=> A wave is a means

of transferring energy

Transverse
Longitudinal
Transverse .

In transverse the displacement of particles to the the

waves is
perpendicular propagation of wave .

e water
:
g waves
.

light waves

EM-electromagnetic spectrum

Rich Radio waves lowest

frequency biggest wavelengths
Men Microwaves

In
Infrared
V =
3x108
Vegas Visible
light Transverse waves

Use Ultraviolet

X-pensive X-ray V

Gadgets Gamma
highest frequency smallest
wavelengths

Longitudinal vares

(II)
the
Inlongitudinal waves displacement of parties is paratel to the
propagationa
e Sound
g:
.

waves
 Graphs

Amplitude the maximum

displacement. Wavelength (1) length of oscillation .
-

· ·

Period (T) oscillation (s)

time
for
-

· 1

Frequency (f-H2) -

the amount
of oscillations in I second .

f =

Displacement-distance graph

displacement (m) rest rest

-
6
in -
W

T
distances

trough
Displacement-time graph
displacement (m)
N
rest rest

it W

T
time

trough
 displacement (m)
&

1 -

0 5 - .

distance(m)
isI
I
51
0-
0 .

0 5- .

-
1-

a) What kind of graph

displacement-distance
b) i) amplitude -
Im

ii)
wavelength 2m
-

1) If its H2 calculate 50Hz

frequency
is 50
, F =

X =
2m
(i) its time T
periodic
f =

t Trick

50 I
50
!(T)
= =

1 T
v =
fl
T= (t
so = T s = d

t
T
to S
=

T =

50S f =

t
T =
0 02. S

·
f ! =

(ii) its
velocity v

· v =
fl
V = (50)(2)
·
S =

a
V =
100 m/S
 displacement (m)
2 -

1 -

distance m
O

[
↓ Is
I'I' Ino is in
-
1 -
X

-
I -

9) State what
type of graph is
given
above

Displacement-distance

b) State its (i) (ii) its x

amplitude a and
wavelength
i) a = 2m

ii) X =
4m

2) If its 25Hz time T

frequency is
,
calculate (i) its
periodic and (ii) its
velocity V
.

i) f ii) FX
= v
=

(25)(4)
!(xT)
25 =
V =

V = 100 m/s

T=
T
is
=

T =
0 04s .
 displacement (m)
1 . -
5

· distance (
o I Is s'' Ino is in

1 5-.

a) State the
graph
6) i) amplitude 1 .
5 m

ii)
wavelength (1) Im
If =
2)
q
S =

looms" , calculate
2)
If its
velocity is

3)
i) the
frequency
v =
fx
v =

fx

100 F
=

f =
25Hz

ii) the periodic time

F =

I
25 4
=

T =
1s
25

T =
0 .
04S
 Displacement-time

O
.
4
0 5x10" .
=
5X10"m

4 . 0 x 103 =
0 04
. S

f = 25Hz
F =

.
0 04

Transverse wave
 displacement/m
A

0 25-
.
f=

v =

f)
st '0 is 20
time IS
>
-
o

S
q
=

0 . 25-

periodic Time (T) =

10

amplitude =
0 25 m
.

a) State what
type of graph is
given
.

displacement-time

(i)
b) State its amplitude a and (ii) its
periodic time T

i) a
=
0 25 m
.

ii) T =
10S

X 25ms" .
c) Calculate (i) its
frequencyf and hence (ii) its
wavelength if its
velocity is

i) ii) fx f !
f + v = =
=

is = S =

d
Hz X
0 1 250 m v
f7
= = =
.
 displacement/m
A

2 -

>
103

I I I I -
time /ms
O
I 2 3 4

-
2-

9) State the : il
amplitude ,
ii) its periodic time

i) a =
2m ii) T =
2 ms > 2x103s or 0 .
002s

ii) when 1
b) Calculate : i)
frequency velocity 0 5m
=
.

, ,

f t i)
f : ii) v (500) (0 5)
= =
= .

0 or "

v = 250 M/s or ms

S =
d
500Hz
=

v =

fx
 A 5ms
has
frequency of Its
velocity
=> rave an
amplitude of zocm and a 0 .
4Hz .
is

9) Determine (i) X & (ii) T

6)sketch the (i)

displacement/distance graph and (ii)
displacement/ time graph .

