This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E4 − 24 American Association State

Highway and Transportation Officials Standards
AASHTO No: T67

Standard Practices for

Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.2.1,

1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force calibra- 1.2.2, or 1.2.3, and are within the specifications stated in
tion and verification, by means of force measurement Section 16, comply with Practices E4.
standards, of tension or compression, or both, static or quasi- 1.6 The requirements of these practices limit the major
static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force- components of measurement uncertainty when calibrating
indicators). These practices are not intended to be complete testing machines. These Standard Practices do not require the
purchase specifications for testing machines. allowable force measurement error to be reduced by the
1.2 Testing machines may be verified by one of the three amount of the measurement uncertainty encountered during a
following methods or combination thereof. Each of the meth- calibration. As a result, a testing machine verified using these
ods require a specific measurement uncertainty, displaying practices may produce a deviation from the true force greater
metrological traceability to The International System of Units than 61.0 % when the force measurement error is combined
(SI). with the measurement uncertainty.
1.2.1 Use of standard weights, 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2.3 Use of elastic force measurement standards. responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.3 The procedures of 1.2.1–1.2.3 apply to the calibration
and verification of the force-measuring systems associated with mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the testing machine, including the force indicators such as a 1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
force-measuring system(s) to be verified and included in the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
certificate and report of calibration and verification. mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The 2. Referenced Documents
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva- 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
system shall be used independently of the other, and values E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-
from the two systems shall not be combined. Measuring Instruments
1.4.1 Other non-SI force units may be used with this E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
standard such as the kilogram-force (kgf) which is often used namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
with hardness testing machines 2.2 BIPM Standard:3
1.5 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing ma- JCGM 100 : Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the
chine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2024. Published September 2024. Originally Available from BIPM - Pavillon de Breteuil F-92312 Sèvres Cedex FRANCE.
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as E4 – 21. DOI: this document is available free-of-charge at https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/
10.1520/E0004-24 guides/vim.html

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 E4 − 24
JCGM 200 : International vocabulary of metrology — Basic 3.2.6.1 Discussion—A force measurement standard is a
and general concepts and associated terms (VIM). specific type of “measurement standard” as defined in JCGM
200: International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and
3. Terminology general concepts and associated terms (VIM).
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to 3.2.7 force-measuring system, n—of a testing machine, a
Terminology E6. component of a testing machine that measures and indicates the
3.2 Definitions: force applied by the testing machine.
3.2.1 calibration, n—operation that, under specified 3.2.8 force-sensing device, n—of a testing machine, a com-
conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the ponent of the force-measuring system, that measures through
quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by deformation or other means the force applied by the testing
measurement standards and corresponding indications with machine.
associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, 3.2.8.1 Discussion— Examples of a force-sensing device
uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a include a strain-gage force transducer (commonly called a load
measurement result from an indication. cell) and a pressure transducer.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—A calibration may be expressed by a 3.2.9 measurement accuracy, n—closeness of agreement
statement, calibration function, calibration diagram, calibration between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value of
curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an a measurand.
additive or multiplicative correction of the indication with
associated measurement uncertainty. 3.2.9.1 Discussion—The concept “measurement accuracy”
3.2.1.2 Discussion—Calibration should not be confused is not a quantity and is not given a numerical quantity value. A
with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly measurement is said to be more accurate when it offers a
called “self-calibration”, nor with verification of calibration. smaller measurement error.
3.2.1.3 Discussion—Often, the first step alone in the above 3.2.9.2 Discussion—The term “measurement accuracy”
definition is perceived as being calibration. JCGM 200:2012 4 should not be used for measurement trueness and the term
3.2.2 elastic force measurement standard, n—system con- “measurement precision” should not be used for ‘measurement
sisting of an elastic member combined with an appropriate accuracy’, which, however, is related to both these concepts.
device for indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional 3.2.9.3 Discussion—“Measurement accuracy” is sometimes
to the magnitude) of deformation of the member under an understood as closeness of agreement between measured
applied force. quantity values that are being attributed to the measurand.
JCGM 200:2012 4
3.2.3 exercise, v—apply the maximum force to be used in
3.2.10 least count, n—the smallest change in indication that
the calibration to either an elastic force measurement standard
can be resolved.
or the force-sensing device of a testing machine, or to both, to
reestablish the hysteresis pattern that tends to disappear during 3.2.10.1 Discussion—On analog displays such as dials and
periods of disuse, or with the change of mode of force graphs with close graduations, the least count may be the value
application, as from compression to tension. of a graduation interval; with open graduations or with
3.2.4 force indicator, n—of a testing machine, a component magnifiers for reading, it may be an estimated fraction of a
of a force-measuring system that presents, in force units, the graduation interval; and with verniers it is the ratio of the
force measured by the force-measuring system. graduation interval and the number of divisions on the vernier
3.2.5 force measurement error, E, n—in the case of a testing scale, expressed in scale units.
machine, the difference obtained by subtracting the force 3.2.10.2 Discussion—On basic digital displays, the least
indicated by the force measurement standard from the indi- count is often either one, two, or five times some power of ten.
cated force of the testing machine. 3.2.10.3 Discussion—On systems that employ a high-
3.2.5.1 Discussion—In a certificate and report of calibration resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC), the least count is
and verification, “force measurement error” shall be used with a function of the effective number of bits of the ADC. In this
numerical values, for example, “At a force of 300 kN case the least count is often an irrational number.
[60 000 lbf], the force measurement error of the testing ma- 3.2.10.4 Discussion—Unlike resolution, least count does
chine was + 67 N [+ 15 lbf].” not take into account fluctuations in the indicator caused by
electrical noise, mechanical noise, or other such disturbances.
3.2.6 force measurement standard, n—a standard weight, an
3.2.11 metrological traceability, n—property of a measure-
equal-arm balance and a standard weight, or an elastic force
ment result whereby the result can be related to a reference
measurement standard used as a reference, with associated
through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each
measurement uncertainty, in compliance with these practices
contributing to the measurement uncertainty.
and Practices E74.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—For this definition, a “reference” can
4
be a definition of a measurement unit through its practical
This definition is reproduced here from JCGM 200:2012 International vocabu-
realization, or a measurement procedure including the mea-
lary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) with
permission from the Director of BIPM. The text has been put in ASTM Interna- surement unit for a non-ordinal quantity, or a measurement
tional’s form and style. standard.

