FACULTY: ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & GEOMATICS

SUBJECT: WATER ENGINEERING 2 - PAGES: 3 APPENDICES: 3 TIME: 3 hours

RETICULATION DESIGN
9:00 – 12:00
CODE: WER360S
FINAL TEST
DATE: MAY 2022

COURSE: National Diploma CIVIL ENGINEERING ((D3CIVL)

EXAMINER : MR R.M. MAMBWE

INTERNAL MODERATOR: MR M. PHILLIPS

EXTERNAL MODERATOR: DR M. MAGOMBEYI

INSTRUCTIONS
1. This is an open book test that must be done individually.
2. Number the questions correctly and complete a question before starting the next one.
3. Students will be penalised for unnumbered or incorrectly numbered questions.
4. No mark will be allocated for answers provided without units or with wrong units.
5. Illegible (unreadable) work will not be marked and a zero mark will be allocated.
6. Use full values for all calculations - round off all final answers to 3 decimals (where applicable).
7. A formula sheet with only key equations is provided
8. Information/data not provided should be assumed and all assumptions justified
9. Any hint of plagiarism or group work will be heavily penalised.

REQUIREMENTS TOTAL ………………/90

Non programmable calculator.
Use only pen for writing, pencil for draft calculation,
and ruler for drawing tables.

DO NOT TURN OVER UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO

1
Question 1 [20]
A centrifugal pump operating at a speed of 1500 rpm delivers water through a 410 m long pipe of
diameter 200 mm to an elevated tank where the water surface is 20 m above the water surface in
the suction tank. The pump is located 2.84 m above the intake level of the suction pipe and the
length of the suction pipe is 55 m (which is included in the total length of the pipe).
The pump has the characteristics given in the table below. Use a Darcy friction factor (λ) of 0.005,
atmospheric pressure of 100.8 kPa and vapour pressure of 2.445 kPa.
Q (l/s) 0 28 57 85 113
H (m) 30 29 27 24 19
NPSHR (m) - 5 6 7 8
(i) Taking only friction losses into account, plot pump and system curves to determine the duty
point. (9)
(ii) Check whether the pump is prone to cavitation or not. (5)
(iii) Define cavitation (2)
(iv) What are the causes of cavitation? (2)
(v) State how cavitation can be prevented. (2)

Question 2 [5]
A 350 mm diameter sanitary sewer is laid at a slope of 2.5 m every 1.5 km. If the pipe is flowing at
40% full, calculate the velocity and discharge using Manning's formula with n = 0.012. Use the
partial flow figure in the Appendices.

Question 3 [20]
Determine the flows in the various pipes and the pressure at the nodes of the following network.
The inflow at the supply point A is 100 L/s and the demand at nodes D and F are 65 L/s and 35 L/s,
respectively. The pressure at node A is 60 m with an elevation of 45 m. The elevations at the other
nodes are as follows: B(42m), D(37m), E(35m) and F(33.5m).

Use the Hazen-Williams equation with Chw=100 for all pipes. Only perform two iterations.
(Show your answers for the two loops in tabular form – an example of a table you can use is
provided below).

100 L/s
35 L/s
F
A

E B

D
2
65 L/s
 L (m) D (m) Q HL (m) HL/Q ∑HL ∑HL/Q -∑HL/(1.852∑HL/Q)
Pipe (m3/s) (m) (absolute
value)
AB 600 0.250
BD 1050 0.150
DE 600 0.200
EF 600 0.150
FA 900 0.200
BE 900 0.150

Question 4 [30]
You are tasked to design a storm water drain at point Z for the catchment shown in the figure
below. The mean annual rainfall for the area is 560 mm. The undeveloped section is a flat,
permeable grassland with thick grass cover and has a ground slope of 4.0%. The Park in the
developed section is mainly a lawn composed of sandy soil with a slope of 1.8%.

The time of concentration, Tc, for the area is determined by the route W-X-Y-Z. There is overland
flow in Section WX while X-Y-Z gives flow in a defined water course. The average slope of the
channel X-Y-Z is 0.042.

(i) Use the Rational method to determine the peak discharge for a 10-yr design storm into
the drain at point Z. Make use of IDF curves as well relevant information and tables in
the Appendices. Apply an appropriate runoff reduction factor (also provided in the
appendices).
(ii) Determine the diameter of the drain Z assuming that pipes are flowing full at a velocity
of 1.5 m/s.
Show all intermediate steps and calculations clearly.

350 m 250 m 100 m

W

Park
(lawn) 250 m

650 m Undeveloped
land
X

600 m
Residential
Light
flats
industry

Y Z 3
Question 5 [15]
A residential area has been demarcated according to the population density characteristics as
shown in the table below. All sewage collects at manhole MH before being discharged to the outfall
sewer. Taking a uniform infiltration rate of 15%, determine:
(i) the average dry weather flow (ADWF), peak dry weather flow (PDWF) and peak wet
weather flow (PWWF) from manhole MH to the outfall sewer.
(ii) the diameter of the pipe from manhole MH leading to the outfall sewer if flowing at
70% full. Use a Manning coefficient of 0.013 and a slope of 1/250.
Obtain the peak factor from the figure provided in Appendices.

