IoT (Internet of Things)

IoT stands for Internet of Things, which means accessing and controlling daily usable
equipments and devices using Internet.

IoT includes all topics of IoT such as introduction, features, advantage and disadvantage,
ecosystem, decision framework, architecture and domains, biometric, security camera
and door unlock system, devices, etc.

What is an Internet of Things (IoT)

Let's us look closely at our mobile device which contains GPS Tracking, Mobile
Gyroscope, Adaptive brightness, Voice detection, Face detection etc. These components
have their own individual features, but what about if these all communicate with each
other to provide a better environment? For example, the phone brightness is adjusted
based on my GPS location or my direction.

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Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and sensors to

internet enabling to collect and exchange data without human interaction called as the
Internet of Things (IoT).

The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything and everything in day to
day life which is accessed or connected through the internet.
IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with artificial
intelligence, sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete
systems for the product or services. The system created by IoT has greater transparency,
control, and performance.

As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all the data through which we
connect all the things around us. For example, a house, where we can connect our home
appliances such as air conditioner, light, etc. through each other and all these things are
managed at the same platform. Since we have a platform, we can connect our car, track
its fuel meter, speed level, and also track the location of the car.

If there is a common platform where all these things can connect to each other would
be great because based on my preference, I can set the room temperature. For example,
if I love the room temperature to to be set at 25 or 26-degree Celsius when I reach back
home from my office, then according to my car location, my AC would start before 10
minutes I arrive at home. This can be done through the Internet of Things (IoT).

How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture). However, the
key concept of there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts with
the device themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances,
which securely communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyze
the data from all multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data
with applications to devices.

Features of IOT
The most important features of IoT on which it works are connectivity, analyzing,
integrating, active engagement, and many more. Some of them are listed below:

Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the

things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. After connecting the IoT devices,
it needs a high speed messaging between the devices and cloud to enable reliable,
secure and bi-directional communication.

Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the
data collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. If we have a good
insight into data gathered from all these things, then we call our system has a smart
system.

Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well.
Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of
data. For example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then
the coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of your choice from the retailer.

Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any change in
the environment and report on their status. IoT technology brings passive networks to
active networks. Without sensors, there could not hold an effective or true IoT
environment.

Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to

active engagement between each other.

Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IoT

system otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system. For example, if a coffee
machine itself order the coffee beans when it goes to end but what happens when it
orders the beans from a retailer and we are not present at home for a few days, it leads
to the failure of the IoT system. So, there must be a need for endpoint management.

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration within
a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes
existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.
IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern attitudes
towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the
delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social, economic, and political
impact of those changes.

IoT − Key Features

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors,
active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given
below −
 AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every
aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms,
and networks. This can mean something as simple as enhancing your
refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low,
and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
  Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers.
Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being
practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
 Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining
instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices
into an active system capable of real-world integration.
 Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology
happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for
active content, product, or service engagement.
 Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and
more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its
precision, scalability, and versatility.

IoT − Advantages
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list
of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer −
 Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots
and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive.
IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement
with audiences.
 Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve
the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent
improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field
data.
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics
give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to
more effective management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations
and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it
exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an
accurate picture of everything.

IoT − Disadvantages
Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of
challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues −
 Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices
communicating over networks. The system offers little control despite any
security measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
  Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in
extreme detail without the user's active participation.
 Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design,
deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a
large set of new enabling technologies.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to
integrate easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several
conflicting or locked systems.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must
comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem
incredibly challenging when many consider standard software compliance a
battle.

The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard, devices
for control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices manage
key tasks and functions such as system activation, action specifications, security,
communication, and detection to support-specific goals and actions.

IoT − Sensors
The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices consist of
energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF
modules manage communications through their signal processing, WiFi, ZigBee,
Bluetooth, radio transceiver, duplexer, and BAW.

The sensing module manages sensing through assorted active and passive
measurement devices. Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in IoT
−

S.No Devices

1. accelerometers temperature sensors

2. magnetometers proximity sensors

 3. gyroscopes image sensors

4. acoustic sensors light sensors

5. pressure sensors gas RFID sensors

6. humidity sensors micro flow sensors

Wearable Electronics
Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head, neck, arms, torso,
and feet.

Smartwatches not only help us stay connected, but as a part of an IoT system, they
allow access needed for improved productivity.
Current smart wearable devices include −

 Head − Helmets, glasses

 Neck − Jewelry, collars
 Arm − Watches, wristbands, rings
 Torso − Clothing, backpacks
 Feet − Socks, shoes

Smart glasses help us enjoy more of the media and services we value, and when part
of an IoT system, they allow a new approach to productivity.

Standard Devices
The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral parts of IoT as the command center
and remotes.
 The desktop provides the user with the highest level of control over the system
and its settings.
 The tablet provides access to the key features of the system in a way
resembling the desktop, and also acts as a remote.
  The cellphone allows some essential settings modification and also provides
remote functionality.
Other key connected devices include standard network devices
like routers and switches.

IoT Ecosystem
The IoT ecosystem is not easy to define. It is also difficult to capture its proper image
due to the vastness and emerging possibility and the rapidity with which it is expanding
in the entire sector. However, the IoT ecosystem is a connection of various kind of
devices that sense and analyze the data and communicates with each other over the
networks.

In the IoT ecosystem, the user uses smart devices such as smartphones, tablet, sensors,
etc. to send the command or request to devices for information over the networks. The
device response and performs the command to send information back to the user
through networks after analyzed.

The typical IoT ecosystem is shown in below image, where the smarter devices send and
receive data from the devices themselves in the environment that are integrate over
network and Cloud Computing.
The IoT is itself an ecosystem of network devices that transfer the data. It is also well
interconnected with Big Data and Cloud Computing.

o Sensing, Embedded processing, Connectivity: The IoT ecosystem senses its

surrounding like temperature, gyroscope, pressure, etc. and make the embedded
processing using devices. These devices are connected through any type of
devices such as GPS, WiFi, RFID, etc. over the networks.
o Smart devices and environment, Cloud Computing, Big Data: The data
transfer or receive through smart devices and environments are communicated
through Cloud Computing or others Servers and stored as Big Data.
o Technology, Software, Application: The IoT ecosystem uses any of different
technologies, software and application to communicate and connect with smart
devices and environment.
o Users or groups of community: The product or services generated by the IoT
ecosystem are consumed by the users or the group of communities to serve the
smart life.

IoT Decision Framework

The IoT decision framework provides a structured approach to create a powerful IoT
product strategy. The IoT decision framework is all about the strategic decision making.
The IoT Decision Framework helps us to understand the areas where we need to make
decisions and ensures consistency across all of our strategic business decision, technical
and more.