2
 E4 − 24
3.2.11.2 Discussion—Metrological traceability requires an 3.2.13.8 Discussion—Verification should not be confused
established calibration hierarchy. with calibration. Not every verification is a validation.
3.2.11.3 Discussion—Specification of the reference must 3.2.13.9 Discussion—In chemistry, verification of the iden-
include the time at which this reference was used in establish- tity of the entity involved, or of activity, requires a description
ing the calibration hierarchy, along with any other relevant of the structure or properties of that entity or activity. JCGM
metrological information about the reference, such as when the 200:2012 4
first calibration in the calibration hierarchy was performed.
3.2.11.4 Discussion—For measurements with more than one 3.2.14 verified range of forces, n—the range of indicated
input quantity in the measurement model, each of the input forces within the specified requirements established by these
quantity values should itself be metrologically traceable and verification Practices.
the calibration hierarchy involved may form a branched 3.2.14.1 Discussion—This term is defined in Practices E4 to
structure or a network. The effort involved in establishing describe the verified range of forces of the force-measuring
metrological traceability for each input quantity value should system of a testing machine and in Practices E74 to describe
be commensurate with its relative contribution to the measure- the verified range of forces of an elastic force measurement
ment result. standard. If the term “verified range of forces” is used in other
3.2.11.5 Discussion—Metrological traceability of a mea- standards, it is important to specify which verified range of
surement result does not ensure that the measurement uncer- forces is being referred to. When referring to the ASTM
tainty is adequate for a given purpose or that there is an Practices E4 verified range of forces, precede the term “verified
absence of mistakes. range of forces” with “Practices E4,” for example “Practices
3.2.11.6 Discussion—A comparison between two measure- E4 verified range of forces.” When referring to the Practices
ment standards may be viewed as a calibration if the compari- E74 verified range of forces, precede the term ‘verified range
son is used to check and, if necessary, correct the quantity of forces’ with “Practices E74” and, if necessary, the appropri-
value and measurement uncertainty attributed to one of the ate class, for example “Practices E74 Class A verified range of
measurement standards. JCGM 200:2012 4 forces”.
3.2.12 testing machine, n—force-measuring type, a me-
chanical device for applying and measuring forces on a 3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
specimen being tested. 3.3.1 calibration force, n—A force selected where the indi-
3.2.12.1 Discussion—A testing machine generally consists cated force of the testing machine is compared with the applied
of two components, a mechanism for applying forces to a force as indicated by the force measurement standard.
specimen being tested and a force-measuring system for
measuring the applied forces. 3.3.1.1 Discussion—Calibration forces shall be selected in
3.2.12.2 Discussion—Some testing machines do not have a accordance with these Practices E4, see Section 12.
force indicator such as some creep testing machines which 3.3.2 capacity range, n—in the case of testing machines, the
apply a force utilizing weights and a lever mechanism. range of forces for which it is designed.
3.2.13 verification, n—provision of objective evidence that 3.3.2.1 Discussion—Some testing machines have more than
a given item fulfils specified requirements. one capacity range, that is, multiple ranges.
3.2.13.1 Discussion—EXAMPLE 1 Confirmation that a 3.3.3 force, n—in the case of testing machines, a force
given reference material as claimed is homogeneous for the measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-
quantity value and measurement procedure concerned, down to force.
a measurement portion having a mass of 10 mg.
3.2.13.2 Discussion—EXAMPLE 2 Confirmation that per- 3.3.3.1 Discussion—The newton is that force which acting
formance properties or legal requirements of a measuring on a 1-kg mass will give to it an acceleration of 1 m/s2. The
system are achieved. pound-force is that force which acting on a [1-lb] mass will
3.2.13.3 Discussion—EXAMPLE 3 Confirmation that a tar- give to it an acceleration of 9.80665 m/s2 [32.1740 ft/s2]. The
get measurement uncertainty can be met. kilogram-force is that force which acting on a 1-kg mass will
3.2.13.4 Discussion—When applicable, measurement un- give to it an acceleration of 9.80665 m/s2[32.1740 ft/s2].
certainty should be taken into consideration. 3.3.4 percent error of force EP, n—in the case of a testing
3.2.13.5 Discussion—The item may be, for example, a machine, the ratio, of the force measurement error to the
process, measurement procedure, material, compound, or mea- applied force as measured by the force measurement standard,
suring system. expressed as a percent.
3.2.13.6 Discussion—The specified requirements may be,
3.3.4.1 Discussion—The indicated force of the testing
for example, that a manufacturer’s specifications are met.
machine, and the applied force, as measured by the force
3.2.13.7 Discussion—Verification in legal metrology, as de-
measurement standard, shall be recorded at each calibration
fined in VIML5, and in conformity assessment in general,
force. The force measurement error, E, and the percent error of
pertains to the examination and marking and/or issuing of a
forces, EP, shall be calculated from these data as follows:
verification certificate for a measuring system.
E5A2B (1)

5
OIML, International Vocabulary of Terms in Legal Metrology (VIML). E p 5 @ ~ A 2 B ! /B # × 100

3
 E4 − 24
where: what the end use of the testing machine may be, it is necessary
A = force indicated by the testing machine being verified, N for users to know that the amount of force applied and
[or lbf, etc.], and indicated is traceable to the International System of Units (SI)
B = value of the applied force, N [or lbf, etc.], as measured through a National Metrology Institute (NMI). The procedures
by the force measurement standard, in the same units as in Practices E4 may be used to calibrate these testing machines
A. so that the measured forces are traceable to the SI. A key
3.3.5 permissible variation, n—in the case of testing element of traceability to the SI is that the force measurement
machines, the maximum allowable force measurement error in standards used in the calibration have known force
the value of the quantity indicated. characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with
3.3.5.1 Discussion—It is convenient to express permissible Practice E74.
variation in terms of percent error of force. The numerical 5.2 The procedures in Practices E4 may be used by those
value of the permissible variation for a testing machine is so using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for
stated hereafter in these practices. testing machines and related instrumentation.
3.3.6 resolution of the force-measuring system, n—the
6. Elastic Force Measurement Standards
smallest change in force that causes a perceptible change in the
force indicator. 6.1 When calibrating testing machines, elastic force mea-
3.3.6.1 Discussion—Section 11 and Appendix X1 describe surement standards shall be only used within their Practice E74
methods for determining resolution. Class A verified range of forces.

4. Summary of Practice 7. Advantages and Limitations of Methods

4.1 Practices E4 calibration consists of comparing the indi- 7.1 Calibration by Standard Weights—Calibration by the
cated force of the testing machine (or the testing machine’s direct application of standard weights to the weighing mecha-
applied force in the case of testing machines that do not have nism of the testing machine, where practicable, is the most
force indicators) to a force measurement standard at various accurate method. Its limitations are: (1) the small range of
calibration forces. These comparisons are used to establish the forces that can be calibrated, (2) the nonportability of any large
force measurement error at each calibration force at least two amount of standards weights, and (3) its nonapplicability to
times. The metrological requirements of these Practices E4 horizontal testing machines or vertical testing machines having
intrinsically account for measurement uncertainty by limiting weighing mechanisms that are not designed to be actuated by
the major contributions to measurement uncertainty such as a downward force.
requirements for the force measurement standard used, 7.2 Calibration by Equal-Arm Balance and Standard
resolution, repeatability, and measurement accuracy. As a Weights—The second method of calibration of testing ma-
result, the Practices E4 calibration and verification procedure chines involves measurement of the force by means of an
along with the certificate and report of calibration and verifi- equal-arm balance and standard weights. This method is
cation provide metrological traceability to the SI for the limited to a still smaller range of forces than the foregoing
force-measuring system of the testing machine. method and is generally applicable only to certain types of
4.1.1 Although Practices E4 do not require reporting mea- hardness testing machines in which the force is applied through
surement uncertainty of the calibration, it may be calculated an internal lever system.
and included in the certificate and report of calibration and
7.3 Calibration by Elastic Force Measurement Standards—
verification.
The third method of calibration of testing machines involves
4.2 Practices E4 verification consists of using the force measurement of the elastic strain or deflection under force of a
measurement errors determined along with resolution and ring, loop, tension or compression bar, or other elastic force
return-to-zero readings as evidence that the force indicator(s) measurement standard. The elastic force measurement standard
of a testing machine indicates values, or that the testing is free from the limitations referred to in 7.1 and 7.2.
machine applies forces, that meet the requirements of these
Practices E4 in terms of percent error of force, repeatability, 8. System Calibration
resolution, and return-to-zero at the calibration forces directed 8.1 A testing machine shall be calibrated and verified as a
by these Practices E4. system with the force-sensing device and force indicator (see
4.3 If the force-measuring system of the testing machine 1.3 and 1.5) in place and operating as in actual use.
fails to meet any of these requirements and is adjusted, a full 8.1.1 If this is not technically possible, refer to Annex A1,
calibration and verification in accordance with these Practices Calibrating the Force-Measuring System out of the Test Ma-
E4 shall be conducted after the adjustment is made. chine. Out of the testing machine calibrations shall be in
accordance with the main body of Practices E4 and its Annex
5. Significance and Use A1.
5.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate force are used 8.2 System calibration and verification is invalid if the
in many industries, in many ways. They might be used in a devices are removed and checked independently of the testing
research laboratory to measure material properties, or in a machine unless calibration is performed according to Annex
production line to qualify a product for shipment. No matter A1.