Land use (residential) High density Medium Low density Very low
(HD) density (MD) (LD) density
(VLD)
No of units 560 220 120 70
Average flow (l/unit/day) 540 600 900 1200
No of people per unit 6 5 4 3

VLD LD

HD MD

MH

OUTFALL

4
 APPENDICES

Formula sheet
𝑉𝑉 2 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 10.68𝐿𝐿
Hm = K hf = 𝑄𝑄2 = 𝑄𝑄2 hf = 𝑄𝑄1.852
2𝑔𝑔 12.1 𝐷𝐷5 3.03𝐷𝐷5 𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑤𝑤 1.852 𝐷𝐷4.87
1
= -2log [
5.1286
+ 10.29 𝑁𝑁2 𝐿𝐿 ∆Q = 𝝈𝝈 =
√𝜆𝜆 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 0.89
hf = 𝑄𝑄2
𝐷𝐷16/3 ∑𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑘𝑘 (Hazen Williams)
] −𝟏𝟏.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖∑
𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
3.7𝐷𝐷 𝑸𝑸
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ∑𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
Re = ∆Q = (Hardy Cross) Hsystem = hst + ∑hL
ν 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
−𝟐𝟐∑
𝑸𝑸
𝑉𝑉 2 𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Hsystem = hst + hfd + ∑hmd + hfs + ∑hms + NPHSA = ∓hst – hfs - ∑hms + −
2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 𝛾𝛾

V= Q= V= C√𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 4𝑄𝑄
1 8 1 D=�
2/3 1/2 1 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
R S (Manning) πD S (Manning pipe full flow)
3 2
𝑛𝑛 4𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝜌𝜌 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
Qn+1 = Qo (1 + n ) Qn+1 = Qo (1 + )n P=
100 100 𝜂𝜂

√𝑄𝑄 Overland flow:

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Water course: 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =
𝐻𝐻3/4 Tc = 0.604( 0.5 )0.467
𝑠𝑠
Tc is the time of concentration in hrs 0.385
0.87𝐿𝐿2
r is the roughness coefficient based on Table below � �
L is the hydraulic length of catchment (km) 1000𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
S is the slope or gradient (m/m)

Pn = Po (1+r)n 497 𝑥𝑥 10−6 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪

Iν= Q=
(𝑡𝑡+42.5)1.5 𝟑𝟑.𝟔𝟔

Rational formula tables

Rural Cr Urban Cu
Components Classification Mean Annual Rainfall (MAR in mm) Use Factor
<600 600 - 900 >900
Surface slope Vlei’s & pans (<3%) 0.01 0.03 0.05 Lawns
Cs Flat areas (3 to 10%) 0.06 0.08 0.11 Sandy, flat (<2%) 0.05 – 0.10
Hilly (10 to 30%) 0.12 0.16 0.20 Sandy, steep (>7%) 0.15 – 0.20
Steep areas (>30%) 0.22 0.26 0.30 Heavy soils, flat (<2%) 0.13 – 0.17
Heavy soils, steep (>7%) 0.25 – 0.35
Permeability Very permeable 0.03 0.04 0.05 Residential areas
Cp Permeable 0.06 0.08 0.10 Houses 0.30 – 0.50
Semi-permeable 0.12 0.16 0.20 Flats 0.50 – 0.70
impermeable 0.21 0.26 0.30
Vegetation Thick bushy & plantation 0.03 0.04 0.05 Industry
Cv Light bush & farm land 0.07 0.11 0.15 Light industry 0.50 – 0.80
Grass lands 0.17 0.21 0.25 Heavy industry 0.60 – 0.90
No vegetation 0.26 0.28 0.30 Business
Suburban 0.50 – 0.70
City centre 0.70 – 0.95
Streets 0.70 – 0.95
Maximum flood 1.00

Runoff coefficient adjustment factors (Ft) for rural areas

Return period (years) 2 5 10 20 50 100
Factor for steep & impermeable 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
catchments (slope > 10%)
Factor for flat & permeable 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.67 0.83 1.00
catchments (slope ≤ 10%)

Recommended values of r
Surface description r
Smooth paving /paved areas 0.02
Clean compacted soil, no stones 0.10
Sparse grass over fairly rough surface 0.30
Moderate/medium grass 0.40
Thick grass cover 0.80

5
Partial flow diagram

IDF curves

6
 Peak factors for residential land use

Stormwater pipe diameter and gradient

Diameter Desirable gradient 1/… Absolute min gradient 1/…
300 80 230
375 110 300
450 140 400
525 170 500
600 200 600
675 240 700
750 280 800
825 320 900
900 350 1000
1050 440 1250
1200 520 1500