The IoT decision framework is much more important as the product or services
communicates over networks goes through five different layers of complexity of
technology.

1. Device Hardware
2. Device Software
3. Communications
4. Cloud Platform
 5. Cloud Application

Decision Area
The IoT decision framework pays attention to six key decision areas in any IoT product.
These decision areas are:

1. User Experience (UX)

2. Data
3. Business
4. Technology
5. Security
6. Standards & Regulations

Each of these decision areas is evaluated at each of the IoT Technology Stack. The User
Experience will be evaluated at Device Hardware, Device Software and so to provide the
better user experience. Then at the next step Data Decision Area, we have to explore
data considerations for all the stages of IoT Technology Stack.
Decision Area of the IoT Decision Framework

Let's see each of the Decision Area of IoT Decision Framework in detail:

1. User Experience Decision Area: This is the area where we concentrate about
who are the users, what are their requirements and how to provide a great
experience at each step of IoT stack without worrying about the technical details.
2. Data Decision Area: In this area, we make the overall data strategy such as the
data flow over the entire IoT stack to fulfill the user's requirements.
3. Business Decision Area: Based on the previous decisions area, we make the
decision how product or services will became financial potential. At each of the
IoT Stack level are monetized about the costs of providing services.
4. Technology Decision Area: In this area, we work with the technology for each
layer to facilitate the final solution.
5. Security Decision Area: After going through the implementation of technology
it is important to decide and provide the security at each stage of the IoT Stack.
6. Standards & Regulations Decision Area: At the last stage of IoT Decision Area,
we identify the standards and regulations of product or services that will affect
your product at each layer of the IoT Stack.
IoT Architecture
There is not such a unique or standard consensus on the Internet of Things (IoT)
architecture which is universally defined. The IoT architecture differs from their
functional area and their solutions. However, the IoT architecture technology mainly
consists of four major components:

Components of IoT Architecture

o Sensors/Devices
o Gateways and Networks
o Cloud/Management Service Layer
o Application Layer

Stages of IoT Solutions Architecture

There are several layers of IoT built upon the capability and performance of IoT
elements that provides the optimal solution to the business enterprises and end-users.
The IoT architecture is a fundamental way to design the various elements of IoT, so that
it can deliver services over the networks and serve the needs for the future.

Following are the primary stages (layers) of IoT that provides the solution for IoT
architecture.

1. Sensors/Actuators: Sensors or Actuators are the devices that are able to emit,
accept and process data over the network. These sensors or actuators may be
 connected either through wired or wireless. This contains GPS, Electrochemical,
Gyroscope, RFID, etc. Most of the sensors need connectivity through sensors
gateways. The connection of sensors or actuators can be through a Local Area
Network (LAN) or Personal Area Network.
2. Gateways and Data Acquisition: As the large numbers of data are produced by
this sensors and actuators need the high-speed Gateways and Networks to
transfer the data. This network can be of type Local Area Network (LAN such as
WiFi, Ethernet, etc.), Wide Area Network (WAN such as GSM, 5G, etc.).
3. Edge IT: Edge in the IoT Architecture is the hardware and software gateways that
analyze and pre-process the data before transferring it to the cloud. If the data
read from the sensors and gateways are not changed from its previous reading
value then it does not transfer over the cloud, this saves the data used.
4. Data center/ Cloud: The Data Center or Cloud comes under the Management
Services which process the information through analytics, management of device
and security controls. Beside this security controls and device management the
cloud transfer the data to the end users application such as Retail, Healthcare,
Emergency, Environment, and Energy, etc.
IoT Energy Domain
The Internet of Things plays a vital role in the field of energy management and regulation.
The term used for that is Smart Energy System. IoT applications monitor a wide variety of
energy control function to residential and commercial use.

Residential Energy
As technology is increasing day by day, it also raises the cost of energy. Consumers search the
way through which they can reduce and control the energy cost. IoT provides a mature way to
analyze and optimize the use of the device as well as the entire system of a home. It may be
changing the device setting, simply switching on/off or dimming lights to optimize energy use.

Commercial Energy
Wastage of energy widely impacts any business enterprises in their cost of production. IoT
provides a specific way for monitoring and maintaining a low cost and high level of care. IoT
system provides a strong means of managing the consumption cost of energy and optimize the
output of enterprises. It discovers energy issues in the same way as functional issues in a
complex business network and provides solutions.
Reliability
The IoT technology ensures the system reliability by analytics and action delivered. It
detects the threats of system performance and stability which protects against losses
such as damaged equipment, downtime, and injuries.

IoT Biometrics Domain

IoT plays a vital role in the Biometrics security system such as a fingerprint system, voice
recognition system, eye scanner system etc.
Now, a biometric system is something that we always encounter in our daily life. We
always either use a fingerprint sensor or an eye-scanning system, depends on
organization to organization.

Let's talk about the fingerprint scanner system and how these systems work. Now, when
a person presents its finger on the fingerprint scanner it scans the fingerprint and
considers this as part of an enrollment process. From this fingerprint template, the
device extracts certain key features which make different from others and stores it into a
database. After that, every time the same person place its finger on the top of this
fingerprint scanner, it creates a template and compares this with all the templates that
are present in the database. If it matches to correspondingly let's say giving that person
an attendance or allows him to access a door, if it does not then it raises an alert.

This biometric system can be fingerprint or eye scanning or it could be a combination of

both. Voice recognition system is also one of the key products in the biometric domain.

IoT in Security Camera & Door Unlock System

The Security Camera and a Door unlock system is something that is quite interesting IoT
application. The phenomena of its working process is briefly mentioned here.

How does this system work?

Here, we place a camera on the top foot of the door which in turn clicks the photo of a
person who comes into frame. Now, this photo is sent to an analytical system which in
turn compares this with all the photos it possesses to identify whether to let the user
open the door or not.

Now, if it does not find the photo of that person then it can notify the concern that a
person is trying to access this door would you like to authorize this person? or would
you like to deny the access to this person?

Usually, the Security Camera and a Door unlock system is used in the areas where you
have highly sensitive information stored. Another usage of the security camera and door
unlock system can be at our homes when we want to identify who comes to our home
when we are not there and either decide to give them access to our home or not.
IoT in Smart Home and Smart City Application
Implementing IoT system in home and city leads them to become as smart home and
smart city. Smart home or smart city make life quite easier and smarter.