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 E4 − 24
8.3 Many testing machines are designed to be able to where:
interchange force-sensing devices (usually these are force F = Force, N
transducers commonly called load cells). Usually these force- M = true mass of the weight, kg
sensing devices vary in capacity range. Lower capacity range g = local acceleration due to gravity, m/s2,
force-sensing devices are used for better resolution and accu- d = air density (1.2 kg/m3), and
racy at lower test forces and higher capacity range force- D = density of the weight in the same units as d.
sensing devices are used to apply and measure higher forces. 9.1.2 For the purposes of this standard, g can be calculated
During use of a testing machine of this type, the force-sensing with a sufficient uncertainty using the following formula.
devices may be routinely installed and uninstalled, which
g 5 9.7803@ 1 1 0.0053 ~ sin [ ! 2 # 2 0.000001967h (3)
effectively creates multiple force-measuring systems. For such
force-sensing devices, interchangeability shall be established where:
during the original calibration and shall be reestablished after Ø = latitude
an adjustment is performed. This is accomplished by perform- h = elevation above sea level in metres
ing a Practices E4 calibration with the force-sensing device in NOTE 1—Eq 3 corrects for the shape of the earth and the elevation
place as during normal use. It is advisable that orientation be above sea level. The first term, which corrects for the shape of the earth,
kept consistent, such as by noting the direction of the cable is a simplification of the World Geodetic System 84 Ellipsoidal Gravity
connector so that when reinstalling the force-sensing device, Formula. The results obtained with the simplified formula differ from
those in the full version by less than 0.0005%. The second term combines
the orientation will be repeated. Remove and reinstall the a correction for altitude, the increased distance from the center of the
force-sensing device between the two calibration runs to earth, and a correction for the counter-acting Bouguer effect of localized
demonstrate interchangeability. Repeat the procedure for each increased mass of the earth. The second term assumes a rock density of
interchangeable force-sensing device used in the testing ma- 2.67 g/cm3. If the rock density changed by 0.5 g/cm3, an error of 0.003 %
would result.
chine.
8.3.1 Some testing machines are designed with multiple 9.2 In some cases, a mass might not be designated in
force-sensing devices permanently mounted usually with dif- kilograms, for instance it might be denoted in pounds and it
ferent test areas for each force sensing device. Section 8.3 does might be desired to know the force exerted in pound-force
not apply to such testing machines unless the force-sensing units. In other cases, it might be desired to know the force
devices are interchanged as described in 8.3. exerted in kilogramforce units where the mass is designated in
8.3.2 Introduction of a new interchangeable force sensing kilograms. In these cases, the force in non–SI units exerted by
device(s) shall require that interchangeability be established a weight in air is calculated as follows:
per 8.3.
8.4 A Practices E4 calibration consists of at least two
Fc 5
M ×g
9.80665S1 2
d
D D (4)

calibration runs of the calibration forces selected in the verified where:

range(s) of forces. See 12.1 to 12.3. where:
8.4.1 If the initial calibration run produces values within the Fc = force expressed in non-SI units, such as, pound
Practices E4 requirements of Section 16, the data may be used force or kilogram-force,
“as found” for calibration run one of the two required for the M = true mass of the weight, in the corresponding
new certificate and report of calibration and verification. mass units of the, Fc is being expressed, such as,
8.4.2 If the initial calibration run produces any values which pound or kilogram,
are outside of the Practices E4 requirements, the “as found” g = local acceleration due to gravity, m/s2,
data may be reported and may be used in accordance with d = air density (1.2 kg/m3),
applicable quality control programs. Calibration adjustments D = density of the weight in the same units as d, and
shall be made to the force-measuring system(s), after which the 9.80665 = the factor converting SI units of force into non-SI
two required calibration runs shall be conducted and reported units of force; this factor is equal to the value for
in the new certificate and report of calibration and verification. standard gravity, 9.80665 m/s2.
8.4.3 Calibration adjustments may be made to improve the If M, the mass of the weight is in pounds, the force will be
measurement accuracy of the system. They shall be followed in pound-force units [lbf]. If M is in kilograms, the force will
by the two required calibration runs, and issuance of a new be in kilogram-force units (kgf). These non-SI force units are
certificate and report of calibration and verification and certifi- related to the newton (N), the SI unit of force, by the following
cate. relationships:
9. Gravity and Air Buoyancy Corrections 1 lbf 5 4.448222N (5)
9.1 In the calibration of testing machines, where standard 1 kgf =9.80665 N ~exact! (6)
weights are used for applying forces directly or through lever 9.2.1 For use in calibrating testing machines, corrections for
or balance-arm systems, correct the force for the local value of local values of gravity and air buoyancy to standard weights
gravity and for nominal air buoyancy. calibrated in pounds can be made with sufficient precision
9.1.1 The force exerted by a weight in air is obtained by: using the multiplying factors from Table 1. Alternatively, the
S
F 5 M ×g 1 2
d
D D (2)
following formula may be used to find the multiplying factor,
MF. Multiply MF times the mass of the weight given in pounds

5
 E4 − 24
TABLE 1 Multiplying Factor, MF, in Air at Various Latitudes, see Eq 7
Elevation Above Sea Level, h, m (ft)
Latitude, Ø,° 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
(0) (1640) (3280) (4920) (6560) (8200)
0 0.9972 0.9971 0.9970 0.9969 0.9968 0.9967
5 0.9972 0.9971 0.9970 0.9969 0.9968 0.9967
10 0.9973 0.9972 0.9971 0.9970 0.9969 0.9968
15 0.9975 0.9974 0.9973 0.9972 0.9971 0.9970
20 0.9978 0.9977 0.9976 0.9975 0.9974 0.9973
25 0.9981 0.9980 0.9979 0.9978 0.9977 0.9976
30 0.9985 0.9984 0.9983 0.9982 0.9981 0.9980
35 0.9989 0.9988 0.9987 0.9986 0.9985 0.9984
40 0.9993 0.9992 0.9991 0.9990 0.9989 0.9988
45 0.9998 0.9997 0.9996 0.9995 0.9994 0.9993
50 1.0003 1.0002 1.0001 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
55 1.0007 1.0006 1.0005 1.0004 1.0003 1.0002
60 1.0011 1.0010 1.0009 1.0008 1.0007 1.0006
65 1.0015 1.0014 1.0013 1.0012 1.0011 1.0010
70 1.0018 1.0017 1.0016 1.0015 1.0014 1.0013

to obtain the value of force in pounds-force, corrected for local 10.2 Testing machines that contain a single test area and
gravity and air buoyancy. possess a bidirectional loading and weighing system must be
9.7803@ 1 1 0.0053 ~ sin [ ! 2 # 2 0.000001967h verified separately in both modes of weighing.
MF 5 × 0.99985
9.80665 10.3 High-speed testing machines used for static testing
(7) must be verified in accordance with Practices E4. Warning—
Practices E4 calibration values are not to be assumed valid for
where:
high-speed or dynamic testing applications (see Practice
Ø = latitude E467).
h = elevation above sea level in metres
NOTE 2—Eq 7 and Table 1 correct for the shape of the earth, elevation 10.4 The force measurement error of a testing machine of
above sea level, and air buoyancy. The correction for the shape of the earth the hydraulic-ram type, in which the ram hydraulic pressure is
is a simplification of the World Geodetic System 84 Ellipsoidal Gravity measured, might vary significantly with ram position. To the
Formula. The results obtained with the simplified formula differ by less extent possible such testing machines should be verified at the
than 0.0005 %. The term that corrects for altitude, corrects for an
increased distance from the center of the earth and the counter-acting ram positions used.
Bouguer effect of localized increased mass of the earth. The formula
assumes a rock density of 2.67 g/cc. If the rock density changed by 0.5 11. Determine the Resolution of the Force-measuring
g/cc, an error of 0.003 % would result. The largest inaccuracy to be System:
expected, due to extremes in air pressure, temperature, and humidity when
using steel weights, is approximately 0.01 %. If aluminum weights are 11.1 Resolution of the force-measuring system for analog
used, errors on the order of 0.03 % can result. indicators (scales, dials, recorders, etc.), is the smallest change
9.3 Standard weights are typically denominated in a unit of in indicated force by a displacement of a pointer, or pen line.
mass. When a standard weight has been calibrated such that it 11.1.1 Calculate the resolution of the force-measuring sys-
exerts a specific force under prescribed conditions, the weight tem for analog force indicators by multiplying the force
will exert that force only under those conditions. When used in corresponding to one graduation by the ratio of the width of the
locations where the acceleration of gravity differs from the one pointer or pen line to the center-to-center distance between two
in the calibration location, it is necessary to correct the adjacent graduation marks. The typical ratios used are 1:1, 1:2,
calibrated force value by multiplying the force value by the 1:5, or 1:10. A spacing of 2.5 mm [0.10 in.] or greater should
value for local gravity and dividing by the value of gravity for be used for the ratio of 1:10. A ratio less than 1:10 should not
which the weight was calibrated. Any required air buoyancy be used.
corrections must also be taken into account.
NOTE 4—Example: A dial force indicator has graduations spaced every
2.0 mm, the width of the pointer is approximately 1.0 mm, and one
10. Application of Force graduation represent 25 N. The ratio used would be 1:2 and the resolution
10.1 In the calibration of a testing machine, approach the would be equal to 12.5 N.
calibration force by increasing the force from a lower force. 11.1.2 If the indicated force fluctuates by more than twice
the resolution of the force-measuring system, as described in
NOTE 3—For any testing machine the force measurement errors
observed at corresponding calibration forces taken first by increasing the 11.1.1, the resolution of the force-measuring system, expressed
force to any given calibration force and then by decreasing the force to as a force, shall be equal to one-half the range of the
that calibration force, might not agree. Testing machines are usually used fluctuation.
under increasing forces, but if a testing machine is to be used under
decreasing forces, it should be calibrated under decreasing forces as well 11.2 Resolution of the force-measuring system for digital
as under increasing forces. force-measuring systems (numeric displays, printouts, etc.) is

