The Periodic Table *Due to change from metal to non-metal across a

-a list of elements arranged in order of increasing period, there is also a change in the properties of the
proton (atomic) numbers elements.
Discovery *Going down a group, there is an increase in
Dimitri Mendeleev - chemist; in 1871 organised metallic properties and a decrease in non-metallic
elements using a system called the periodic table properties. This is because going down a group, the
size of the atom increases. This means that the
Features of the Periodic Table valence electrons of an element will be further away
The periodic table divides the elements into periods from the attractive force of the nucleus. An element
and groups. further down a group will thus lose its valence
electrons more easily.
Groups - a group is a vertical column of elements
-the periodic table consists of eight groups of Electron Configuration
elements, numbered from I to VII, and 0 -elements in the same period have the same number
-group 0 is sometimes called Group VIII of electron shells
-the groups run from top to bottom
Charge of Ion
Periods - a period is horizontal row of elements
-the periodic table consists of seven periods of Type of
elements, numbered from 1 to 7 Charge
Group ion
of ion
Examples Explanation
-the periods run from left to right formed
I +1 Na+, K+ -metals
Mg2+, -tend to lose
*In 1996, a research team of 21 scientists led by II +2 Ca2+, electrons to form
Sigurd Hofman managed to create a new element positive ions. The
with proton number 112 (Copernicum). They had positive charge of the ion
previously succeeded in creating five new elements is the same as the
III +3 Al3+ group number of
- elements with proton numbers 107 (Bohrium),
the element
108 (Hassium), 109 (Meitnerium), 110
forming it.
(Darmstadtium), 111 (Roentgenium). By 2010, -share electrons to
IV Elements CH 4
element 112 was officially added to the periodic form covalent
tend to
table and given the name ‘copernicum’, after form
bonds
Copernicus, a famous scientist. Hofmann’s research covalent
-have a maximum
team included scientists from Germany, Finland, V PCl5 oxidation state
instead
that is the same as
Russia, and Slovakia. of ionic
the group number
bond
of the element.
Periodic Trends VI -2 O2-, S2- -non metals
Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties -tend to gain
negative
-elements on the periodic table can be classified VII -1 electrons to form
negative ions
based on their metallic and non-metallic properties. elements -have stable
Metalloid - have the properties of both metals and do not electronic
non-metals 0 form -structures
com- do not form
*A common example of a metalloid is silicon. It is pounds compounds
Relationship between the group number and the charge of the
used to make computer chips. Silicon chips are ion formed by each element
widely used in electronic devices like computers
and mobile phones.
Group I Elements - Alkali Metals
*Metals are grouped on the left-hand side of each -Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K),
period. Non-metals are grouped on the right-hand Rubidium (Rb), Caesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr)
side.
Physical Properties of Alkali Metals and potassium) that are lost through perspiration
-soft and can be cut easily during exercise.
-have low melting and boiling points
-have low densities; lithium, sodium and potassium Group I elements (Alkali metals)
float on water Electronic Physical Chemicals Group
Structure Properties Properties trends
*Lithium is used to make batteries that power going down
-react with
electronic devices like digital cameras. the group,
water to
-soft metals the:
form an
*When freshly cut, alkali metals show a shiny and -one -low -melting
alkali and
valence melting and and boiling
silvery surface that rapidly tarnishes to air. hydrogen
electron boiling point
-powerful
-Na: 2,8,1 points decrease
Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals reducing
K: 2,8,8,1 -low -density
-highly reactive metals agents
densities increases
-have one valence electron, by losing this an alkali -form ionic
-reactivity
compounds
metal attains the electronic structure of a noble gas increases