A smart home system can be something that makes our life quite easy. Starting from
energy management where the power controls system in the AC appliances where we
use the thermostat, all this is managed to cut down the power consumption that's
taking place. A door management system, security management system, water
management system are the part of this as well. Still, these are vital things that stand out
in the smart home system. The limitation of IoT in smart home application stops where
our imagination stops. Anything that we wish to automate or want to make our life
easier can be a part of smart home, a smartphone system as well.

Now, a smart home usually is going to be a base of a smart city. The smart city is an
evolution of a smart home. Here, it is not just the sensors of a single home that is
connected, here its correlation or a network or a connection between various
organizations, various domains as well as multiple segments of that city as a whole. In
the smart city, the life of every single dependent becomes more comfortable and in tune
really help to develop that city to greater extends as such. Now, the key factor for a
smart city is government support as well, and if the governments are willing to take this
step, then we hope we would see a smart city completely build on the Internet of
Things.

Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare

IoT technology brings numerous applications in healthcare, from remote monitoring to
smart sensors to medical device integration. It keeps the patients safe and healthy as
well as improves the physician delivers care towards the patients.

Healthcare devices collect diverse data from a large set of real-world cases that
increases the accuracy and the size of medical data.

Factor affecting IoT Healthcare Application

There are various factors that affect the IoT healthcare application. Some of them are
mention below:
 o Continuous Research: It requires continuous research in every field (smart
devices, fast communication channel, etc.) of healthcare to provide a fast and
better facility for patients.
o Smart Devices: Need to use the smart device in the healthcare system. IoT opens
the potential of current technology and leads us toward new and better medical
device solutions.
o Better Care: Using IoT technology, healthcare professionals get the enormous
data of the patient, analysis the data and facilitate better care to the patient.
o Medical Information Distribution: IoT technology makes a transparency of
information and distributes the accurate and current information to patients. This
leads the fewer accidents from miscommunication, better preventive care, and
improved patient satisfaction.

Simple Healthcare System Architecture

The application of the Internet of Things (IoT ) in healthcare transforms it into more
smart, fast and more accurate. There is different IoT architecture in healthcare that
brings start health care system.

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Product Infrastructure: IoT product infrastructure such as hardware/software
component read the sensors signals and display them to a dedicated device.

Sensors: IoT in healthcare has different sensors devices such as pulse-oximeter,

electrocardiogram, thermometer, fluid level sensor, sphygmomanometer (blood
pressure) that read the current patient situation (data).

Connectivity: IoT system provides better connectivity (using Bluetooth, WiFi, etc.) of
devices or sensors from microcontroller to server and vice-versa to read data.

Analytics: Healthcare system analyzes the data from sensors and correlates to get
healthy parameters of the patient and on the basis of their analyze data they can
upgrade the patient health.
Application Platform: IoT system access information to healthcare professionals on
their monitor device for all patients with all details.

IoT challenges in Healthcare

o Data security & privacy
o Integration: multiple devices & protocols
o Data overload & accuracy
o Cost

Internet of Things (IoT) in Transportation

Internet of Things (IoT) has crucial applications in the transportation system. IoT plays
an important role in all the field of transportation as air-transportation, water-
transportation, and land transportation. All the component of these transportation fields
is built with smart devices (sensors, processors) and interconnected through cloud
server or different servers that transmit data to networks.
Connected to every means of travel
IoT in transportation is not only for traveling from one place to another, but it also
makes safer, greener and more convenient. For example, a smart car performs work
simultaneously such as navigation, communication, entertainment, efficient, more
reliable travel. IoT facilitates travelers to remain seamlessly connected to every means of
travel. The vehicle is connected with the variety of wireless standards to the internet
such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, intelligent traffic system, and even to other vehicles.
Traffic Monitoring and Avoid Collision
Sensors built inside or outside a vehicle suggest lane departure and continuously
monitor object at all side to avoid the collision. IoT component of transportation does
not only mean within the vehicle, but it extends beyond car to communicate other,
enabling automate real-time decision to optimize travel. For example, traffic monitoring
camera identifies the accident or traffic conjunction and send an alert message to the
nearest traffic control room and send current traffic conjunction information to other
near vehicles to divert their route.
IoT also helps in tracking vehicle current location and distance travel.

What are Smarts Objects in IoT

The concept of smart in IoT is used for physical objects that are active, digital,
networked, can operate to some extent autonomously, reconfigurable and has local
control of the resources. The smart objects need energy, data storage, etc.

A smart object is an object that enhances the interaction with other smart objects as
well as with people also. The world of IoT is the network of interconnected
heterogeneous objects (such as smart devices, smart objects, sensors, actuators, RFID,
embedded computers, etc.) uniquely addressable and based on standard
communication protocols.

In a day to day life, people have a lot of object with internet or wireless or wired
connection. Such as:

o Smartphone
o Tablets
o TV computer

These objects can be interconnected among them and facilitate our daily life (smart
home, smart cities) no matter the situation, localization, accessibility to a sensor, size,
scenario or the risk of danger.
Smart objects are utilized widely to transform the physical environment around us to a
digital world using the Internet of things (IoT) technologies.

A smart object carries blocks of application logic that make sense for their local situation
and interact with human users. A smart object sense, log, and interpret the occurrence
within themselves and the environment, and intercommunicate with each other and
exchange information with people.

The work of smart object has focused on technical aspects (such as software
infrastructure, hardware platforms, etc.) and application scenarios. Application areas
range from supply-chain management and enterprise applications (home and hospital)
to healthcare and industrial workplace support. As for human interface aspects of smart-
object technologies are just beginning to receive attention from the environment.

IoT Devices
Internet of Things Devices is non-standard devices that connect wirelessly to a network
with each other and able to transfer the data. IoT devices are enlarging the internet
connectivity beyond standard devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and
desktops. Embedding these devices with technology enable us to communicate and
interact over the networks and they can be remotely monitored and controlled.
There are large varieties of IoT devices available based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. These
devices range from wireless motes, attachable sensor-boards to interface-board which
are useful for researchers and developers.

IoT devices include computer devices, software, wireless sensors, and actuators. These
IoT devices are connected over the internet and enabling the data transfer among
objects or people automatically without human intervention.

Some of the common and popular IoT devices are given below:

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Arduino Device:
Arduino devices are the microcontrollers and microcontroller kit for building digital
devices that can be sense and control objects in the physical and digital world. Arduino
boards are furnished with a set of digital and analog input/output pins that may be
interfaced to various other circuits. Some Arduino boards include USB (Universal Serial
Bus) used for loading programs from the personal computer.

Intel Galileo:
The Intel Galileo Gen 2 Board includes the parts such as Intel Quark SoC processor,
256MB RAM, multiple ports and supports for Arduino device.