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the smallest change in indicated force that can be displayed on 12.3 If the lower limit of the verified range of forces, is less
the force indicator at a given force. than one-tenth the upper limit, calibration forces shall be
11.2.1 A single digit or a combination of digits may be the selected as follows:
smallest change in force that can be indicated. 12.3.1 Starting with the lower limit of the verified range of
11.2.2 If the indicated force fluctuates by more than twice forces, establish overlapping force decades such that the
the resolution of the force-measuring system, as described in maximum calibration force in each decade is ten times the
11.2.1, the resolution of the force-measuring system, expressed lowest calibration force in the decade. The lowest calibration
as a force, shall be determined by one of the following force in the next higher decade is the same as the highest
methods. calibration force in the previous decade. The highest decade
11.2.2.1 Observe, or digitally record, the indicated force might not be a complete decade.
fluctuations for a period of at least 10 s. The resolution of the 12.3.2 Five or more different calibration forces shall be
force-measuring system shall be equal to one-half the differ- selected per decade such that the difference between two
ence between the maximum and minimum indicated forces adjacent calibration forces is greater than or equal to one-
observed or recorded. twentieth and less than or equal to one-third the difference
11.2.2.2 Digitally record all indicated force readings for at between the maximum and the minimum calibration force in
least a period of 10 s or at least 1000 readings whichever is that decade. It is recommended that starting with the lowest
greater. Determine the standard deviation of the recorded calibration force in each decade, the ratios of the calibration
readings. The resolution of the force-measuring system shall be forces to the lowest calibration force in the decade are 1:1, 2:1,
equal to the standard deviation determined, multiplied by two 4:1, 7:1, 10:1 or 1:1, 2.5:1, 5:1, 7.5:1, 10:1.
times the square root of three. 12.3.3 If the highest decade is not a complete decade,
choose calibration forces at the possible ratios and include the
11.3 Resolution of the force-measuring system may be upper limit of the verified range of forces. If the difference
determined at zero force. The numeric value of resolution of between two adjacent calibration forces is greater than one-
the force-measuring system might increase with higher indi- third of the upper limit, add an additional calibration force.
cated forces due to a reduction of digits displayed. Resolution
of the force-measuring system at higher forces may be deter- NOTE 5—Example: A testing machine has a full-scale range of 5000 N
mined mathematically based on the resolution of the force- and the resolution of the force-measuring system is 0.0472 N. The lowest
possible calibration force is 9.44 N (0.0472 N × 200). Instead of decades
measuring system at zero force and the number of digits lost starting at 9.44 N, 94.4 N and 944 N, three decades, starting at 10 N,
(see Appendix X1). 100 N, and 1000 N are selected to cover the verified range of forces.
Suitable calibration forces are 10 N, 20 N, 40 N, 70 N, 100 N, 200 N,
11.4 Testing machines that do not have a force indicator do 400 N, 700 N, 1000 N, 2000 N, 3000 N, 4000 N, 5000 N. Note that the
not have a resolution of the force-measuring system as de- uppermost decade is not a complete decade and is terminated with the
scribed in these practices. In these cases, substitute a measure upper limit of the verified range of forces. The 3000 N calibration force
of sensitivity, see X1.6. was added because the difference between 2000 N and 4000 N was greater
than one-third of 5000 N. If the alternative distribution of forces is used,
11.5 When assessing the resolution of the force-measuring the calibration forces selected would be 10 N, 25 N, 50 N, 75 N, 100 N,
system, all equipment (pumps, motors, furnaces, recording 250 N, 500 N, 750 N, 1000 N, 2500 N, 3750 N, 5000 N.
equipment, etc.) usually employed in testing a specimen should 12.4 All selected calibration forces shall be applied twice
be operating so that any electrical or mechanical noise that can during the procedure. Applied calibration forces on the second
affect the resolution is included in the assessment. calibration run are to be approximately the same as those on the
first calibration run.
12. Selection of Calibration Forces
12.5 Approximately 30 s after removing the maximum force
12.1 Determine the upper and lower limits of the verified in a range, record the return-to-zero reading of the force-
range of forces of the testing machine to be verified. All measuring system. The absolute value of the return-to-zero
calibration forces in the verified range of forces shall be at least reading shall be less than or equal to the greater of the absolute
200 times larger than the resolution of the force-measuring value of 0.1 % of the maximum force just applied or the
system at that calibration force. absolute value of 1 % of the lowest calibration force in the
12.2 If the lower limit of the verified range of forces is verified range of forces.
greater than or equal to one-tenth of the upper limit, five or
more different calibration forces shall be selected such that the 13. Eccentricity of Force
difference between two adjacent calibration forces is greater 13.1 For the purpose of determining the verified range of
than or equal to one twentieth and less than or equal to forces of the testing machine, apply all calibration forces so
one-third the difference between the upper and lower limits of that the resultant force is as nearly along the axis of a testing
the verified range of forces. One calibration force shall be the machine as is possible.
lower limit of the verified range of forces and another
calibration force shall be the upper limit. (Fewer calibration NOTE 6—The effect of eccentric force on the measurement accuracy of
a testing machine can be determined by calibration readings taken with
forces are required for testing machines designed to measure force measurement standards placed so that the resultant force is applied
only a small number of discrete forces, such as certain hardness at definite distances from the axis of the testing machine, and the verified
testing machines, creep testing machines, etc.) range of forces determined for a series of eccentricities.