(Show 2 CYCLES)

a) i)
f+ v =

fx ii)
f
=

vefxr 0
,
4 =

-40.
=

q X
s = =
12 5.
m
&

length T d dy T
=
ware =

. T
T = = 1
% 4 0 4 .

T =
2 5
. s T =
2 5 s .

Displacement (m)
b)

0 2 .
-

distance (m)
O
12 .
5 25
-
0 2 .
-

Displacement (m)

0 2 .
-

15 times
O -s

-
0 2 .
-
 Convex Lens
(convergent lens)

>

> Focus
L
& >

>

A
Rule & :

ray of light which is

parallel to the
principal axis ,
after
the other
refraction passes through
the
focus on side

of the lens .

convex/convergent lens

Principal
If
-

For
accis
F 2F

optical center

Rule A the
2 :
ray of light passing through the
optical center of lens

goes straight through without

being refracted .

convex/convergent lens

↓
pastes through the optical center

Principal
If For IF accis
F

optical unter

-
Cases :

1) Object beyond 2F

2) at 2 F

3) Between F & 2F

4) At F

5) Between O & F
 beyond 2F

convex/convergent lens

>
A

object &

Principal
If F Or Frimage2F accis

optical center &

Image is diminished (got smaller

-

Image is
laterally inverted Cupside down)

Image (Image
Real less
was
formed infront of
-

at 2 F
convex/convergent lens

N >

object
Principal
If For i IF accis

optical vimage
cen er

the and object the

image is same size
-

Real
image
-

inverted
Image is
-

between IF and F convex/convergent lens

N >

object
Principal
F
-
Or F
accis
2F
IF
optical cen er

-
Real
image image
-

Image
V
-

is inverted

object was
magnified
 F convex/convergent lens

object at
L

2
N

object
Principal
for
IF
F 2F
accis

optical cen er

Image is
infinitely large
&
-

Image is
formed at
infinity
-

Real
Image
-

Object between F & O

convex/convergent lens

2
N

object
Principal
it For i2F accis

optical cen er

~ -

no
image produced
-
 Concave Lenses
(divergent lens (

* it cave in , in the middle

>

> ⑨ 7

>

A to the
Rule 1 :

ray of light which is

parallel principal axis
, after refraction
appears to be the
focus
coming from .

concave/
divergent lens

2
-~

it or i
optical center
it Principal accis

Rule 2 : A
ray of light passing through the
optical center
passes straight through without

being refracted .
concave/
divergent lens

Principal
If For i It accis

optical center
>

Note For lenses matter

you place
where the will
: concave no
object you

with the
always get are
image following characteristics

1) Virtual image (formed behind the les)

2)
Image will
always be
upright
3) (smaller
Image is diminished than the object
 Experimentation concave/
divergent lens

object
a 7
-
it i "image or
optical
i2F
center
Principal accis

Image is smaller than

object
-

Upright
-

-
Virtual

lens

object
A
L

no object
height E
object distance ,U
>

Principal
If o
<
focal
i
>

length f
IF accis

focal ~

length optical center

f image height hi
L >

distance ,
image V

image
Note all
:

distances/lengths are taken about the

optical center

Note : If the virtual it will have

F-focal point image is a
negative value

O-
optical center

distance
U
object
-

distance
V-image
f - focal length

Formulas :

= Y +
v

2)
Magnification :

M =

image height M =

image distance

object height object distance

 r (b)
20

An object of height 7.2 cm is placed 18.0 cm from a converging lens of focal length
-l
12.0 cm. Determine
V
Ho = 7 .
2 cm (i) the image distance
dist.
V-image

F
y !
= 12 01M . 1 +
=

f -j =
! u- object dist
4 =
18 . 0 cm

in is t ↓
36 V
1 =

=
11

V =
36 cm
is is =

↓ (3 marks)

(ii) the magnification

object &
di
A

M = . z(m
7

d · ·

· F
⑧
.
2F O F
= 36 C < 7 J
12 Im
121m
18 L
image
>

242m V
= 2

(3 marks)

(iii) the height of the image formed

M
=
I
Hi
(x7 2)
=
.