Samsung Gear Fit:

A Samsung Gear Fir device is a dustproof, water-resistant with fitness tracker features, a
curved display, and long-lasting battery. This device receives alerts about emails and
text messages, and it integrates with Samsung's S Health app.

Sensor:
A sensor is a device that reads the surrounding temperature, humidity, light, air quality
control etc. There are different types of sensors available that reads different types of
data. The sensors transmit these data over the networks or through which it is
connected.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Intelligent Beacon:
A Bluetooth low energy beacon device is used to track the object located at a real time.
Many companies use it to track the location of employees, assets, patients, and more in
real time. This service primarily focuses on manufacturing, retail, and healthcare services.

Properties of IoT Devices

Some of the essential properties of IoT devices are mention below:

o Sense: The devices that sense its surrounding environment in the form of
temperature, movement, and appearance of things, etc.
o Send and receive data: IoT devices are able to send and receive the data over
the network connection.
o Analyze: The devices can able to analyze the data that received from the other
device over the internet networks.
o Controlled: IoT devices may control from some endpoint also. Otherwise, the IoT
devices are themselves communicate with each other endlessly leads to the
system failure.
Internet of Things Applications
The Internet of Things (IoT) provides the ability to interconnect computing devices,
mechanical machines, objects, animals or unique identifiers and people to transfer data
across a network without the need for human-to-human or human-to-computer is a
system of conversation. IoT applications bring a lot of value in our lives. The Internet of
Things provides objects, computing devices, or unique identifiers and people's ability
to transfer data across a network without the human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.

A traffic camera is an intelligent device. The camera monitors traffic congestion,

accidents and weather conditions and can access it to a common entrance.

This gateway receives data from such cameras and transmits information to the
city's traffic monitoring system.
For example, the municipal corporation has decided to repair a road that is connected
to the national highway. It may cause traffic congestion to the national highway. The
insight is sent to the traffic monitoring system.

The intelligent system analyzes the situation, estimate their impact, and relay
information to other cities connected to the same highway. It generates live instructions
to drivers by smart devices and radio channels.
It creates a network of self-dependent systems that take advantage of real-time
control.

What is IoT?
IoT

is a platform where embedded devices are connected to the Internet

to collect and exchange data. It enables machines to interact, collaborate and learn from
experiences like humans. IoT applications equipped billions of objects
with connectivity and intelligence.
Applications of IoT
1. Wearables
Wearable technology is the hallmark of IoT applications and one of the earliest
industries to deploy IoT. We have fit bits, heart rate monitors and smartwatches these
days.

Guardian glucose monitoring device has been developed to help people with diabetes.
It detects glucose levels in our body, uses a small electrode called the glucose sensor
under the skin, and relates it to a radiofrequency monitoring device.

2. Smart Home Applications

The smart home is probably the first thing when we talk about the IoT application. The
example we see the AI home automation is employed by Mark Zuckerberg. Alan
Pan's home automation system, where a string of musical notes uses in-house
functions.

3. Health care
IoT applications can transform reactive medical-based systems into active wellness-
based systems. Resources that are used in current medical research lack important real-
world information. It uses controlled environments, leftover data, and volunteers for
clinical trials. The Internet of Things improves the device's power,
precision and availability. IoT focuses on building systems rather than just tools. Here's
how the IoT-enabled care device works.

4. Smart Cities
Most of you have heard about the term smart city. Smart city uses technology to
provide services. The smart city includes improving transportation and social services,
promoting stability and giving voice to their citizens.

The problems faced by Mumbai are very different from Delhi. Even global issues, such as
clean drinking water, declining air quality, and increasing urban density, occur in varying
intensity cities. Therefore, they affect every city.

Governments and engineers use the Internet of Things to analyze the complex factors of
town and each city. IoT applications help in the area of water management, waste
control and emergencies.

Example of a smart city - Palo Alto.

Palo Alto, San Francisco, is the first city to acquire the traffic approach. He realized that
most cars roam around the same block on the streets in search of parking spots. It is the
primary cause of traffic congestion in the city. Thus, the sensors were installed at all
parking areas in the city. These sensors pass occupancy status to the cloud of each spot.
This solution involves the use of sensor arrays that collects data and uses it for many
purposes.

5. Agriculture
By the year 2050, the world's growing population is estimated to have reached about 10
billion. To feed such a large population, agriculture needs to marry technology and get
the best results. There are many possibilities in this area. One of them is Smart
Greenhouse.

Farming techniques grow crops by environmental parameters. However, manual

handling results in production losses, energy losses and labor costs, making it less
effective.

The greenhouse makes it easy to monitor and enables to control the climate inside it.
6. Industrial Automation
It is one of the areas where the quality of products is an essential factor for a more
significant investment return. Anyone can re-engineer products and their packaging to
provide superior performance in cost and customer experience with IoT applications.
IoT will prove as a game-changer. In industrial automation, IoT is used in the following
areas:

o Product flow monitoring

o Factory digitization
o Inventory management
o Safety and security
o Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization
o Quality control
o Packaging customization
7. Hacked Car
A connected car is a technology-driven car with Internet access and a WAN network.
The technology offers the user some benefits such as in-car infotainment, advanced
navigation and fuel efficiency.

8. Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It gathers and
transfers health data such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, weight, oxygen, and
ECG. The patient can contact the doctor by the smart mobile application in case of any
emergency.

9. Smart Retail
IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do not have to
stand in long queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the products and
deduct the total amount from the customer's payment app with IoT applications' help.

10. Smart Supply Chain

Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It also
provides details of real-time conditions and supply networks.

11. Smart Farming

Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the
monitoring of fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the area.

Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one year. Business Insider
Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices will install and generate more than 300
billion in revenue in the future.

Layer Architecture of Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) includes large number of smart devices connected to a broad
internet network with the help of various networking technologies. Mostly these
technologies are wireless in manner. This makes the structure more complex and difficult
to manage. Therefore, architecture is required.
An architecture is structure for specification of network’s physical components and their
functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as
well as data formats used in its operation.
The development of IoT depends on the technologies used, application areas, and
business aspects. There are various IoT architectures are available for IoT devices.
However, the “5 Layer Architecture is considered as the best-proposed architecture of
IoT.”
5 Layer Architecture of IoT :
When project work is done with various cutting edge technologies and broad application
area, 5 layer architecture is considered as best. 5 Layer model can be considered as an
extension to the basic architecture of IoT because it has two additional layers to the basic
model.

