OOPS Concept in Python

 Definition: Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a method of structuring a program by

bundling related properties and behaviors into individual objects.
 Object Oriented means directed towards objects.
 Python is an Object Oriented programming (OOP).
 It is a way of programming that focuses on using objects and classes to design and build
applications.
 It is used to design the program using classes and objects.
 Advantages of oops:
 It is faster
 It is easy to execute
 It provides a clear structure for the programs
 Easy to maintain, modify and debug
 It is used to create full reusable applications with less code and
shorter development time

 Features of oops:
 Class
 Object
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism

Class
 The class can be defined as a collection of objects.
 It is a logical entity that has some specific attributes and methods.
 A class is a blueprint for the object.
 A class is a template for objects
 A Class in Python is a logical grouping of data and functions.
 A class is a collection of objects
Syntax :

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 class classname:
Class body

Object
 An object is an instance of a class.
 The objector instance contains real data or information.
 The object is an entity that has state and behaviour.
 Object as collection of both data and functions that operate on that data.
 An object is used to allocate the memory.
 Each object has own set of data members and member functions.

Syntax:

Objectname=classname()

Encapsulation
 Wrapping up of data and method into a single unit is called Encapsulation.
 It is used to restrict access to methods and variables.
 Encapsulation is a means of bundling together instance variables and methods to form a
given type (class).
 Selected members of a class can be made inaccessible (“hidden”) from its clients,
referred to as information hiding .
 Information hiding is a form of abstraction.

Abstraction
 Abstraction is used to hide internal details and show only functionalities.
 It refers to essential information without including the background details.

Inheritance
 Deriving a new class from the old class is called inheritance.
 Old class is called parent class or super class or base class.
 New class is called child class or sub class or derived class.
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  Reusability of coding is the main advantages of inheritance.
 coding is the main advantages of inheritance.

Polymorphism
 Poly means many and morph means forms.
 It means more than one form with the same name
 It means one task can be performed in different ways.
 There are types of polymorphism
 Compile time polymorphism or Static polymorphism
 Run time polymorphism or dynamic polymorphism
 Method is invoked at compile time is called compile time polymorphism. Ex. Method
overloading
 Method is invoked at runtime is called run time polymorphism. Ex. Method overriding

4.1 Fundamental concepts

4.1.1 Class

 Class Definition: A class specifies the set of instance variables and methods that are
“bundled together” for defining a type of object.
 Python class is a blueprint of an object.
 Class is a keyword
Syntax:

Class classname:
Variables and functions
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 Object Definition: An object is simply a collection of data (variables) and methods
(functions) that act on those data.
 An object is also called an instance of a class
Syntax:

Objectname=classname()

 Call the variable and function in a class using the following

Objectname.variablename
Objectname.functionname()

Example: Output:
class ruff: Hello World
def f1(self):
print("Hello World")
ob=ruff()
ob.f1()

 Self definition: The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class. It
has to be the first parameter of any function in the class. It contains a reference to the
object instance to which the method belongs.

 Constructor Definition:
 Constructor is to initialize (assign values) to the data members of the class when
an object of class is created.
 In Python the init () method is called the constructor and is always called
when an object is created.
 Instance variables are initialized in the init () method.

Syntax:
def init (self):
# body of the constructor

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 Example: Output:
class ruff: 10 20
def init (self,a,b):
self.a=a
self.b=b
def f(self):
print(self.a,self.b)
ob=ruff(10,20)
ob.f()

In Python, constructors are special methods used to initialize objects. The most commonly used
constructor is __init__(), but there are a few different types of constructors based on how and when
they are used.

Here’s a breakdown:

1. Default Constructor

A constructor that does not accept any arguments (except self). It initializes objects with default values.

class Demo:

def __init__(self):

self.message = "Hello from default constructor"

obj = Demo()

print(obj.message)

🔹 2. Parameterized Constructor

A constructor that takes arguments to initialize an object with custom values.

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

p = Person("Alice", 25)

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print(p.name, p.age)

🔹 3. Constructor Overloading (⚠️ Not directly supported like in other languages)

Python does not support method overloading by default (like Java or C++). However, you can simulate it using
default arguments or *args, **kwargs.

Example using default values:

class Student:

def __init__(self, name=None):

if name:

self.name = name

else:

self.name = "Unknown"

s1 = Student("Tom")

s2 = Student()

Example using *args:

class Test:

def __init__(self, *args):

if len(args) == 1:

self.value = args[0]

else:

self.value = "No value"

t1 = Test(10)

t2 = Test()

🔹 4. Class Method Constructor (Alternative Constructor)

You can create alternative constructors using the @classmethod decorator. This is useful when you want to
create an object from different types of data (like a string or dictionary).

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class Date:

def __init__(self, day, month, year):

self.day = day

self.month = month

self.year = year

@classmethod

def from_string(cls, date_str):

day, month, year = map(int, date_str.split('-'))

return cls(day, month, year)

d = Date.from_string("11-04-2025")

TL;DR

Constructor Type Description

Default Constructor No arguments

Parameterized Constructor Accepts arguments

Overloaded Constructor Simulated with default args or *args

Class Method Constructor Alternative constructor via @classmethod

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Great topic! In Python, a class can be used to create multiple objects, each with its own
unique data. Let’s break this down with examples and concepts.

Defining a Class and Creating Multiple Objects

class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, color):
self.brand = brand
self.color = color

def show_details(self):
print(f"Brand: {self.brand}, Color: {self.color}")

car1 = Car("Toyota", "Red")

car2 = Car("BMW", "Black")
car3 = Car("Tesla", "White")

car1.show_details() # Output: Brand: Toyota, Color: Red

car2.show_details() # Output: Brand: BMW, Color: Black
car3.show_details() # Output: Brand: Tesla, Color: White

Class Attributes
➤ Defined inside the class, but outside any instance methods.
 Shared by all instances of the class.
 Useful for constants or data you want all instances to share.
class Dog:
species = "Canis familiaris" # Class attribute

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name # Instance (data) attribute

dog1 = Dog("Buddy")
dog2 = Dog("Max")

print(dog1.species) # Canis familiaris

print(dog2.species) # Canis familiaris

Dog.species = "Canis lupus familiaris" # Change at the class level

print(dog1.species) # Canis lupus familiaris

print(dog2.species) # Canis lupus familiaris

Change at class level affects all instances unless overridden.

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Data (Instance) Attributes
➤ Defined inside the __init__() or other instance methods using self.
 Unique to each instance of the class.
 Used to store data that varies from one object to another.

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name # Instance attribute
self.tricks = [] # Each dog has its own list of tricks

dog1 = Dog("Buddy")
dog2 = Dog("Max")

dog1.tricks.append("sit")
dog2.tricks.append("roll over")

print(dog1.tricks) # ['sit']
print(dog2.tricks) # ['roll over']

✅ Each instance has its own copy of data attributes.