7 2
.

(2 marks)
Hi = 2 x 7. 2 = 14 4 cm
.

· Convex Lens (iv) whether the image formed is real or virtual.

Convergent real
real
(l mark)
· Concave Lens
Total l5 marks
(divergent
virtual
END OF TEST

IFYOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.

L m 0123802020
01238020/F 2017

J
 6 3

object distance (u) =

30cm

distance (v) =?
image
Focal
length (f) 15 cm
=

=
↓ To
=

"= ↑
= -

V =
30cm

b) M dist
image V
=

object dist .

= 30
38

/
=

concave lenses = virtual ,

smaller

An placed
*
object is scm behind a
diverging
lens with a
focal length of 5cm calculate the
image
distance.

u 5 cm the focal length

Jimr divergingles
negatset
=
is

F =

v
=
?

> T
&

+ -

O
-
-

F
2 5 cm
.

V
-
3
-

5cm
! + +
=
-
+

Y V
Note : 1) If the than the
object distance is more

- distance it that the

image means

I =

5 +
1 image
is smaller than the
object.

-E t
-
=

2) If the
image distance is more than the
object
distance it that the smaller than the
means
object is
image.
z =
-

Magnification =
Ed or : In
5 v
-
=

Od O

V = -
2 5(m
.
Concave
(diverging)
convec
(converging
 x

(x Y)
,

x ,
y, Yz
G y y
-
=
= ,

32 -
3 ,

= 1 . 00 -
2 10
.

35 -
55 (m

11
=

Cmt
200

20 055 .
CM
 M

4 50 -
.

4 00.
-

j
3 50
-

. 00
3
-

2 50 .
-

(55 , 2 . 10)
2 .
00 -

1 50.
-

&

1
(3591 00)
-

. 00
.

0 50 - .

0 15

to
.

% V/cm
.00
0
ic
to so to so do no So
 1
0
055
=
.

0 .
055 =
F

F =
18 18
.
im

> -

2
-

3 Im 7
1 2 cm
.

A -
,

!2
ocness
Is
3 2
. Cm

virtual
 Wave Phenomena

=> All 1) Refraction

waves
experience :

2) Reflection
3)
Diffraction
4) (constructive
Interference & destructive)

1) Refraction (Refraction refers to the

bending of light rays as a result of
charge a in medium)

Laws of Refraction :

1) The normal is
always perpendicular
to the
boundary line .

2)
Light waves bend when they pass through different mediums as a result of
known
light travelling at different speeds ,
this relationship is as Snell's Law

Snell's Law

MiSin(i) =
Mr Sin (r)

refractive index (n) the ratio between the speed

this is
of light in
-

air
compared to the
speedof light in another

medium.

speed of X
light
n =
in air n = in air

speed of &
light in the medium in medium

refractive indes
of air = 1

Na =
I
1) The normal to the line.
is
always perpendicular boundary
normal
incident
air
ray
L

(this separates the

L
boundary line

Oi
2 mediums)
L

incidence)
Or
Of
langle of
Water

refracted ray Or
angle of refraction)

less dense > more dense more denseless dense

refracted ray bends towards refracted ray bends

away from
normal .
normal

normal

air n = 1 Snell's Law

MiSin(i) =
Mr Sin (r)
L

458 (1) Sin (45) =

(1 30) Sinn
.

A rB
Sin (45) =
10 Sinn
#30
Or
338 boundary line 1 30
.

water L Sinr = Sin(45)

n = 1 30
.
1 30
.

Sin (45)
r = Sin"
1 30
.

r = 33.
 Cretractedrayl
more dense cless dense
the normal
n =
1

air
T

Or

A B

Oi

glass T

n = 1 5
.

Find the
Question :
angle of refraction
n =
1 48 .
68
air
Nisini =
Musing
T

Or

(1 5) Sin (30) = (1) Sing

A
.