5 Layer Architecture of Internet of Things

 Perception Layer :
This is the first layer of IoT architecture. In the perception layer, number of sensors
and actuators are used to gather useful information like temperature, moisture content,
intruder detection, sounds, etc. The main function of this layer is to get information
from surroundings and to pass data to another layer so that some actions can be done
based on that information.
 Network Layer :
As the name suggests, it is the connecting layer between perception and middleware
layer. It gets data from perception layer and passes data to middleware layer using
networking technologies like 3G, 4G, UTMS, WiFI, infrared, etc. This is also called
communication layer because it is responsible for communication between perception
and middleware layer. All the transfer of data done securely keeping the obtained data
confidential.
 Middleware Layer :
Middleware Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation, processing,
action taking capabilities. It stores all data-set and based on the device address and
 name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can also take decisions based on
calculations done on data-set obtained from sensors.
 Application Layer :
The application layer manages all application process based on information obtained
from middleware layer. This application involves sending emails, activating alarm,
security system, turn on or off a device, smartwatch, smart agriculture, etc.
Business Layer :
The success of any device does not depend only on technologies used in it but
also how it is being delivered to its consumers. Business layer does these tasks
for the device. It involves making flowcharts, graphs, analysis of results, and
how device can be improved, etc.

Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide variety of applications and use of Internet
of Things is growing so faster. Depending upon different application areas of Internet of
Things, it works accordingly as per it has been designed/developed. But it has not a
standard defined architecture of working which is strictly followed universally. The
architecture of IoT depends upon its functionality and implementation in different
sectors. Still, there is a basic process flow based on which IoT is built.
So. here in this article we will discuss basic fundamental architecture of IoT i.e., 4 Stage
IoT architecture.
So, from the above image it is clear that there is 4 layers are present that can be divided
as follows: Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application
Layer.
These are explained as following below.
1. Sensing Layer –
Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These Sensors or
Actuators accepts data(physical/environmental parameters), processes data and emits
data over network.
2. Network Layer –
Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in this layer.
DAS performs data aggregation and conversion function (Collecting data and
aggregating data then converting analog data of sensors to digital data etc). Advanced
gateways which mainly opens up connection between Sensor networks and Internet
also performs many basic gateway functionalities like malware protection, and
filtering also some times decision making based on inputted data and data
management services, etc.
3. Data processing Layer –
This is processing unit of IoT ecosystem. Here data is analyzed and pre-processed
before sending it to data center from where data is accessed by software applications
often termed as business applications where data is monitored and managed and
 further actions are also prepared. So here Edge IT or edge analytics comes into
picture.
4. Application Layer –
This is last layer of 4 stages of IoT architecture. Data centers or cloud is management
stage of data where data is managed and is used by end-user applications like
agriculture, health care, aerospace, farming, defense, etc.

Internet of Things (IoT) Gateways

 Difficulty Level : Basic
 Last Updated : 25 Jun, 2020

Gateway provides bridge between different communication technologies which means

we can say that a Gateway acts as a medium to open up connection between cloud and
controller(sensors / devices) in Internet of Things (IoT). By the help of gateways it is
possible to establish device to device or device to cloud communication. A gateway can
be a typical hardware device or software program.
It enables a connection between sensor network and Internet along with enabling IoT
communication, it also performs many other tasks such as this IoT gateway performs
protocol translation, aggregating all data, local processing and filtering of data before
sending it to cloud, locally storing data and autonomously controlling devices based on
some inputted data, providing additional device security.
The below figure shows how IoT Gateways establish communication between sensors
and cloud (Data System) :
As IoT devices work with low power consumption(Battery power) in other words they
are energy constrained so if they will directly communicate to cloud/internet it won’t be
effective in terms of power. So they communicate with Gateway first using short range
wireless transmission modes/network like ZigBee, Bluetooth, etc as they consume less
power or they can also be connected using long range like Cellular and WiFi etc.
Then Gateway links them to Internet/ cloud by converting data into a standard protocol
like MQTT. using ethernet, WiFi/cellular or satellite connection. And in mostly Gateway
is Mains powered unlike sensor nodes which are battery powered. In practice there are
multiple Gateway devices.
Let’s think about a simple IoT gateway, then our smartphone comes into picture as it can
also work as a basic IoT gateway when we use multiple radio technologies like WiFi,
Bluetooth, Cellular network of smart phone to work on any IoT project in sending and
receiving data at that time this also acts as a basic IoT Gateway.
Key functionalities of IoT Gateway :
 Establishing communication bridge
 Provides additional security.
 Performs data aggregation.
 Pre processing and filtering of data.
 Provides local storage as a cache/ buffer.
 Data computing at edge level.
 Ability to manage entire device.
 Device diagnostics.
 Adding more functional capability.
 Verifying protocols.
Working of IoT Gateway :
1. Receives data from sensor network.
2. Performs Pre processing, filtering and cleaning on unfiltered data.
3. Transports into standard protocols for communication.
4. Sends data to cloud.
IoT Gateways are key element of IoT infrastructure as Gateways establish connection for
communication and also performs other task as described above. So IoT Gateway is one
of most essential thing when we start think about an IoT ecosystem.

machine-to-machine (M2M)
Machine-to-machine, or M2M, is a broad label that can be used to describe
any technology that enables networked devices to exchange information and
perform actions without the manual assistance of humans. Artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) facilitate the communication
between systems, allowing them to make their own autonomous choices.

M2M technology was first adopted in manufacturing and industrial settings,

where other technologies, such as SCADA and remote monitoring, helped
remotely manage and control data from equipment. M2M has since found
applications in other sectors, such as healthcare, business and insurance.
M2M is also the foundation for the internet of things (IoT).

How M2M works

The main purpose of machine-to-machine technology is to tap into sensor data
and transmit it to a network. Unlike SCADA or other remote monitoring tools,
M2M systems often use public networks and access methods -- for example,
cellular or Ethernet -- to make it more cost-effective.

The main components of an M2M system include sensors, RFID, a Wi-Fi or

cellular communications link, and autonomic computing software programmed to
help a network device interpret data and make decisions. These M2M
applications translate the data, which can trigger preprogrammed, automated
actions.

One of the most well-known types of machine-to-machine communication

is telemetry, which has been used since the early part of the last century to
transmit operational data. Pioneers in telemetrics first used telephone lines,
and later, radio waves, to transmit performance measurements gathered from
monitoring instruments in remote locations.

The Internet and improved standards for wireless technology have expanded
the role of telemetry from pure science, engineering and manufacturing to
everyday use in products such as heating units, electric meters and internet-
connected devices, such as appliances.

Beyond being able to remotely monitor equipment and systems, the top
benefits of M2M include:

 reduced costs by minimizing equipment maintenance and downtime;

 boosted revenue by revealing new business opportunities for servicing

products in the field; and

 improved customer service by proactively monitoring and servicing

equipment before it fails or only when it is needed.

