How do we see the objects?

1. Light- Reflection and Refraction

When light falls on an object and it reaches our eye after
reflection, then object becomes visible to us. Colour of the
Light (Visible light) Form of energy which enables the sensation of
object is the colour of reflected light.
vision. OR
Part of electromagnetic spectrum visible to us.

Properties of light
1. Light is an electromagnetic wave.
Note: Sunlight consists of seven colours.
2. Light shows rectilinear propagation. (Light travels in a straight
You can remember the colours by
line in a medium until strikes a surface)
VIBGYOR. Colours other than these seven
3. Speed of light is maximum in vacuum (3 x 108 m/s) colours are obtained by mixing of different light.

4. Wavelength- 400nm – 700nm

Types of Reflection
Frequency- 400THz- 700THz (Approx)

Reflection of light
Returning back of light in same medium after falling on a surface.

Regular reflection: Incident rays – Parallel, Reflected rays –

Laws of Reflection
Parallel
1. Incident ray, normal and reflected ray from the point of
incidence always lie in same plane. Diffused reflection: Incident rays – Parallel,
2. Angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection.
Reflected rays – Not Parallel
i = r
 How will you decide wether the relection from a sufrace is Types of Images
regular or diffused?
Virtual image Real image
Regular reflection- Takes place from a smooth/polished Can not be obtained on a Can be obtained on a screen
surface and we can see our clear image in that surface. screen Ex: Image formed by
Example: Plane mirror. Ex: Image formed by plane projector lens (convex lens)
mirror
Diffused reflection- Takes place from a rough surface and Always Erect (w.r.t. object) Always inverted (w.r.t.
we can not see our clear image in that surface. Example: object)
Reflection from a wall.

Uses of plane mirror

1. Used in dressing mirrors.

2. Used in showcases or shops to for false dimensions. (Virtual

broadening of shops)

3. Used to make kaleidoscope to get multiple designs and also used

in periscope.
 Rules for image formation by spherical mirrors:
1. If a light rain comes parallel to the principal axis then it will
pass or appears to pass from focus point after reflection from
the mirror.

2. If light ray passes from focus or projected towards focus then

after reflection from the mirror it goes parallel to the principal
axis.

3. If a light ray passes from centre of curvature or projected

towards centre of curvature then after reflection it returns back
on the same path.
Note:
 Uses of convex mirror:
1. Used as a side view mirror or rear view mirror in vehicles.

Reason- it forms smaller image so provides A wider field of view.

2. Used in street lights.

Reason- it is a diverging mirror so it spreads the light to a wider

area.

3. Is used on blind turns, railway platforms to prevent accidents.

4. Used in search mirrors

Uses of concave mirror:

1. It is used in torch, headlights and spotlights.

Reason- it is a converging mirror so it will send the light in a

particular direction after reflection.

2. Used in solar furnace.

Reason- it is a converging mirror, it collects the light rays at a
particular place due to which high temperature can be achieved.

3. It is used by dentist, used as a shaving mirror also in beauty

parlours because it forms a magnified image.

Mirror Formula:
 Sign Convention:

Magnification:
Ratio of height of image to the height of object.
Refraction of light:
Change in direction of light when flight passes from 1 medium to
another medium.

Cause: due to change in speed of light or change in wavelength.

 Applications of refraction:
1. A stick partially immersed in water appears to be bent.

Reason- it happens due to refraction of light. When light coming

from the stick passes from water to air (densor to rarer), it
bends away from the normal and due to bending of light
stick appears to be bent

Rules for bending of light:

2. Letters seen through the glass level appear to be raised.

3. Bottom of a container filled with a liquid appears to be raised.

4. Swimming pool appears to be shallower.

5. Twinkling of stars and early sunrise, delayed sunset(due to

atmospheric refraction).

Conditions for no refraction:

1. When a light ray falls normally

(along the normal).

2. Is optical density or refractive index of

both the media is same.

 Absolute refractive index: Important questions of refractive index:
1. Refractive index of glass is 1.5. find speed of light in glass if
speed of light in vacuum is 3x108 m/s.
Ratio of speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in a medium is
called absolute refractive index of that medium.

It is Unitless.

Note: speed of light is inversely proportional to refractive index of

the medium. More refrective index, less speed of light and
vice versa.

Important notation of refractive index: 2. Absolute refractive index of glass is 3/2 and that of water is
1. Absolute Refractive index of glass 4/3 Find the reflective index of glass with respect to water.

2. Refractive index of glass with respect to air

3. Refractive index of glass with respect to water

4. Refractive index of glass with respect to water

In terms of speed of light

3. Absolute refractive index of glass is 3/2 and that of water is

4/3. Is the speed of light in glass is 2x108m/s then find-

(i) speed of light in vacuum and (ii) in water

In terms of absolute refractive index
 Lenses:

4. Study the given table and answer the following questions:

Note: Convex lens : Converging lens
Medium Refractive index
Concave lens: Diverging lens
A 1.0
B 1.7
Uses of Convex lens:
C 1.41
D 1.5 Projector lens, camera lens, telescope, microscope, magnifying
:
(i) in which of the given media will the light travel fastest and glass, in torch, headlights, binoculars (objective lens), specs(for
slowest? justify your answer. hypermetropia correction)

Ans: Fastest – In Medium A (It has minimum refractive index so

Uses of Concave lens:
maximum speed of light )
Peephole (In doors), Binoculars (eye piece), specs (for myopia
:
Slowest – In Medium B (It has maximum refractive index so correction)
minimum speed of light )
Note: the light ray passing through optical centre of a lens goes
(ii) Arrange the given media in increasing order of optical density. straight undeviated.

Ans: A<C<D<B

(iii) Arrange the given media in decreasing order of speed of light.

Ans: A>C>D>B (Hint: Arrange incresing order of Refractive index)

Image formation by concave
lens:

Image formation by convex lens:

:
 RefRection of light through a rectangular glass slab:

Lateral displacement (d): the distance between direction of incident

ray and the direction of emergent ray.

Factors affecting lateral displacement:

1. Angle of incidence (directly proportional)

2. Refractive index of slab (directly proportional)
3. Thickness of glass slab (directly proportional)

Image is real, inverted and enlarged.

 2. A convex lens of focal length 10cm and a concave lens of focal
Power of lens:
length 20cm are kept in contact. Find the focal length of
It refers to the conversing or diverging power of lens.
: combination. Also find the combined power.
It is defined as reciprocal of focal length (in metre)
Sol.
𝟏
𝑷=
𝒇(𝑴)

𝑺. 𝑰. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 − 𝑫𝒊𝒐𝒑𝒕𝒓𝒆 (𝑫)

Power of lens is +ve for converging lens (Convex lens)

Power of lens is -ve for diverging lens (Concave lens)

Combination of lenses:
(1) Combined power- Combined power of no. of lenses is the
:e
algebric sum of individual power of lenses.

P = P1+P2+P3+….. 3. A convex lens of power 5D and a concave lens of focal length

10cm are kept in contact. Find:
(2) Combined focal length- Combined focal length of no. of lenses
is the sum of reciprocal of focal length of (i) Combined power (ii) Combined focal length

individual lenses. Sol:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝒇 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐 𝒇𝟑

Ex: 1. A convex lens of power 10D and the concave lens of power
-20D are kept in contact find the power of combination.

Sol.