7
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14. Methods of Calibration place the elastic force measurement standard near to, or
14.1 Method A, Calibration by Standard Weights: preferably in, the testing machine a sufficient length of time
before the calibration to ensure that the response of the elastic
14.1.1 Procedure:
force measurement standard is stable.
14.1.1.1 Place standard weights of suitable design, finish,
and adjustment on the weighing platform of the testing 14.3.1.2 During the calibration, measure the temperature of
machine or on trays or other supports suspended from the the elastic force measurement standards within 61 °C [62 °F
force-sensing device in place of the specimen. Use standard ] by placing a calibrated thermometer as close to the elastic
weights certified within five years to be accurate within 0.1 %. force measurement standard as possible.
Apply the standard weights in ascending increments. If data is 14.3.1.3 Elastic force measurement standards not having an
to be taken in both ascending and descending directions, inherent temperature-compensating feature must be corrected
remove the standard weights in reverse order. Record the mathematically for the difference between ambient temperature
forces, corrected for gravity and air buoyancy in accordance and the temperature to which its calibration is referenced.
with Section 9. Temperature-correction coefficients should be furnished (if
applicable) by the manufacturer of the elastic force measure-
NOTE 7—The method of calibration by direct application of standard ment standard. Refer to Practice E74 for further information.
weights can be used only on vertical testing machines in which the force
on the weighing table, hydraulic support, or other weighing device is 14.3.2 Procedure:
downward. The total force is limited by the size of the platform and the 14.3.2.1 Place the elastic force measurement standard in the
number of standard weights available. Twenty-five kg or [fifty lb] standard testing machine so that its center line coincides with the center
weights are usually convenient to use. This method of calibration is
confined to small testing machines and is rarely used above 5000 N [1000 line of the heads of the testing machine. Record the limits of
lbf]. the elastic force measurement standard’s Practices E74 Class A
verified range of forces. Each elastic force measurement
14.2 Method B. Calibration of Hardness Testing Machines
standard shall be used only within its Practices E74 Class A
by Equal-Arm Balance and Standard Weights:
verified range of forces and identified with the calibration
14.2.1 Procedure:
forces for which it is used.
14.2.1.1 Position the balance so that the indenter of the
14.3.2.2 Exercise the force-sensing device of the testing
testing machine being calibrated bears against a block centered
machine by applying the maximum calibration force to the
on one pan of the equal-arm balance, the balance being in its
testing machine and returning to zero force. Zero the force-
equilibrium position when the indenter is in that portion of its
measuring system of the testing machine and repeat. Repeat as
travel normally occupied when making an impression. Place
necessary, allowing the force measuring system of the testing
standard weights complying with the requirements of Section
machine sufficient time to achieve stability in zero-force
14 on the opposite pan to balance the force exerted by the
indication.
indenter.
14.3.2.3 Exercise each elastic force measurement standard
NOTE 8—This method can be used for the calibration of testing to be used during calibration by applying the maximum
machines other than hardness-testing machines by positioning the force-
applying member of the testing machine in the same way that the indenter
calibration force to be used with each elastic force measure-
of a hardness-testing machine is positioned. For other methods of ment standard and returning to zero force. Zero or record zero
calibrating hardness testing machines see the applicable ASTM test of the elastic force measurement standard and repeat. Repeat as
method. necessary, allowing the elastic force measurement standard
14.2.1.2 Since the permissible travel of the indenter of a sufficient time to achieve stability in zero-force indication.
hardness-testing machine is usually very small, do not allow 14.3.2.4 Each time the mode of force application is changed
the balance to oscillate or swing. Instead, maintain the balance during the calibration for, example, compression to tension, the
in its equilibrium position through the use of an indicator such force-sensing device of the testing machine and the elastic
as an electric contact, which shall be arranged to indicate when force measurement standard(s) shall be re-exercised as de-
the reaction of the indenter force is sufficient to lift the pan scribed above.
containing the standard weights. 14.3.2.5 There are two methods for using elastic force
14.2.1.3 Using combinations of fractional standard weights, measurement standards:
determine both the maximum value of the dead-weight force 14.3.2.6 Follow-the-Force Method—The force on the elastic
that can be lifted by the testing machine indenter force during force measurement standard is followed until the force reaches
each of ten successive trials, and the minimum value that the desired calibration force on the force indicator of the testing
cannot be lifted during any one of ten successive trials. Take machine. Record the force measured by the elastic force
the value of the indenting force as the average of these two measurement standard.
values. The difference between the two values shall not exceed 14.3.2.7 Set-the-Force Method—The desired calibration
0.5 % of the average value. force is preset on the elastic force measurement standard, and
14.3 Method C. Calibration by Elastic Force Measurement the testing machine’s force indicator is read when the desired
Standard: calibration force on the elastic force measurement standard is
14.3.1 Temperature Equalization: achieved.
14.3.1.1 When using an elastic force measurement standard 14.3.2.8 After selecting suitable calibration forces, obtain
to calibrate the force-measuring system of a testing machine, zero readings for both the testing machine and the elastic force

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measurement standards, and apply forces slowly and smoothly 16.2 The verified range of forces stated shall not include
during all calibration measurements. forces outside the range of calibration forces applied during the
14.3.2.9 The calibration procedure must ensure that use of calibration.
the maximum force indicator, recorder, or other accessory 16.3 The Certificate and Report of Calibration and Verifi-
force devices does not cause testing machine percent error of cation shall state within what verified range of forces the
force to exceed the permissible variations of 16.1. testing machine may be used, rather than reporting a blanket
14.3.2.10 Record the indicated force of the testing machine acceptance or rejection. For testing machines with multiple-
and the applied force from the elastic force measurement capacity ranges, the verified range of forces for each range
standard (temperature corrected as necessary), as well as the shall be stated.
force measurement error and percent error of forces calculated
from the readings. 16.4 Testing machines may be more or less accurate than
14.3.2.11 Under certain conditions, setups comprising mul- the allowable 61.0 % percent error of force, or more or less
tiple elastic force measurement standards may be used in repeatable than 1.0 %, which are the Practices E4 verification
compression loading. All elastic force measurement standards bases. Buyers/owners/users or product specification groups
to be loaded in parallel should be the same height (shims may might require or allow larger or smaller permissible variations.
be used) and the testing machine’s load axis should be Testing machines with percent error of forces larger than
coincidental with the force axis of the multiple elastic force 61.0 % or repeatability errors larger than 1.0 % do not comply
measurement standards setup. This is necessary so that a net with Practices E4.
moment is not applied to the testing machine loading member.
Setups using multiple elastic force measurement standards are 17. Corrections
not recommended unless the use of a single elastic force 17.1 The indicated force of a testing machine that exceeds
measurement standard is not practicable. the permissible variation shall not be corrected either by
calculation or by the use of a calibration diagram in order to
15. Lever-Type Creep-Rupture Testing Machines obtain values within the required permissible variation.
15.1 Lever-type creep-rupture testing machines, which do
not have a force-indicator, may be verified using standard 18. Time Interval Between Verifications
weights or elastic force measurement standard(s), or both. 18.1 It is recommended that testing machines be calibrated
Standard weights used for calibration should conform to the and verified annually or more frequently if required. In no case
requirements of 14.1. In using an elastic force measurement shall that time interval exceed 18 months (except testing
standard, the requirements of 14.3 shall be met as applicable. machines in which a long-time test runs beyond the 18-month
15.2 Procedure: period). In such cases, the testing machine shall be calibrated
and verified after completion of the test.
15.2.1 Place the elastic force measurement standard in the
testing machine and adjust the counterbalance (if the machine 18.2 Testing machines shall be calibrated and verified im-
is so equipped) to compensate for the weight of the elastic mediately after repairs (this includes new or replacement parts,
force measurement standard. or mechanical or electrical adjustments) that may in any way
15.2.2 Connect the lower crosshead of the testing machine affect the operation of the force-measuring system or the values
to the elastic force measurement standard, and apply forces displayed.
using standard weights in increments conforming to the pro- 18.2.1 Examples of new or replacement parts which may
visions of 12.1. not affect the operation of the force-measuring system are
15.2.3 Since many lever-type creep-rupture testing ma- printers, computer monitors, keyboards, and modems.
chines do not have a provision for adjustment of the lever ratio 18.3 Calibration and verification is required immediately
or tare, or both, it may be necessary to determine the “best fit” after a testing machine is relocated (except for machines
straight line through the calibration data, using the least designed to be moved from place to place in normal use), and
squares method. By doing this, the actual lever ratio and tare of whenever there is a reason to doubt the measurement accuracy
each testing machine can be determined, and thus reduce force of the force-measuring system, regardless of the time interval
measurement errors due to small variations of lever ratios. since the last verification.
Maximum percent error of force shall not exceed the require-
ments stated in 16.1. 19. Measurement Accuracy Assurance Between
CALCULATION AND REPORT Verifications
19.1 Some product-testing procedures may require daily,
16. Basis of Verification weekly, or monthly spot checks to ascertain that a testing
machine is capable of producing accurate force values between
16.1 The percent error of forces within the verified range of
the testing machine verifications specified in Section 18.
forces of the testing machine shall not exceed 61.0 %. The
algebraic difference between force measurement errors of two 19.2 Spot checks may be performed on ranges of interest or
applications of the same calibration force (repeatability) shall at force levels of interest utilizing a force measurement
not exceed 1.0 % (see 12.1 and 12.3). standard that complies with Methods A, B, or C as applicable.

