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Lecture 7_Power Flow Problem

The document discusses power flow studies, which are essential for planning and operating power systems by determining voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus. It highlights the use of numerical methods like Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson for solving non-linear algebraic equations associated with power flow problems. Additionally, it classifies buses into slack, load, and regulated categories and includes practice questions for applying the Gauss-Seidel method in real scenarios.

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Moses Mutembei
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0 views

Lecture 7_Power Flow Problem

The document discusses power flow studies, which are essential for planning and operating power systems by determining voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus. It highlights the use of numerical methods like Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson for solving non-linear algebraic equations associated with power flow problems. Additionally, it classifies buses into slack, load, and regulated categories and includes practice questions for applying the Gauss-Seidel method in real scenarios.

Uploaded by

Moses Mutembei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Lecture 7

Introduction
 Power flow studies are of great importance in planning and operation.

 A power flow study gives the magnitude and angle of the voltage at each bus.

 Once the bus voltage magnitudes and angles are known, the real and reactive

power flow through each line can be computed and hence losses in a system.

 Power flow studies are a steady state analysis of a power system. They are called

as load flow studies.

 Since the loads are specified in terms of power, the resulting equations are non-

linear algebraic which need to be solved iteratively.

 We use numerical methods such as Gauss-Seidal and Newton-Raphson Methods

for solving them.

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Power Flow Problem
• The problem consists of determining the magnitudes and

phase angles of voltages at each bus.

• As a by-product, active and reactive power flow in equipment

such as transmission lines and transformers, as well as losses

can be computed.

• In solving power flow problem, the system is assumed to be

operating under balanced conditions and normally a single

phase model is used.


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Characterization of Variables

• Loads (PL, QL) – Uncontrolled (disturbances) variable


• Generation (PG, QG) – control variable
• Voltage (V, δ) - State variables.
• Therefore we have four quantities associated with each
bus.
i. Voltage magnitude V
ii. Phase angle, δ
iii. Active power, P
iv. Reactive power, Q
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Bus Classification
i. Slack bus (Swing or Reference Bus) – is used to balance the

active and reactive power in the system and is taken as

reference bus. V and δ are specified.

ii. Load buses (P-Q buses) – the reactive (Q) and real (P) power

are specified at these buses. V and δ are unknown.

iii. Regulated buses (P-V buses) – P and V are specified. Q and δ

to be determined. The limits on the value of Q may be

specified.
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Load Flow: Power balance and the slack bus

• Active and reactive power balance:

• Pnetwork−Loss and Qnetwork−Loss are not predictable (depends on the network


state).
→it is not possible to impose the value of the power for all buses.
• Slack Bus is used to provide system losses by emitting or absorbing
active/reactive power to or from the system.
• (is chosen to be the most important generator or the connection with an
important network.)

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Load Flow Equations

From this relationship, the mathematical formulation of the power flow problem results in a
system of algebraic non-linear equations which must be solved by iterative techniques.
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Load Flow Equations

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Solving Nonlinear equation
• The study of Power Systems requires sometimes solving

nonlinear algebraic equations.

• Iterative techniques are used for solving these equations.

• The most common are:

i. Gauss-Seidel method

ii. Newton-Raphson method

iii. Quasi-Newton method.

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Gauss-Seidel Method for Solving Nonlinear
Equations

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• The power flow equation is usually expressed in terms of the elements of

the bus admittance matrix. Since the off-diagonal elements of the bus

admittance matrix Ybus, shown by uppercase letters, are and the

diagonal elements are a and the equations becomes.

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Practice Question
• Fig below shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per
unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line
impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA base and the line charging
susceptance are neglected
• Using Gauss-Seidel method, a) determine the phasor values of the voltage at load buses 2 and
3 (P-Q buses) to 4 decimal places. b) Find slack bus real and reactive power. c) Determine the
line flows and line losses. d) Construct a power flow diagram showing the direction of line
flow.

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Practice Question
• Figure below shows the single-line diagram of three-bus power system with
generator at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05
per unit. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 per unit with a real power
generation at 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from
bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base and the line
charging susceptance are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by Gauss
Seidel method including line flows and line losses.

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