1. Alkali metals react with cold water to form an Group VII Elements - Halogens
alkali and hydrogen -Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine
(I), and Astatine (At)
Alkali Observations and equations for
Metal reactions with water Physical Properties of Halogens
Reacts quickly. Lithium floats in water. Halogens are non-metals that exist as diatomic
Lithium covalent molecules (e.g. F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
lithium + water lithium hydroxide + H -they have low melting and boiling points
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) -they are colored
Reacts violently. Sodium darts around the Going down the group:
water surface. Reaction may be explosive.
-the melting points and boiling points of halogens
Sodium
sodium + water sodium hydroxide + H
increase
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) -the colors of halogens become darker
Reacts very violently. Reaction is
explosive. *The melting and boiling points and color intensity
Potassium of halogens increase down the group.
potassium + water potassium hydroxide + H
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2g Chemical Properties of Halogens
-reactive non metals
2. Alkali metals are powerful reducing agents -have seven valence electrons, this means that only
-form ions with a charge of +1 by losing one one more electron is needed to achieve the stable
electron from the outer shell electron configuration of a noble gas
Li Li+ + e-
Since the alkali metals give away their electrons *Halogens react with most metals to form salts
readily, they behave as powerful reducing agents in called halides. Fluoride ions (F-), Chloride ions
all their reactions. (Cl-), Bromide ions (Br-) and Iodide ions (I-) are
examples of halide ions.
3. Alkali metals form ionic compounds
-their compounds have similar chemical formulae 1. Halogens undergo displacement reactions with
and are soluble in water halide solutions
-a displacement reaction is a reaction in which one
*Salts of sodium and potassium are added to sports element takes the place of another element in a
drinks. Sports drinks are essential for athletes to compound
replenish salts in their bodies (particularly sodium
*Some silver halide (silver bromide and silver -insoluble in water
iodide) solutions are used to form images in X-ray -unreactive
film due to their sensitivity to light.
*Their full electronic structures make the noble
*A more reactive halogen will displace a less gases unreactive. Noble gases do not lose, gain or
reactive halogen from its halide solution. share electrons. Hence, they rarely react to form
compounds.
*Unlike alkali metals, the reactivity of halogens
decreases down the group. This is because the size Uses of Noble Gases
of the atom increases down the group, making it -mostly used to provide an inert atmosphere
more difficult for the nucleus to attract one more Helium - used for filling weather or advertisement
electron. balloons and airship
Argon - fill tungsten bulbs. It provides an inert
2. Halogens are powerful oxidizing agents (unreactive) atmosphere that prevents oxidation of
-during chemical reactions, atoms of halogens the filament
readily gain electrons to form halide ions with a Neon - used in making lights and advertising signs
charge of -1 Xenon - used in vehicle headlamps
-the displacement reactions between halogens and Argon - used to provide an inert atmosphere for
other halide ions can also be classified as redox certain processes such as welding stainless steels
reactions. For example, in the displacement reaction
between chlorine and potassium bromide, chlorine Key Ideas
oxidizes bromide ions to bromine and is itself 1. Group 0 elements are called noble gases
reduced to chloride ions. Chlorine acts as the 2. Noble gases are unreactive, monoatomic non-
oxidizing agent while the bromide ion acts as metals
reducing agent. 3. The lack of reactivity of noble gases is due to
their full electronic structures
Group VII elements (Halogens) 4. Argon and neon are used in light bulbs as they
Electronic Physical Chemical Group provide an inert atmosphere which protects the
Structure Properties Properties trends filament from oxidation
-nonmetals -a more
-going
-form covalent, reactive Transition Elements
down the
diatomic halogen -block of metals found between groups II and III in
group, the
-seven molecules displaces a the periodic table
-boiling and
valence -low melting and less
melting -also called as transition metals
electro boiling points reactive
points -common transition metals: Chromium (Cr),
ns halogen
increase Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and Copper (Cu)
-F: 2,7 At room from its
-color
Cl: temperature: halide
becomes Properties of Transition Metals
2,8,7 -fluorine and solution
darker
chlorine are gases -powerful 1. Transition metals have high melting and boiling
-reactivity
-bromine is liquid oxidizing
decreases
points and high densities
-iodine is solid agents
Grp. I Grp. II Transitional Metal
Group 0 Elements - Noble gases metal metal
-also known as inert gases Element K Ca Cr Mn Fe Cu
Melting 63 839 1857 1244 1538 1084
-Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton
Boiling 774 1484 2672 1962 2750 2567
(Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn) Density 0.86 1.55 7.19 7.21 7.86 8.92
Melting and boiling points and densities of metals in group 4
Properties of Noble Gases
-nonmetals *Rocket engine is made of a nobium-titanium alloy.
-monoatomic Both niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti) have very high
-are colorless gases at room temperature melting points and are thus able to withstand the
-have low melting and boiling points high temperatures within the rocket engine.
2. Transition metals have variable oxidation states Catalyst Industrial process
COS = common oxidation state Ex = example iron Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia
nickel manufacture of margarine from vegetable oil
Some uses of transition metals as catalysts
Compounds of
Chromium Manganese
Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu) ssKey Ideas
(Cr) (Mn)
COS Ex COS Ex COS Ex COS Ex 1. Transition elements are found between groups II
CrCl3 +2 MnCl2 and III of the periodic table
+3 +2 FeCl2 +1 Cu2O
K2Cr2 +4 MnO2K
+6
O7 +7 MnO4
+3 FeCl3 +2 CuSO4 2. Transition metals
Common oxidation states of some transition metals in their compounds (a) have high melting and boiling points and high
densities
3. Transition metals form colored compounds (b) have variable oxidation states in their
-the colors of the compounds of a transition metal compounds
are different at different oxidation states (c) form colored compounds
(d) compounds act as catalysts in a number of
example: aqueous iron (III) chloride is yellow while industrial processes
aqueous iron (II) chloride is green

*When naming the compounds of a transition

element, specify the oxidation state of the transition
element in the compound, e.g. iron (II) chloride
(FeCl2) or iron (III) chloride (FeCl3).

*Compounds of transition metals are used in dyes,

pigments, paints and stained glass windows to
produce different colors.

Chromium Iron Manganese Copper

chromium
iron (II) manganese(IV) copper(I)
(III)
sulfate oxide oxide
chloride
CrCl3 FeSO4 MnO2 Cu2O
+3 +2 +4 +1
green pale green black red
Potassium potassium
iron (III) copper (II)
dichromate manganate
chloride oxide
(VI) (VIII)
K2Cr2O7 FeCl3 KMnO4 CuO
+6 +3 +7 +2
orange yellow purple black
Colors and oxidation of some transition metal compounds

4. Transition metals and their compounds are good

catalysts
-transition metals and their compounds are
important catalysts for many reactions, both in the
laboratory and industry
Catalyst - substance that increases the speed of a
chemical reaction and remains chemically
unchanged at the end of the reaction