9
 E4 − 24
Elastic force measurement standards shall be used only within 20.1.7 Indicated force of the testing machine and the applied
their Practices E74verified range of forces when performing force as measured by the force measurement standard for each
spot checks. calibration run at each calibration force,
19.3 Make spot checks at approximately 20 % and 80 % of 20.1.8 Return-to-zero reading after each calibration run, for
a range unless otherwise agreed upon or stipulated by the each capacity range,
material supplier/user. 20.1.9 Testing machine force measurement error, percent
error of forces, and the percent difference between the calibra-
19.4 Testing machine percent error of force shall not exceed
tion runs (repeatability) at each calibration force,
61.0 % of the spot check applied forces. Should percent errors
20.1.10 Maximum percent error of force for each force
of force be greater than 61.0 % at any of the spot check force
range verified,
levels, calibrate and verify the testing machine immediately
(see 18.3). 20.1.11 The method of calibration used,
20.1.12 Statement that the calibration and verification has
19.5 Maintain a record of the spot check tests which shall been performed in accordance with Practice E4-XX. It is
include the name, serial number, spot check date, calibration recommended that the calibration and verification be per-
agency if applicable, and the limits of the Practices E74 Class formed in accordance with the latest published issue of Practice
A verified range of forces, of the elastic force measurement E4,
standard(s) used to make spot checks; also include the name of
20.1.13 Manufacturer, serial number, calibration agency,
person making the spot checks.
calibration date, calibration recall date, and the limits of the
19.6 The testing machine shall be considered verified up to Practices E74 Class A verified range of forces of all elastic
the date of the last successful spot check (see 19.4), provided force measurement standards used for the calibration,
that the testing machine is calibrated and verified in accordance 20.1.14 Temperature of the elastic force measurement
with Section 18 on a regular schedule. standard(s) used for the calibration and a statement that
19.7 When spot checks are made, a clear, concise record computed forces have been temperature corrected as necessary,
must be maintained as agreed upon between the supplier and 20.1.15 Manufacturer, serial number, calibration agency,
the user. The record must also contain documentation of the calibration date, and the calibration recall date of all standard
regular calibration data and schedule. weights or weight sets used for the calibration,
20.1.16 The identification of the individual who performed
20. Certificate and Report of Calibration and Verification the calibration and verification,
20.1 Prepare clear, complete, and error-free documentation 20.1.17 The name and signature of the person responsible,
(no alteration of data, dates, etc.) for each calibration and in charge of the calibration and verification, and
verification of a testing machine which shall include the 20.1.18 Optionally or if required, a statement of the mea-
following: surement uncertainty of the calibration, see Appendix X2.
20.1.1 Name of the calibration agency,
20.1.2 Date of calibration and verification, 20.2 Each certificate and report of calibration and verifica-
20.1.3 Testing machine description, serial number, and tion generated by the calibration agency shall be uniquely
location, identified. Include page numbers, the total number of pages or
20.1.4 Statement identifying the force-measuring system(s) a mark to signify the end of the document in order to ensure
that were verified, that the pages are recognized as part of the certificate and
20.1.5 Text identifying the mode of calibration, for report of calibration and verification.
example, tension, compression, or universal,
20.1.6 Verified range(s) of forces of each force-measuring 21. Keywords
system of the testing machine and the associated resolution(s), 21.1 calibration; force range; resolution; verification

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ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CALIBRATING THE FORCE-MEASURING SYSTEM OUT OF THE TESTING MACHINE

A1.1 Significance and Use range of forces in conjunction with a testing machine or
A1.1.1 The following are the recognized reasons to perform mechanism for applying force (see Practice E74). Two or more
a force-measuring system calibration out of the testing ma- elastic force measurement standards of equal compliance
chine: maybe combined and loaded in parallel to meet special needs
A1.1.1.1 There is inadequate spacing within the testing for higher capacities.
application load train to allow placement of a force measure- A1.3 Calibration
ment standard.
A1.1.1.2 It is physically impossible to apply a primary A1.3.1 Out of testing machine calibrations shall include the
deadweight force in the compression mode without removal of force sensing device, conditioning electronics, force indicators,
the force-measuring system. and cables.
A1.1.1.3 It is a test rig that has no reaction frame. A1.3.2 Use either Method A or Method C or both as detailed
A1.1.2 Calibrating the force-measuring system out of the in Section 14, but center the force measurement standard on the
testing machine represents an independent and singular mea- centerline of force-sensing device.
surement uncertainty component of the total testing machine
A1.3.3 A minimum of two calibration runs is required per
system measurement uncertainty. Other measurement uncer-
mode (compression or tension). Rotate the position of the
tainty components within the testing machine system exist and
force-sensing device by approximately 120 degrees before
need to be identified and quantified to determine, or verify, the
repeating any series of forces. During the calibration, ensure
testing machine total performance and level of measurement
that the loading axis is on the center load axis of the
uncertainty. For example, mounting considerations, fixtures,
force-application mechanism. Introduce variations or any other
hardness, stiffness, alignment, flatness, and bending may con-
factors that are normally encountered in service.
tribute to the measurement uncertainty of the testing machine.
A1.1.3 Fixture and environment considerations should be A1.3.4 Repeatability between the two calibration runs shall
made, to the best degree possible, to simulate the environment be less than or equal to 0.5 %. If greater than 0.5 %, an
within the testing application (for example, duplicating a additional third calibration run is required. The force-sensing
preload). shall be rotated by approximately 240 degrees from the starting
position prior to performing the third calibration run. The
A1.1.4 Calibrating the force-measuring system out of the repeatability between the three calibration runs shall be less
testing machine can be performed: than 1.0 %. Refer to A1.1.2 to consider all the measurement
A1.1.4.1 On-site, removed from the testing machine, con- uncertainty issues in determining the total testing machine
sisting of a complete force-measuring system (force-sensing measurement uncertainty.
device, conditioning electronics, force indicators, and cables).
A1.1.4.2 Off-site, removed from the testing machine, con- A1.3.5 The percent error of forces within the verified range
sisting of a complete force-measuring system (force-sensing of forces of the testing machine shall not exceed 6 1.0 %.
device, conditioning electronics, force indictor, and cables).
A1.4 Calculation and Report
A1.2 Force Measurement Standard A1.4.1 Calibration of the force-measuring system out of a
A1.2.1 The force-measuring system shall be calibrated by testing machine shall be clearly noted on the certificate and
force measurement standards used over their Class A verified report of calibration and verification.