M2M applications and examples

Machine-to-machine communication is often used for remote monitoring. In
product restocking, for example, a vending machine can message the
distributor's network, or machine, when a particular item is running low to send
a refill. An enabler of asset tracking and monitoring, M2M is vital in warehouse
management systems (WMS) and supply chain management (SCM).

Utilities companies often rely on M2M devices and applications to not only
harvest energy, such as oil and gas, but also to bill customers -- through the
use of Smart meters -- and to detect worksite factors, such as pressure,
temperature and equipment status.
In telemedicine, M2M devices can enable the real time monitoring of patients'
vital statistics, dispensing medicine when required or tracking healthcare
assets.

The combination of the IoT, AI and ML is transforming and improving mobile

payment processes and creating new opportunities for different purchasing
behaviors. Digital wallets, such as Google Wallet and Apple Pay, will most likely
contribute to the widespread adoption of M2M financial activities.

Smart home systems have also incorporated M2M technology. The use of M2M
in this embedded system enables home appliances and other technologies to
have real time control of operations as well as the ability to remotely
communicate.

M2M is also an important aspect of remote-control software, robotics, traffic

control, security, logistics and fleet management and automotive.
Key features of M2M
Key features of M2M technology include:

 Low power consumption, in an effort to improve the system's ability to

effectively service M2M applications.

 A Network operator that provides packet-switched service

 Monitoring abilities that provide functionality to detect events.

 Time tolerance, meaning data transfers can be delayed.

 Time control, meaning data can only be sent or received at specific

predetermined periods.

 Location specific triggers that alert or wake up devices when they enter
particular areas.

 The ability to continually send and receive small amounts of data.

M2M requirements
According to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI),
requirements of an M2M system include:

 Scalability - The M2M system should be able to continue to function

efficiently as more connected objects are added.

 Anonymity - The M2M system must be able to hide the identity of an M2M
device when requested, subject to regulatory requirements.

 Logging - M2M systems must support the recording of important events,

such as failed installation attempts, service not operating or the occurrence
of faulty information. The logs should be available by request.

 M2M application communication principles - M2M systems should enable

communication between M2M applications in the network and the M2M
device or gateway using communication techniques, such as short message
 service (SMS) and IP Connected devices should also be able to
communicate with each other in a peer-to-peer (P2P) manner.

 Delivery methods - The M2M system should support Unicast,

anycast, multicast and broadcast communication modes, with broadcast
being replaced by multicast or anycast whenever possible to minimize the
load on the communication network.

 Message transmission scheduling - M2M systems must be able to control

network access and messaging schedules and should be conscious of
M2M applications' scheduling delay tolerance.

 Message communication path selection - Optimization of the message

communication paths within an M2M system must be possible and based
on policies like transmission failures, delays when other paths exist and
network costs.
M2M vs. IoT
While many use the terms interchangeably, M2M and IoT are not the same.
IoT needs M2M, but M2M does not need IoT.

Both terms relate to the communication of connected devices, but M2M

systems are often isolated, stand-alone networked equipment. IoT systems
take M2M to the next level, bringing together disparate systems into one
large, connected ecosystem.

M2M systems use point-to-point communications between machines, sensors

and hardware over cellular or wired networks, while IoT systems rely on IP-
based networks to send data collected from IoT-connected devices to
gateways, the cloud or middleware platforms.

M2M security
Machine-to-machine systems face a number of security issues, from
unauthorized access to wireless intrusion to device hacking. Physical security,
privacy, fraud and the exposure of mission-critical applications must also be
considered.

Typical M2M security measures include making devices and machines

tamper-resistant, embedding security into the machines, ensuring
communication security through encryption and securing back-end servers,
among others. Segmenting M2M devices onto their own network and
managing device identity, data confidentiality and device availability can also
help combat M2M security risks.

M2M standards

Machine-to-machine technology does not have a standardized device

platform, and many M2M systems are built to be task- or device-specific.
Several key M2M standards, many of which are also used in IoT settings,
have emerged over the years, including:

 OMA DM (Open Mobile Alliance Device Management), a device

management protocol

 OMA LightweightM2M, a device management protocol

 MQTT, a messaging protocol

 TR-069 (Technical Report 069), an application layer protocol

 HyperCat, a data discovery protocol

 OneM2M, a communications protocol

 Google Thread, a wireless mesh protocol

 AllJoyn, an open source software framework

Concerns about M2M
The major concerns surrounding M2M are all related to security. M2M devices
are expected to operate without human direction. This increases the potential
of security threats, such as hacking, data breaches and unauthorized
monitoring. In order to repair itself after malicious attacks or faults, an M2M
system must allow remote management, like firmware updates.

The necessity of remote management also becomes a concern when

considering the length of time M2M technology spends deployed. The ability
to service mobile M2M equipment becomes unrealistic since it is impossible to
send personnel to work on them.

The inability to properly service the M2M equipment creates various unique
security vulnerabilities for the M2M systems and the wireless networks they
use to communicate

They said technology was all about connecting people. Cut to a few
decades later and here we are experiencing the connecting of devices to
offer us humans some of the most convenient solutions to problems. In
the list of tech breakthroughs of our times, IoT does have a special
place as it is rewriting conventions across industries and helping us
evolve better as a race. It is through IoT that cities are ambitioned to
become smart cities, power grids as smart grids, cars as autonomous
cars and more.

As more devices get connected to the internet and among each other,
what we would need is a universal approach to interacting with
machines. Input devices like the mouse and the keyboard are becoming
obsolete by the day (except for some specialized applications) and
gradually, gestures and computer vision are becoming the norm. With
the bridge between the real world and virtual world getting stronger
and wider, IoT design becomes inevitable to interact with devices,
systems and architecture.

This post is all about the most important IoT design principles you
need to know. If you are an IoT specialist, UI/UX designer or an
aspiring techpreneur with visions on investing in IoT, this post is a
must-read.

Let’s get started.

What Is IoT Design?

IoT design is a specialized approach in delivering experiences to users

with respect to IoT ecosystems. Instead of relying on conventional
design principles, IoT design is all about taking a very specific
approach to designing IoT experiences, interactions and everything in
between. From logic flow and input of data to how results should be
displayed to users, IoT design is about all of it.

At this point, it is also important to understand that IoT design extends

beyond designing IoT applications, where emphasis is placed on UI,
UX, color schemes and more. This design is broader and more
inclusive, featuring aspects such as IoT tools, architecture, cloud
systems, operating modules and more.
Why Does IoT Design Matter?

