textbook]
EXAMPLE 11. The fol low ing t~ g
Find the mean literacy rate.
75-85 85-95
era cy rat e (in %) 45-55 55-65 65-75
Lit
10 11 8 3
3
Number of cities

SOLUTION.
Literacy rate (in%) Number of Class marks d-I =xI--7 0 J;Id.I
cities (f;) (x;)
(C.I.)
3 so -20 -oO
45,.55
60 -1 0 -100
55-65 10
:
70 0 0
65-75 11
80 10 80
75-85 8
90 20 60
85-95 3
If;= 35 I:J;-I d·I = -20

Here, a= 70
tho d, we ha ve
Using the ass um ed me an me

Me an = a+ I,f;d; =70 + -3520 =70 - 0.57 =69.43%

I,f;
e of the cities is 69.43%.
Hence, the me an literacy rat
.8 an d the sum of
The me an of the fol low ing frequency dis tri bu tio n is 62
EX AM PL E 12. d/ :
the mi ssi ng frequencies / 1 an 2
all frequencies is 50. Compute -

Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 Total

Frequency 5 10 7 8 50
/1 /2 -
r Statistics

Class interval Frequency (!) Mid-value (x;) /~;

0-20 5 10 50
20-40 !1 30 30/1
40-60 10 so 500
60-80 /2 70 70 fz
80-100 7 90 630
~, 100-120 8 110 880
I
"i./; = "i.f~; =
30 + !1 + !2 = 50 2060 + 30/1 + 70 /z

30 +/1 +/2 = 50 ⇒ /1 +/2 = 20 ...(1)

Mean (x)' = L f;X; ⇒ 62.8 = 2060 + 30!1 + 70!2

t/; • so
. 206.+3/1 +7/i
62.8 =
5
206 + 3/1 + 7/2 = 314
3/1 + 7/2 = 108 ...(2)
• 3/1 + 3/2 = 60 ... (3) [Multiplying (1) by 3]
On subtracting (3) from (2), we get
4/2 = 48 ⇒ !2 = 12
Putting/2 =12 in (1), we get
!1 = 8 •

::==::::::::i===== .EXERCISE 13.1

Apply direct method to find the arithmetic mean in each of the following (1 - 4):

1. Class-Interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30

Frequency 7 5 10 12 6

Class-Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Frequency ' 9 12 11
8 10

Class-Interval 0-8 8-16 16-24 24-32 32·-40

Frequency 5 9 10 8 8

Class Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

!requency 5 6 4 3 2
 932 s.• e'1ad,~ New Mathematics for Class X
-...,_ __~_
each the following 8):
Apply deviation method to find arithmetic mean in
(5 -

--
of

5. Class-Interval 20- 30 30- 40 40- so

0 10 10 20
15 10 14
Frequency 9 12
-
10-2 0 20- 30 30- 40 40- so
6. Class-Interval 0-1 0
11 8 10 9
Frequency 12
-
10-2 0 20- 30 30- 40 40- so
7. Class-Interval 0 10
12 13 10
-
Frequency 7 8

50-6 0 60- 70 70-8 0 80- 90 90-100

8. Class-Interval
9 12 14 15 10
Frequency
wing (9 - 12):
in each of the follo
mean
od to find arithmetic
rt cut meth
Apply sho

30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-180

9. Class-Interval 0-30
18 22 24 17 .7
Frequency 12

0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300

10. Class-Interval
10 15 30 35 25 15
Frequency

0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300

11. Class-Interval
8 15 32 26 12 7
Frequency

10-15 15-- 20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35--40

12. Class-Interval
Frequency 5 6 8 12 6 3

ANSWERS
1. 15.75 2. 26.6 3. 21 . 4. 20.5 5. 26.3 6. 23.6
7. 27.2 8. 75.8' 9. 86.1 10. 161.54 11. 145 12. 24.625

CONCEPT - 2 : WEIGHTED MEAN

all items in the distribution are
We have calculated the mean by assuming that
items may not be the same.
equally important, but the importance of different
Hin di subjects are not equally
For example, in the tent h class Com pute r and
nt than any othe r subject. In fact,
imp orta nt. Clearly, Com pute r is mor e imp orta
in comparison to Hin di subject. In
Computer subject has a muc h higher weightage
The term weight stan ds for relative
such a case we assign weights to different items.
to an item is prop ortio nal to the
importance of different items. The rate assigned
importance of the item.
 nmtJC: 1 ,;;r

Statistics :.J
nldon. I/ "v x,, •••, "" denote n values of a variable
and w.1, ,c wa, •••, w,, denote
~vely their weights, then their weighted mean, x. ls given by
n
I,w,x1
1•1
xw=

fhe weights represent the relative importance of the values of the variable x.
. x"'rnple, prices are usually weighted by the relative quantities involved.
foreciu,• • •