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APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. DETERMINING RESOLUTION OF THE FORCE-MEASURING SYSTEM

X1.1 The resolution of the force-measuring system is a X1.4.3 If the indicated force fluctuates by more than twice
complex function of many variables including applied force, the resolution of the force-measuring system determined in the
force range, electrical and mechanical components, electrical previous step, apply a constant force (which may be zero
and mechanical noise, and software employed, to name a few. applied force) and either observe or digitally record the output
of the display for at least 10 s or at least 1000 readings
X1.2 A variety of methods can be used to determine the whichever is greater. The resolution of the force-measuring
resolution of the force-measuring system. The procedures system can be calculated as either one-half the range of the
suggested below allow for assessing the resolution of the fluctuation or the standard deviation of the recorded values
force-measuring system at zero force and using this informa- multiplied by two times the square root of three, that is :
tion to determine the resolution at higher forces. When
assessing the resolution of the force-measuring system, all F max 2 F min
r5 (X1.1)
equipment (pumps, motors, furnaces, recording equipment, 2
etc.) usually employed in testing a specimen should be oper- or
ating so that any electrical or mechanical noise that may affect
the resolution is included in the assessment.
X1.3 Procedure for Analog Force-Measuring Systems:
r 5 2 =3 Πn
Σ i51 ~ F i 2 F̄ !
n21
2

(X1.2)

X1.3.1 Typically these analog force-measuring systems are where:

not auto-ranging. The resolution of the force measuring system r = resolution of the force-measuring system
should be determined at the lowest calibration force (typically Fmax = maximum reading observed or recorded
10 % of full scale) of each force range. Fmin = minimum reading observed or recorded
X1.3.2 Divide the pointer width by the distance between n = number of readings recorded
Fi = ith force reading recorded
two adjacent graduation marks at the force where the resolution
F̄ = average of the force readings recorded
is to be ascertained to determine the pointer to graduation ratio.
If the distance between the two adjacent graduation marks is NOTE X1.1—Non-fluctuating resolution is an interval over which it is
equally likely that the value displayed occurs. For example, if the reading
less than 2.5 mm [0.10 in.] and the ratio is less than 1:5, use 1:5 is 2025 N and the resolution of the force-measuring system is 5 N then the
for the ratio. If the distance between the two adjacent gradua- true value is somewhere between 2022.5 N and 2027.5 N, and any value
tion marks is greater than or equal to 2.5 mm [0.10 in.] and the within that range is equally likely. In statistics, this is a rectangular
ratio is less than 1:10, use 1:10 for the ratio. If the ratio is distribution. When a digital display is fluctuating, the distribution of the
greater than those given in these exceptions, use the ratio data might be Gaussian, which can be characterized by a standard
deviation. To convert the range of a rectangular distribution to an
determined. Typical ratios in common usage are 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, equivalent standard deviation of a Gaussian distribution, the range of the
and 1:10. rectangular distribution is divided by two times the square root of three.
X1.3.3 Multiply the ratio determined above by the force (This is how resolution is usually treated in an uncertainty analysis.) The
method of determining resolution of the force-measuring system described
represented by one graduation to determine the resolution of in 11.2 converts the standard deviation of a Gaussian distribution into the
the force-measuring system. range of a rectangular distribution by multiplying by two times the square
X1.3.4 If the indicated force fluctuates by more than twice root of three. This method more accurately assesses the resolution of the
force-measuring system with a fluctuating display when the data collected
the resolution of the force-measuring system determined in the approaches a Gaussian distribution. The method of determining resolution
previous step, the resolution of the force-measuring system is of the force-measuring system described in 11.1.1 is maintained for
equal to one-half the range of the force fluctuation. systems where recording all the data is not possible. Ten seconds and 1000
readings were chosen as the period from test runs on various testing
X1.4 Procedure for Non-Auto-Ranging Digital Force- machines. Within 10 s, the resolution of the force-measuring system was
Measuring Systems: usually within 5 % of the maximum value of resolution found when
collecting data for a minute.
X1.4.1 The resolution should be determined at the lowest
calibration force in each force range (typically 10 % of full X1.4.4 The previous steps may be performed at non-zero
scale of the force range(s)). forces, however machine control issues can artificially inflate
the resolution of the force-measuring system.
X1.4.2 If the indicated force does not fluctuate at zero force,
beginning at zero force, slowly increase the force applied to the X1.4.5 If the number of digits displayed on the force
force-measuring system. Record the smallest change in force indicator at the force where resolution of the force-measuring
that can be ascertained as the resolution of the force-measuring system is to be determined does not support the resolution of
system. Applying the force through a flexible element such as the force-measuring system determined at zero force, the
a spring or an elastomer makes it easier to change the force resolution of the force-measuring system at that force is equal
slowly. to the resolution of the force-measuring system determined at

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zero force rounded up to one or more counts of the force NOTE X1.6—1000 N capacity testing machine is to be verified from 5
indicator as necessary. N up to 1000 N. The resolution of the force-measuring system should be
determined at 5 N, 50 N, and 500 N.
NOTE X1.2—Example 1: The resolution of the force-measuring system
at zero force is 0.034 N. The resolution of the forcemeasuring system is to X1.6 Procedure for Testing Machines with Discrete Forces
be determined at 2000.0 N. On this force indicator at 2000 N its least
count is 0.1 N. Therefore, the resolution of the force-measuring system at Such as Certain Hardness Testing Machines and Creep Testing
2000.0 N is 0.1 N. Machines:
NOTE X1.3—Example 2: The resolution of the force-measuring system X1.6.1 These testing machines generally incorporate fixed
at zero force is 0.28 N. The resolution of the forcemeasuring system is to
be determined at 2000.0 N. On this force indicator at 2000 N its least
lever ratios to apply force. The force applied is obtained by the
count is 0.1 N. Therefore, the resolution of the force-measuring system at weight applied on the lever multiplied by the lever ratio.
2000.0 N is 0.3 N. Testing machines that do not have a force indicator do not have
a resolution of the force-measuring system as described in
X1.5 Procedure for Auto-Ranging Digital Force-Measuring these practices. This procedure ensures that the sensitivity of
Systems: the testing machine is sufficient to apply accurate forces at the
X1.5.1 This procedure is the same as that for non-auto- lowest calibration force and may be substituted for reporting
ranging digital force-measuring systems except that the reso- resolution of the force-measuring system.
lution of the force-measuring system is determined at the X1.6.2 With an elastic force measurement standard
lowest calibration force in each decade or at other forces to mounted in the testing machine, apply the appropriate weight
ensure that the resolution of the force-measuring system is 200 to the testing machine’s lever for the lowest calibration force.
times smaller than the calibration forces. Some examples are as X1.6.3 Gently add a weight to the weight on the lever
follows. approximately equal to 1/200 of the weight of the weight on the
NOTE X1.4—A 150 000 N capacity testing machine is to be verified lever.
from 300 N up to 150 000 N. The resolution of the force-measuring
system should be determined at 300 N, 3000 N, and 30 000 N.
X1.6.4 Ensure that at least one-half of the appropriate
NOTE X1.5—A 60 000 N capacity testing machine is to be verified from change in force is detected by the elastic force measurement
240 N up to 60 000 N. The resolution of the force-measuring system standard when the weight is added and when it is gently
should be determined at 240 N, 2400 N, and 24 000 N. removed.

X2. IDENTIFYING AND DETERMINING MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY COMPONENTS

DURING AN ASTM E4 CALIBRATION

X2.1 The measurement uncertainty determined using this X2.2.1.3 Measurement uncertainty in the value used for the
appendix is the measurement uncertainty of the errors reported local acceleration of gravity at the site where the calibration is
during calibration of a testing machine. It is not the measure- performed when using standard weights,
ment uncertainty of the testing machine or the measurement X2.2.1.4 Drift in the force measurement standard,
uncertainty of test results determined using the testing ma- X2.2.1.5 Measurement uncertainty of the calibration of the
chine. force measurement standard, and
X2.2.1.6 Reproducibility of the force measurement standard
X2.2 Under normal conditions, the measurement uncer- due to handling and fixturing.
tainty of the reported force measurement errors of a testing
NOTE X2.1—A calibration laboratory’s measurement uncertainty
machine determined during a calibration using Practice E4 is a should be based on the maximum measurement uncertainty of the force
combination of three major components: the measurement measurement standards used and the worst environmental conditions
uncertainty associated with the calibration laboratory perform- allowed. It can be advantageous to evaluate the measurement uncertainty
ing the calibration, the measurement uncertainty due to the of the actual force measurement standard used at the actual force for
repeatability of the testing machine during calibration, and which the measurement uncertainty of the force measurement error of the
testing machine is being determined.
possibly the measurement uncertainty component due to the
resolution of the force-measurement system of the testing X2.2.1.7 If the calibration conditions are outside of the
machine at the force the force measurement error is being calibration laboratory’s normal operating parameters, addi-
determined and at zero force. tional components would need to be considered. For example,
a calibration laboratory can permit a 5 °C temperature variation
X2.2.1 The measurement uncertainty associated with the to occur during calibration and has factored this into their
calibration laboratory performing the calibration is a combina- measurement uncertainty. When greater temperature variations
tion of factors such as, but not limited to: occur, the uncertainty due to this increased temperature varia-
X2.2.1.1 The measurement uncertainty of the calibration tion should be included in the determination of measurement
laboratory’s force measurement standards per Practice E74, uncertainty.
X2.2.1.2 Environmental effects such as temperature X2.2.1.8 A calibration laboratory’s measurement uncer-
variations, tainty is usually expressed as an expanded measurement