IoT is relatively a new stream despite being a popular one. There is no

SOP, a templated approach or a conventional strategy to design IoT
systems and processes. The development of all solutions is case-basis,
where solutions, features, modules and more are designed and
deployed based on project requirements.

However, as the technology evolves, streamlining of interactions,

processing and delivery of results becomes inevitable for universal
understanding. Though each IoT ecosystem will have its own set of
devices and peripherals, IoT design ensures a meaningful collaboration
happens among devices in an ecosystem so users always have a clear
understanding of their networks and devices.

Now, this could sound challenging from the outlook but to make things
simpler for you, here are some tried and tested IoT design principles
you need to be familiar with.

10 IoT Design Principles You Can’t Overlook In 2021

Do Research On Your Target Audience

IoT development is more about experiences and services than

products. So, it all boils down to users and how they perceive and
interact with devices either independently or collectively. That’s why it
is important to understand your target audiences before you get started
with designing an IoT ecosystem.

Understanding your target audience will tell you the most ideal ways to
deliver results (as visuals, charts or videos), take data as input, about
the learning curve involved in operating an IoT device, the average age
of your audience and whether you need tutorials and walkthroughs to
orient them to your IoT bubble and more. Doing an extensive research
on your target audience will also help you understand their pain points
and reverse engineer solutions as well.

Work On Delivering Contextual Experiences

Right now, there is a vague understanding of the concept of IoT. People

only know that devices connected to the internet (and each other)
constitute an IoT ecosystem. They are either completely unfamiliar
with how IoT works or have misconceptions about it.

Mass adoption of IoT can only be possible when this understanding is

clear and thorough. Consumers will go an extra mile in integrating IoT
systems into their lives when they know how it works and the
intricacies involved. That’s why you should work on delivering
contextual experiences more than personalizing experiences.

Delivering contextual experience empowers them with the knowledge

of how that particular implementation solves their problems and
elevates their lifestyle. This approach creates a long-term demand for
your IoT-enabled products.

Focus On Creating Value

The onset of any new concept, product or service fetches reactions

from two types of people — those who can’t wait to get hands on with it
and those who are reluctant to use it. While it is easy to captivate the
former, it is the skeptical souls who are more difficult to convince.
That’s why your IoT solutions need to offer tangible and almost instant
benefits that could outweigh their initial hesitation on using your
solution. When you do this, users would automatically swarm in to
experience your systems.

For that, answer some basic questions on the value you are about to
deliver through your systems, the real issues your customers are facing,
existing solutions and their loopholes, barriers to adopting your
technology and solution and more.

Leverage The Use Of Prototype

One setback tech experts are still experiencing with IoT solutions is
that an established IoT ecosystem is difficult to upgrade or modify.
With devices and applications in their place, it is extremely difficult to
replace devices, introduce new ones or even modify system software.

That’s why you need to be extremely careful when you decide to go live
with your solution. Before you do, launch prototypes, get users to work
on it, accumulate feedback, optimize solutions, eliminate errors and
make iterations after iterations until it can’t be optimized anymore.
Your last iteration is your customers’ first interaction. So, make it
count and effective.

Prioritize Security First

IoT is ultimately a digital solution to physical, real-world problems.

Like you know, digital systems come with their own set of concerns
with respect to safety and security. With IoT dealing with tons of
confidential data that could go as personal as the purchasing power of
an individual (and other sensitive data), your priority should be on
building the most airtight IoT solution for the market.

Implement IoT design mechanisms that identify and eliminate

concerns before they creep in. Ensure data integrity and security at all
times and deploy edge computing wherever possible for seamless
security.

Effective Data Management

Extending the previous point slightly, let’s acknowledge that your IoT
system is going to generate massive amounts of data every second or
minute. Now, this does not mean that you should end up storing every
single byte of it. This is where logic comes in. You could work on
collecting, storing and processing only the data that is required for
processing and delete everything else.

When a data scientist works on a dataset, they spend close to 80% of

their time cleaning it. You could easily eliminate this by collecting and
storing only relevant data that would complement your IoT ecosystem.
This makes your systems faster and you could easily deploy devices
that have low latency, memory and battery concerns.
Consider Human Connection

IoT is a great concept to bring people together and talk about matters
that deserve attention. Your solutions should empower people in their
own ways and not step inside their own bubbles. While it is true that
you are connecting people and devices, the ultimate goal is to connect
people over common causes together.

Consider smart cities for instance. With IoT, people can be empowered
with the information of how much energy they consume on a daily or
hourly basis. Comparing their insights to that of their neighbors will
pave the way for power conservation races. In a disguised way, you are
making a set of strangers interact without the knowledge of each other.

Work On Branding

Branding is what will make people come to you and try your solutions
out. In a world of depleting attention spans, your efforts should grab
eyeballs and make them try your solutions. Apart from the value
delivery aspect, your brand should speak of credibility in the market.
The trust your customers would have on your brand will gradually
transition to the trust towards the whole concept of IoT. This is how
you become a pioneer in your market or industry. So, work on your
branding such as logos, messaging, principles, core beliefs, tone and
language and more and use all these to connect with your customers.
Have A Bird’s Eye View Of IoT Systems

Communication in an IoT ecosystem is not linear. It is a cobweb of

interconnected devices with multiple touch points. That’s why your IoT
design should be holistic in nature. Meaning, every single device in
your system must be properly defined in terms of how users interact
with it. The experience should be omnichannel and not subjected to
one particular device alone.

For instance, in a home automation system, the impact smart locks

leave in the mind of the user should be the same as what smart
illumination systems leave. This is how a universal experience can be
delivered.

Apply Existing UI Expertise To Solutions

In the beginning, we mentioned that IoT design goes beyond

conventional UI and UX practices. However, that doesn’t mean that
you unlearn the basics and what is already established. A wise IoT
designer would always build on foundations, working on tailoring
solutions to meet demands and requirements. The understanding of
what is to come can only be made possible with the knowledge of what
we have today. This blend can help you unlock newer designing
potential and deliver seamless experiences.

Examples Of Stunning IoT Designs

IoT Enabled Tracking And Monitoring System From DHL

After doing an extensive research on the use cases of IoT in the

logistics industry, DHL and Cisco came up with an IoT-driven model to
track the movement of their logistics in real-time. With the primary
challenge on managing information flow and the flow of fleets, a pilot
was launched by DHL and Huawei to deliver close to 12mn logistics to
China.

In this, every batch of the logistics was embedded with a chip that used
cellular IoT to connect to the internet and share details such as their
location in real time. Separate tracking modules were deployed at the
receiving end of the docks as well. Real-time analysis of data dictated
drivers to reach the most appropriate dock in time.