388 1. 5 Sin (30) =

Sinn
glass T

n= 1 5 .
sinr = 1 5 Sin (30)
.

r = Sin" 1 5.
Sincro)

+ =
48 .
6 (3 sf)

Question Find the

angle of refraction
:

A Sin(i) MrSin(r)
air => n =
1 Mi =

Water => n =
1 30
.
(1) Sin (55) =
(1 30) Sind
.

1 30.
1 30
.

558
L Or
Sinr = Sin (55)
T 1 30
.

= Sin" Sin (55)

B 1 30
.

n =
39 .
05 (2d p) .
 Critical Total Internal
Angle &
Reflection

air
air

Or
7
Er
A B
A B
water
water oi
Oi 1

the
more dense to less dense more

incidence
youthe
increase the
it bends
angle of
the refracted ray bends
away
more
the normal.
from the normal . away from
Or > Oi angle of refraction approaches go

Or > Oi

air

air

A > B
T
Oc A B
7
Oi Or &
when at
you are

water
the criticala
ye

water
critical refraction is
always
angle 900 Op =
Oi

Risini =
Musing total internal
reflection
1 30 SinE,
=
(1) Singo
when
.

critical the
you push pass
the
1 30 Sin Oc = 1
angle
.

1 30
.
1 30.

refracted ray ends up back in the other

=, 130 reflection
Sin Q medium and total internal occurs .

= Sin" iso
0 =
50 .
38
Refraction of light occurs
anytime there is a
change in medium ,
the reason

being light travels

,
at different speeds in
different mediums .

The will also decease to keep the

warelength in order
frequency constant.

Or
n =
1 5 .

n =
1 Oj

air
glass
less dense > more dense

Misin(i) =
Mr Sin(r)
Sinr = Singo

(1) Sin(60) = (1 5) Sinn

.
1 5
.

Singo = 1 5
. Sin = Sin"singo
1 5
.

1 5 . 1 5
.

N =
35 . 25 (2d p) .

SinGe =

Mr Since
In
n ,
> nz

-
Na = 1
Sinc =

150
1 50
Mg
=

iso
.

= Sin"

0 =
41 818
.
2)
Reflection

Laws of reflection :

normal all lie the

1 .
The incident ray , reflected ray and on same

plane.
equal to the
angle of reflection
incidence
angle of
is
.
2
The .

e .

g:
total internal reflection

air

7
Oj
T
Or J

water
incid .
angle of angle of reflection
> Oc

water air

more dense > less dense

9) 1) the normal is
always perpendicular
to the
boundary line .

2)
light waves bend when
passing through
mediums
different as a result of

light traveling at
different speeds ,

N this relationship is
given by
488
Snell's Law : Misini =
Musing

=
480

Sing =

h
Sin
,
48r =

-
I
nSin48 =

Sin 48 Sin 48

M = 1 35
.
 C &
5M

by swimming further
lom nemo the
,
away
critical result total internal reflection
angle was
surpassed as a occurred
hence from normal
the
, Bryce would be son as well .
3) Diffraction where waves spread out as
they encounter
small slit whose aperture is less than the
very
a

.
wavelength of the wave.

to the
a
perture this refers size
of the opening
.
-

s s

aperture *

small aperture
large aperture
diffraction occurs !
no
diffraction

Young's Double slit Experiment

)
dark frieges

III : Bright friee

"

#dark
-
,

Bright frieges
fringes

for diffraction to occur the size

of the

than the the

slit must be smaller
wavelength of wave

The interference pattern forms due to the principal of superposition of

When the slits
waves.
light waves from 2
overlap they meale
regions of
constructive interference /bright fringes) meaning that the waves were in phase
as well as destructive
interference (dark fringes) where the waves

were out
of phase .
 Superposition

constructive destructive
interference interference
waves are
Waves are

in-phase
out of phase.

Constructive
interference

2 - 4 -

- 2 -

in phase !
O

2 -

- 2 - -

4-

to
In constructive
interference ,
once the waves line up
they add
together produce a

(the
wave with a
bigger amplitude . waves are said to be in-phase)

I
3 -

-
I

t
2
O

-
2
-
3 -
Destructive
interference

2 -

- 2 -

out
of phase !
O

2 -

- 2 -

have
destructive
interference occurs when the waves a
difference of 180 as such

the two other.

waves will subtract or cancel off each