SOLVED EXAMPLES

~MPLE 13. The following table shows the marks obtained by three students:
A, B and C and the weights assigned to different subjects. Calculate the
weighted mean of each of A, B and C. If a scholarship is awarded on the
basis of weighted mean, who among the three will get the scholarship?
Marks scored by .
Subje<;t · Weight -
A B C
English 4· 70 80 85
Hindi ' 1 50 60 45
Economics 3 90 75 <
75
Mathematics 2 60 45 65

SOLUTION.
Marks scored by
Weight
Subject W;XA; W; XB; W;Xc;
(w;) A (XA;) B (x8 ;) C (xc;)
English 4 70 80 85 280 320 340
Hindi 1 50 60 45 50 60 45
Economics 3 90 75 75 270 225 225
Mathematics 2 60 45 65 120 90 130
LW; = 10 LW·XA·
I I LW;XB; LW·Xc·
I I

= 720 = 695 = 740 ·

Let xwA, xw8 and xwe denote the weighted means of A, Band C respectively.
.n n
I,w;XA; LW;XB;
i=1 = 720 = 72 XwB = i=l
n
11
10
LW; LW;
i=l i=l
s.-_~-34
__ _____s._e,_'kuul,___:_:~:....:N....:..:e:..:.w.:_M:.=at::.he::m.:..::a::.ti:.:.cs:...f_o_rC_l_as_s_~
11

Lw;xc;
- i=l - ~ :=: 74
Xwe = n - 10
lw;
i=l
and care 72, 69.5 and 74 respectively
• ht dmeanofA , B •
Hence, the weig e . d an hence C will get the scholarsh •
Since Chas the highest we1ghte me ' . Ip.
d th weighted mean for the following data of
EXAMPLE 14. Calculate the mean an . ~ the weights attached to each oth
markstna
. Class X examination as per er.
Marks Weight --
Subject -
1,
·1 '(
62
English 3
83
Mathematics 3
79
Science 2
74
Social science 2
77
Hindi

SOLUTION.
Marks(x) Weight (w;) W·X·
I I
Subject '
62 1 ..' 62
English
83 3 249
Mathematics
79 3 237
Science
74 2 148
Social science
77 2 - -154
Hindi
LX·I = 375 . LW; = 11 LWX·
I I - 850

LX; 375
Mean= -=-=75
n 5
n
L,.w;X;

Weighted mean= i=l = 850 = 77.27

tw; 11
i=l

Hence, Mean = 75· and the weighted mean = 77.27

================ EXERCISE 13.2

1. The marks obtained by Pallavi in an examination are as follows.
Maths Hindi Sanskrit English General science
84% 65% 72% 49% 78%
If the weightage of marks in Maths and General Science is double than other
subjects then find the weighted mean.
 Statistics 935
'f}le commodities required by a family are listed in the following table. The
z. 'J11portance (weight) attached to each commodity is also given.
l
corrunodities Rice Wheat Pulses Oil Vegetables
L-----":- 5 3 2
Weight 1 4
pcice per kg t 20.00 t8.oo t 24.00 f 45.00 t 15.00
i--
find the_ weighted mean.
The following table gives the marks of a student in an examination, weights
:;. attached to each subject are also given:
- Subjects Marks Scored
75
Weight
...-Mathematics 5
English 82 3
Gen. Science 68 4
Hindi 73 1
Sanskrit 98 2
-
find the weighteq mean.

4. Toe following are the prices of certain important comrn?dities required by a family.
Toe weight attached to each commodity by the family is also indicated. Compare
the mean price per kg with the weighted mec!-11 price per kg.
Commodity Importance (weight) Price per kg
Rice 4 t 8.50
Wheat 2 t 3.20
Oil 1 t 25.00
Dais 1 f7.25
5. The following table .gives the marks of a student in an examination, weights
attached to each.subject are also given: F f

Subjects -Weight Marks

English 1 62
Mathematics 3 83
Physics 4 79
Chemistry 2 74
Engineering Drawing 2 75

Compare the mean and weighted mean.

' .. .':
ANSWERS

L
[-------~~36l S. e~ i New Mathematics for Class X

- t d from n1 and n2 values respectiveiy,

-
HX1 and X2 are the means of two groups, compu e
grou ps take n together can be
then the combined mea n x of the variate values of two
com pute d from the formula
-x=
n1 +n2

x + .. '. + nkxk
-x= n1x1 + n2 2
In general, N
n
Properties of Arithmetic Mean
I Ilf x x x 1 n
L
x are n observations with mean x, then i=l (x; - x) = 0. i.e.,
the
• 1, 2, 3 •• ,

algebraic sum of deviations from mean is zero.