However, with projects of such scale, data security becomes

challenging yet crucial. That’s why the biggest takeaway from the pilot
was to design data flow and exchange with great attention to detail for
safety. Proxy-enabled devices like sensors cut off middlemen and
intruders from hacking devices and gaining access to data.

Eyelock

Based on the scientific fact that the human iris is unique for every
single individual in the world, Eyelock designs, develops and sells
advanced security systems for commercial and home applications. The
lock system uses iris biometrics to offer and limit access to
stakeholders. The IoT-enabled ecosystem works in tandem with an
application, sensors, authorization modules and more to deliver
impeccable security. With a totally different mode of interaction,
Eyelock has a seamless IoT design in place.

SimpliSafe Home Security

This is an ecosystem of home security solutions that personalises

devices based on users’ sensor and security requirements. It includes a
base station that acts as the brain of the system with 24 hours power
backup, burglary sensors, panic buttons, glass break sensors, extra
sirens, motion detectors, cameras, video-enabled doorbells and more.
The extensive range of home automation systems has all possible
combinations of human-machine interfaces and seamlessly brings
every element together with its airtight design.

Wrapping Up

So, these were the 10 crucial IoT design principles you need to be
familiar with. These factors will help you build credible solutions that
offer enriching insights and bring in healthy lifestyle changes.
Implement them and bring in a new breed of IoT systems in the
market.
For designers focused on designing SW services and screen based interfaces or physical
products, designing IoT solutions creates totally new design challenges. IoT solutions consist of
multiple elements: physical devices like sensors, actuators and interactive devices, the network
connecting these devices, the data gathered from these devices and analyzed to create a
meaningful experience and last but definitely not least, the physical context in which user
interacts with the solution. You need to do various types of design, from industrial product
design to service and business design. All of these factors have their impact to the total UX of
the IoT system and the task of designing in this context may feel quite overwhelming. To make it
a little easier, I have gathered my list of the 7 most important design principles for IoT.

1. Focus on value
In the world of IoT, user research and service design are more crucial than ever. While early
adopters are eager to try out new technology, many others are reluctant to take new technology
into use and cautious about using it, due to not feeling confident with it. For your IoT solution to
become widely adopted, you need to dig deep into users’ needs in order to find out where lies a
problem truly worth solving and what is the real end user value of the solution. You also need to
understand what might be the barriers of adopting the new technology in general and your
solution specifically. For deciding on your feature set, you need research too. The features that
might be valuable and highly relevant for the tech early adopters may be uninteresting for the
majority of the users and vice versa, so you need to plan carefully what features to include and in
which order.
2. Take a holistic view
IoT solutions typically consist of multiple devices with different capabilities and both physical
and digital touchpoints. The solution may also be provided in co-operation with multiple
different service providers. It is not enough to design one of the touchpoints well, instead you
need to take a holistic look across the whole system, the role of each device and service, and the
conceptual model of how user understands and perceives the system. The whole system needs to
work seamlessly together in order to create a meaningful experience.

3. Put safety first

As the IoT solutions are placed in the real world context, the consequences can be serious, when
something goes wrong. At the same time the users of the IoT solutions may be vary of using new
technology, so building trust should be one of your main design drivers. Trust is built slowly and
lost easily, so you really need to make sure that every interaction with the product/service builds
the trust rather than breaks it. What it means in practise? First of all, it means understanding
possible error situations related to context of use, HW, SW and network as well as to user
interactions and trying to prevent them. Secondly, if the error situations still occur, it means
appropriately informing the user about them and helping them to recover. Secondly, it means
considering data security & privacy as key elements of your design. It is really important for
users to feel, that their private data is safe, their home, working environment and everyday
objects cannot be hacked and their loved ones are not put at risk. Thirdly, quality assurance is
critical and it should not only focus on testing the SW, but on testing the end to end system, in a
real-world context.

4. Consider the context

IoT solutions exist at the crossroads of the physical and digital worlds. Commands given through
digital interfaces may produce real world effects, but unlike digital commands, the actions
happening in the real-world cannot necessarily be undone. In the real world context lots of
unexpected things can happen and at the same time user should be able to feel safe and in
control. The context places also other kind of requirements to the design. Depending on the
physical context, the goal might be to minimize distraction of the user or e.g. to design devices
that hold up against changing weather conditions. IoT solutions in homes, workplaces and public
areas are are typically multi-user systems and thus less personal than e.g. screen based solutions
used in smartphones, which also brings into picture the social context where the solution is used
and its’ requirements for the design.
5. Build a strong brand
Due to the real world context of the IoT solutions, regardless of how carefully you design things
and aim to build trust, something unexpected will happen at some point and your solution is
somehow going to fail. In this kind of situations, it is of utmost importance, that you have built a
strong brand that truly resonates with the end users. When they feel connected to your brand,
they will be more forgiving about the system failures and will still keep on using your solution.
While designing your brand, you must keep in mind, that trust should be a key element of the
brand, one of the core brand values. This core value should also be reflected in the rest of the
brand elements, like the choice of color, tone of voice, imagery etc.

6. Prototype early and often

Typically HW and SW have quite different lifespans, but as successful IoT solution needs both
the HW and SW elements, the lifespans should be aligned. At the same time, IoT solutions are
hard to upgrade, because once the connected object is placed somewhere, it is not so easy to
replace it with a newer version, especially if the user would need to pay for the upgrade and even
the software within the connected object may be hard to update due to security and privacy
reasons. Due to these factors and to avoid costly hardware iterations, it’s crucial to get the
solution right, from the beginning of implementation. What this means from the design
perspective is that prototyping and rapid iteration of both the HW and the whole solution are
essential in the early stages of the project. New, more creative ways of prototyping and faking
the solution are needed.

7. Use data responsibly

IoT solutions can easily generate tons of data. However, the idea is not to hoard as much data as
possible, but instead to identify the data points that are needed to make the solution functional
and useful. Still, the amount of data may be vast, so it’s necessary for the designer to understand
the possibilities of data science and how to make sense of the data. Data science provides a lot of
opportunities to reduce user friction, i.e. reducing use of time, energy and attention or
diminishing stress. It can be used to automate repeated context dependent decisions, to interpret
intent from incomplete/inadequate input or to filter meaningful signals from noise.
Understanding what data is available and how it can be used to help the user is a key element in
designing successful IoT services.

If you’d like to learn more, there are plenty of nice resources available as books and audiobooks.
For some quick reading, I would recommend e.g. Iot Design Manifesto, 7 things to know when
designing for the Internet of Things and Understanding the experience design of consumer IoT
products. Or just drop me a message and let’s talk :