Integration Formulas

1. Basic Integration Rules

xn+1
Z
xn dx = + C, n ̸= −1.
n+1
Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C.
x
Z
ex dx = ex + C.
ax
Z
ax dx = + C, a > 0, a ̸= 1.
ln a

2. Trigonometric Functions
Z
sin x dx = − cos x + C.
Z
cos x dx = sin x + C.
Z
π
tan x dx = ln | sec x| + C, x ̸= + nπ.
2
Z
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C, x ̸= nπ.
Z
π
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C, x ̸= + nπ.
2
Z
csc x dx = − ln | csc x + cot x| + C, x ̸= nπ.

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3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Z
1
√ dx = arcsin x + C, |x| < 1.
1 − x2
−1
Z
√ dx = arccos x + C, |x| < 1.
1 − x2
Z
1
dx = arctan x + C.
1 + x2
−1
Z
dx = x + C.
1 + x2
Z
1
√ dx = x + C, |x| > 1.
x x2 − 1
−1
Z
√ dx = x + C, |x| > 1.
x x2 − 1

4. Hyperbolic Functions
Z
sinh x dx = cosh x + C.
Z
cosh x dx = sinh x + C.
Z
tanh x dx = ln | cosh x| + C.
Z
coth x dx = ln | sinh x| + C, x ̸= 0.
Z
sech2 x dx = tanh x + C.
Z
csch2 x dx = − coth x + C.
Z
sech x dx = arctan(sinh x) + C.
Z
csch x dx = ln | coth x − csch x| + C.

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5. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
Z
ln x dx = x ln x − x + C.
Z Z
(ln x)n dx = x(ln x)n − n (ln x)n−1 dx, n > 0.
Z
1 ax
eax dx = e + C, a ̸= 0.
a
Z
xex dx = (x − 1)ex + C.
Z
ef (x) f ′ (x) dx = ef (x) + C.
Z
1
dx = ln | ln x| + C, x > 1.
x ln x

6. Special Functions
Z
1 x
√ dx = arcsin + C, |x| < a.
a2 − x2 a
Z
1 p
√ dx = ln x + x2 + a2 + C.
2
x +a 2
Z
1 p
√ dx = ln x + x2 − a2 + C, |x| > a.
x2 − a2
Z
1 1 x
dx = arctan + C.
x2 + a2 a a
x−a
Z
1 1
dx = ln + C.
x2 − a2 2a x+a
Z
x p
√ dx = − a2 − x2 + C.
2
a −x 2

7. Integration by Parts
R R
For u dv = uv − v du:
Z
xex dx = (x − 1)ex + C.

x2
Z
x ln x dx = (ln x − 1) + C.
2

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8. Reduction Formulas
Z Z
xn ex dx = xn ex − n xn−1 ex dx.
Z Z
(ln x)n dx = x(ln x)n − n (ln x)n−1 dx.
n−1
Z Z
1
sinn x dx = − sinn−1 x cos x + sinn−2 x dx.
n n
n−1
Z Z
n 1 n−1
cos x dx = cos x sin x + cosn−2 x dx.
n n