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Dbms Notes Unit 1

The document provides an overview of SQL commands, categorizing them into five types: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL. It explains the purpose and syntax of various commands within each category, including creating, modifying, and deleting tables, as well as managing user permissions and transactions. Examples are provided for clarity on how to use each command effectively.

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3 views

Dbms Notes Unit 1

The document provides an overview of SQL commands, categorizing them into five types: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL. It explains the purpose and syntax of various commands within each category, including creating, modifying, and deleting tables, as well as managing user permissions and transactions. Examples are provided for clarity on how to use each command effectively.

Uploaded by

Ananya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Commands

• SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is also
used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
• SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the table,
modify the table, set permission for users.

Types of SQL Commands

There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

• DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a
table, etc.
• All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the
changes in the database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

• CREATE
• ALTER
• DROP
• TRUNCATE

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);

Example:

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHAR2(100), DOB D


ATE);

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.

Syntax

DROP TABLE table_name;

Example

DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to
modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.

Syntax:

To add a new column in the table

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;

To modify existing column in the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_definitions....);


EXAMPLE

ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));


ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));

d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing
the table.

Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:

TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;

2. Data Manipulation Language

• DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of
changes in the database.
• The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save all
the changes in the database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of a
table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (col1, col2, col3,.... col N)


VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

Or
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

For example:

INSERT INTO Library (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Albert", "DBMS");

b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE


CONDITION]

For example:

UPDATE students SET User_Name = 'albert' WHERE Student_Id = '3'

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

For example:

DELETE FROM Library WHERE Author="Albert";

3. Data Control Language

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.

Here are some commands that come under DCL:

• Grant
• Revoke

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Example
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Example

REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;

4. Transaction Control Language

• TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and
UPDATE only.
• These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they cannot
be used while creating tables or dropping them.

Here are some commands that come under TCL:

• COMMIT
• ROLLBACK
• SAVEPOINT

a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.

Syntax:

COMMIT;

Example:

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE = 25;


COMMIT;

b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been saved
to the database.

Syntax:

ROLLBACK;
Example:

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE = 25;


ROLLBACK;

c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling back
the entire transaction.

Syntax:

SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

5. Data Query Language

• DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:

SELECT

a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used to
select the attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.

Syntax:

SELECT expressions FROM TABLES WHERE conditions;

For example:

SELECT emp_name FROM employee WHERE age > 20;

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