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Periodic Table Chemistry 5070

The document provides an overview of the Periodic Table, detailing its history, structure, and properties of various groups of elements. It discusses the differences between Mendeleev's original table and the modern version, as well as the characteristics of alkali metals, transition metals, halogens, and noble gases. Additionally, it highlights the trends in reactivity, bonding, and uses of these elements in various applications.

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15 views24 pages

Periodic Table Chemistry 5070

The document provides an overview of the Periodic Table, detailing its history, structure, and properties of various groups of elements. It discusses the differences between Mendeleev's original table and the modern version, as well as the characteristics of alkali metals, transition metals, halogens, and noble gases. Additionally, it highlights the trends in reactivity, bonding, and uses of these elements in various applications.

Uploaded by

abubakarfaisal018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Periodic Table

Periodic Table
• The Progenitor Periodic Table
• First periodic table made by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869.
• The Modern Periodic Table
• Differences to Mendeleev’s:
– 115 elements while for Mendeleev’s is 69.
– Mendeleev arranged the elements according to relative atomic
mass while today we arrange according proton number.
• Period – horizontal row of elements in periodic table.
• Group – vertical column of elements in periodic table numbered
from 0 to 10 Elements between Group II and Group III – Transition
metal.
Patterns in the Periodic Table

1. Electronic Structure
• Elements in same group has the same
number of valence shell electrons which
the amount is the same as the group
number.
• e.g. Group II has elements with valency
of 2 electron.
2. Charges On Ions
• The charges relates to the group number
and number of valence electrons.
• Elements on left side periodic table lose
electrons to form cation.
• Elements on right side periodic table gains
electrons to form anion.
• Transition metals may form variable cation
of 2+ or 3+.
3. Bonding

• Elements in same group form same type and number of


bonds due to the same number of valence electrons.
• e.g. Sodium in Group I forms NaCl, so other elements in
Group I does the same.
• (RbCl, KCl, LiCl, CsCl)
4. Metals and Non-metals

Metals Non-metals

On the left side of periodic table On the right side of periodic table

Have less than( 4) valence electrons Have more (>4) valence electrons
5. Changes in Group

• Proton number increases going down the group


• On each side of periodic table the change of the
proton number small & gradual
• In transition metal the gradual change is larger.
Predicting Properties

1. Farmula and structure


• Given chlorine iodine bromine of Group VII forms
molecules of Cl2, I2 and Br2 respectively predict the
molecular formula of Fluorine. \F2.
Properties of elements

• Properties of element changes down the group.


• i.e. given list of group 7 elements, predict the properties
of astatine.
Group Properties

1. Group I Elements – The Alkali Metals


• They are very soft metal can easily cut by knife due to weak
metallic bonding.
• One valence electron. Valency is +1 can lose one electron.
• Most reactive metals not found in free state can easily
react with the moisture so they are kept in kerosene oil to
protect them from reacting with air.
Group Properties(Alkali Metals)

• They are low density metals even lower than water due to
weak metallic bonding but their densities increases down
the group.
• They are found in combined form.
• Members of this group Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr,
Group Properties(Alkali Metals)

Element Chloride Nitrate Sulphate Oxide


Lithium LiCl LiNO3 Li2SO4 Li2O

Sodium NaCl NaNO3 Na2SO4 Na2O

Potassium KCl KNO3 K2SO4 K 2O


Group Properties(Alkali Metals)

Name Symbol Density (g/cm3) Melting point


(oC)
Lithium Li 0.53 180
Sodium Na 0.97 98
Potassium K 0.86 64
Rubidium Rb 1.5 39
Caesium Cs 1.9 29
Group Properties(Alkali Metals)

Reaction with air


• Explosive reaction.
• Readily catches fire if exposed to air forming white solid
oxide.
• Reactivity increases down the group. The metals at the
bottom will react more explosively than the above one.
• 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
Group Properties(Alkali Metals)

Reaction with cold water


Alkali Metal + water→ Base or alkali + H2
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
Reaction with non metal.
Alkali metal + halogen → salt
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
Transition Elements

• Properties
• First transition series are all metals
• Transition elements have high melting points
• They have high density
• They have variable oxidation state, e.g. Iron (Fe) appear as Fe2+ or
Fe3+
• They form coloured compounds, e.g. CuSO4 is blue, FeSO4 is green
• They form complex ions, e.g. MnO -, Manganate(VII) ions They act
as catalysts
Uses of Transition Elements

• Most transition elements and their compounds act as


catalysts which speed up chemical reactions.
• Iron is used in Haber Process for manufacture of ammonia
• Vanadium(V) oxide is used in contact process to
manufacture sulphuric acid
• Nickel is used in hydrogenation of alkenes to form saturated
fats (e.g. margarine)
Advantages

– Since transition elements speed up chemical processes


in industries, they saves time in manufacture
– Less energy is needed for manufacture in industries,
hence lower cost
– Since less energy is needed, more energy resources
can be conserved, e.g. oil to generate electricity in
producing iron.
Halogens Group VII
• These are elements which reacts with most metals to form salts
• very reactive elements
• have seven outer shell electrons
• each molecule in the element is diatomic (contains two atoms, eg F2)
• elements become darker and solidify down the group.
• Halogens gives a charge of –1, so they give similar formulae, eg: NaBr,
NaI.
• reacts vigorously with metals to form ionic salts for the equation:
• 2K + Br2 → 2KBr
• halogens become less reactive down the group.
• halogens become less reactive down the group.
• Displacement Reactions
• More reactive halogen displaces less reactive halogen.
• eg: aqueous fluorine was added into sodium bromide solution. State the
chemical equation of the reaction.
• They have low melting and boiling points which increases down the group.
Halogens Group VII

Element Molecular Melting Boiling State at Colour


formula point (oC) point (oC) r.t.p.

Fluorine F2 -220 -189 gas Pale yellow

Chlorine Cl2 -101 -35 gas Greenish yellow

Bromine Br2 -7 59 liquid Reddish brown

Iodine I2 114 184 solid Shiny black


Noble Gas Group VIII
• Are least reactive elements in the state of gas. They do not form bonds
- have stable electronic configuration with full electrons on their shells
- coloured gases consisting of single atoms (monoatomic)
- low melting and boiling points
•
• Uses of the Noble Gases
- argon used in light bulbs as it wouldn’t react with the hot filament
- neon used in neon advertising strip lights
- helium used in small and weather balloons, and airships for less density

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