II. If the mean of n observations x1, x2, x3, ..., Xn is x, then
the mean of the observations
x1 + a, Xi + a, x3 + a, ..., Xn + a is i + a.
ased by a.
i.e., if each observation is increased by a, then the mean is also incre
III. Ifx is the mean ofn observations x1, x2, ..., Xn; then the
mean of X1 -a, X2-a, ••• xn-a
is x- a, where a is any real number.
ase~ by a.
i.e., If each observation is decreased by a, then the mean is also decre
IV. The mean of n observations x1; x2, x3, ..., Xn is x. If
each observation is multiplied
by a, then the mean of the new observations is ax, where a is
any number other than
zero.
V. If the mean of n observa!!ons x1, x2, x3, ...., Xn is
x, the mean ?f the observations of
.
, - , - , ..., - ts - , where a ts any non-zero number.
X1 Xi X3 Xn . X
-
a a a a a
mean is also divided
i.e., ifeach observatio divided by a non-zero number, then the
n is
by it.
SOLVED EXA MPL ES

15. There are three sections A, B and C in class X with 25, 40 and
35 students
EXAM PLE
A, B and C are
respectively. T/:te average marks obtained by sections
entire class X.
70%, 65% and 50% respectively. Find the average marks of
SOLU TION . n1 =25 x1 = 70%
ni =40 -X2 = 650¾o
n3 = 35 x3 = 50%
x= n1x1 +nix2 +n3x 3 = (25 x70) +(40 x65) + (35
x 50)
n1 +n2 +n3 25+ 40+ 35
1750 + 2600 + 1750 6100
- - - =61%
100 100
 Statistics 937
r,pL.E 16. The mean of25 observations is 36. If the mean ofthe first 13 observations
e~ is 32 and that of the last 13 observations is 39, find the 13th observation.
The mean of 25 observations = 36
50Lur10N.
- Lx1 Lx1
X1 = - - ⇒ 36=- ⇒ LX1 =36x25=900
"1. 25
The mean of the first 13 observations = 32
l:.x
2 l:.x
x 2 = - - ⇒ 32=--2
⇒ l:.x2 =32x13=416
"2 13
The mean of the last 13 observations = 39
- LX3 l:.x3 ·
X3 = - - ⇒ 39 = - - ==> LX3 = 13 X 39 = 507
n3 13
13th observation= sum of first 13 observations
+ sum of last 13 observations - sum of 25 observations
= 416 + 507 - 900 = 23
EXAMPLE 17. The mean weight of a class of 35 students is 45 kg. If the weight of the
teacher is included, the mean weight increases by 500 grams. Find the
weight of the teacher.
SOLUTION. Let the mean weight of a class of 35 students be i 1 and that of both
students and teacher be x2 .
5
Then, -x 1 = 45 k g and -x2 = 45 + 00 = 45 + 0.5 = 45.5 kg
1000
- I:x1 - I:x2
X1= - - X2= - -
. n1 n2

45 = I:xi
:Ex2
35 45.5 = 36
LX1 = 1575 kg LX2 = 1638 kg

Total weight = weight of students + weight of teacher

Weight of teacher= Total weight-weight of students
Weight of the teacher= :Ex2 -:Ex 1 = 1638-1575 = 63 kg

EXERCISE 13.3
~ a school, 85 boys and 35 girls appeared in a public examination. The mean
marks of boys were found to be 40%, whereas the mean marks of girls were 60%.
Determine the average marks percentage of the school.
The mean score of 25 observations is 80 and the mean score of another 55
observations is 65. Determine the mean score of the whole set of observations.
The mean of the marks s~cured by 25 students of Section A of class Xis 47, that of
35 students of Section Bis 51 and that of 30 students of Section C is 53. Find the
mean of the marks of the students in three sections of class X.
 938 S. eltmui,~ New Mathematics for Class X

4. The mean of 11 results is 30. If the mean of the first 6 results is 28 and that of last
6 results is 32, find the 6th result.
5. The mean weight of 21 students of a class is 52 kg. If the mean ~eight of the first
11 students of the class is 50 kg and that of the last ll students is 54 kg, find the
weight of the 11th student.
ANSWERS
2. 69.69 (ap rox.) 3. 50.5

CONCEPT - 4 : MODE
Mode is the size of the variable which occurs most frequently.
In discrete or ungroup ed cases, the mode is the variate having the maximum
frequency. • •
For example:
In the series 6, 5, 3, 4, 3, 7, 8, 5, 9, 5, 4 we notice that 5 occurs most frequently
therefore 5 is the mode.
Mode is also known as norm.
EXAMPLE 1. A shoe shop in Janakpuri had sold a hundred pairs of shoes of a particular
brand in a certain day with the following distribution.
Size of the shoes 4 5 6 .7 8 9 10
No. of pairs sold 10 15 20 35 16 3 1
Find mode of the distribution.
SOLUTIO N. We have,
Size of the shoes 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of pairs sold 10 15 20 35 16 3 1
In the above table we notice that the size 7 has the maximu m frequency,
i.e., 35.
Therefore 7 is the mode of the distribution.
Types of Modal Series
(i) Unimodal series. The series which contains one mode.
(ii) Bimodal series. The series which contains two modes.
(iii) Trimodal series. The series which contains three modes.
ILL-DEFINED MODE. If a series has more than one mode, then the mode is said
to be ill-defined.
Mode of a grouped distribution
In a grouped distribution, it is not possible to determine the mode uniquely, at the
most, we can find the "modal class" which is the class having maximum frequency.