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 E4 − 24
uncertainty using a coverage factor of two. If this is the case, resolution of the force-measuring system at zero force by the
prior to combining it with the other measurement uncertainty quantity of two times the square root of three.
components, divide it by two to determine the standard
measurement uncertainty. X2.3 The two major components (or three if necessary) can
be combined by squaring each component, adding them
X2.2.2 A way of assessing the measurement uncertainty due
together, and then taking the square root of the sum to
to repeatability during calibration is to evaluate the differences
determine the combined measurement uncertainty of the force
between the two calibration runs of data (the repeatability).
measurement error determined for the testing machine.
X2.2.2.1 For each calibration force, find the sum of the
squares of the differences in force measurement error between X2.4 The expanded measurement uncertainty can then be
the first and second calibration run of that calibration force and determined by multiplying the combined measurement uncer-
the four calibration forces closest to that calibration force. tainty by two, for a confidence level of approximately 95 %.
Divide that sum by ten and take the square root of the result to
obtain an estimate of the measurement uncertainty due to X2.5 The following presents an example measurement un-
repeatability during the calibration. certainty calculation. The measurement uncertainty of the
NOTE X2.2—The sum is divided by ten because there are five pairs of reported force measurement error of a 10 000 N capacity
readings used, and the variance of each pair is equal to the difference testing machine is to be determined at 2000 N.
divided by two.
X2.5.1 The calibration laboratory’s measurement uncer-
X2.2.2.2 Usually this type of assessment of measurement
tainty expanded using a factor of 2 is 0.3 % of applied force.
uncertainty due to repeatability will include the measurement
The testing machine’s resolution at 2000 N is 0.5 N. The
uncertainty due to the resolution of the testing machine;
resolution of the testing machine at 0.0 N force is 0.5 N. Table
however, it is possible to repeat calibration forces without
X2.1 shows the results of two calibration runs:
seeing the effects of the resolution. At each calibration force,
test to see that the measurement uncertainty due to repeatability X2.5.2 The measurement uncertainty component due to the
is greater than the measurement uncertainty due to the resolu- calibration laboratory’s measurement uncertainty (see X2.2.1,
tion of the testing machine. If, at a given calibration force, the uCL is:
uncertainty due to repeatability is not greater than or nominally 0.003 × 2000N
equal to the measurement uncertainty due to the resolution of u CL 5 5 3.0 N (X2.1)
2
the testing machine, for that calibration force, include the
components of measurement uncertainty due to the resolution X2.5.3 The measurement uncertainty component due to
of the testing machine at that force and at zero force. repeatability (see X2.2.2) at 2000 N, ur is calculated as follows:
The repeatability at 2000 N and the four closest forces to 2000
X2.2.3 The measurement uncertainty due to the resolution
N are 0.02 % of 700 N, 0.10 % of 1000 N, 0.17 % of 2000 N,
of the testing machine at each calibration force is the square
0.16 % of 4000 N, and 0.03 % of 7000 N which respectively
root of the sum-of-the-squares of the following two compo-
are 0.14 N, 1.00 N, 3.40 N, 6.40 N, and 2.10 N. Therefore:
nents.
X2.2.3.1 The measurement uncertainty component due to u r5 (X2.2)
the resolution of the force-measuring system of the testing
machine being calibrated can be determined by dividing the
resolution of the force-measuring system at the force where
Π~ 0.14 N ! 2 1 ~ 1.00 N ! 2 1 ~ 3.40 N ! 2 1 ~ 6.40 N ! 2 1 ~ 2.10 N ! 2
10
measurement uncertainty is being evaluated by the quantity of
52.4N
two times the square root of three.
X2.2.3.2 The measurement uncertainty component due to X2.5.4 The measurement uncertainty component due to the
the resolution of the force-measuring system of the testing testing machine’s resolution at 2000 N, (see X2.2.3.1) uR2000
machine at zero force can be determined by dividing the is:

TABLE X2.1 Calibration Data

Calibration Run 1 Calibration Run 2 %
Testing Machine Force Measurement Percent Error Testing Machine Force Measurement Percent Error Repeatability
Indicated Force 1, Standard Reading, of Force Indicated Force 2, Standard Reading, of Force
N N (%) N N (%)
100 100.24 -0.24 100 100.02 -0.02 0.22
200 200.21 -0.11 200 200.23 -0.11 0.00
400 400.19 -0.05 400 400.37 -0.09 0.04
700 699.98 0.00 700 700.12 -0.02 0.02
1000 1000.15 -0.01 1000 1001.15 -0.11 0.10
2000 1998.84 0.06 2000 1995.33 0.23 0.17
4000 3994.31 0.14 4000 3988.20 0.30 0.16
7000 6981.97 0.26 7000 6979.86 0.29 0.03
10000 9989.00 0.11 10000 9967.54 0.32 0.21

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 E4 − 24
0.5N the repeatability is greater than that due to resolution, the
u R2000 5 5 0.14 N (X2.3)
2 =3 component due to the resolution is not included.
The combined measurement uncertainty of the force mea-
X2.5.5 The measurement uncertainty component due to the surement error determined at 2000 N, u is:
testing machine’s resolution at zero force ((see X2.2.3.2), uRZ
is: u 5 =~ 3.0 N ! 2 1 ~ 2.4 N ! 2 5 3.8 N (X2.6)
0.5N X2.5.8 The expanded measurement uncertainty of the force
u RZ 5 5 0.14 N (X2.4) measurement error determined at 2000 N, U using a coverage
2 =3
factor of two (see X2.4) is:
X2.5.6 The total measurement uncertainty component due
U 5 2 × 3.8 N 5 7.6 N (X2.7)
to resolution at 2000 N is
7.6 N is 0.38 % of 2000 N.
=~ 0.14 N ! 2 1 ~ 0.14 N ! 2 5 0.20 N (X2.5)
NOTE X2.3—For additional resources relating to measurement
X2.5.7 The combined measurement uncertainty (see X2.3) uncertainty, refer to the JCGM 100:2008, Evaluation of measurement
can now determined. Since the measurement uncertainty due to data-Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.

X3. FORCE RATE DISCUSSION

X3.1 Many testing standards allow, and in some cases X3.3 Use of closed-loop-force-rate control can cause out-
specify, force rate or stress rate as a way of controlling the of-control situations if the testing machine is in closed-loop-
speed of testing during a test. For materials that yield prior to force-rate control when a test specimen yields. This condition
fracturing, specifying a force rate is not recommended because will cause the testing machine to accelerate, possibly to its
the deformation rate the material is subjected to while it is maximum speed.
yielding depends on the stiffness of the testing machine and the
stiffness of the test specimen. Because of the dependence on X3.4 For the reasons stated above, stress-rate or force-rate
stiffness, the same specified force rate can easily produce speed-of-testing specifications are a poor way to improve
specimen deformation rates that vary by more than a factor of reproducibility of test results between testing machines and
10 across different testing machines. laboratories. Generally, reproducibility is much better when the
NOTE X3.1—For a tensile test or a compression test, stress rate is equal
to the force rate divided by the cross-sectional area of the test specimen. speed of testing is specified in terms of a strain -rate or a
position -rate.
X3.2 Manual-force-rate control of a testing machine is
usually performed by the operator, who either (a) watches a X3.5 A rigorous method of calibrating and verifying force
force-rate pacer and adjusts the speed of the testing machine rate is not given here because the potential variability in testing
during the elastic portion of the test or (b) uses a preset speed using force-rate or stress-rate control far exceeds the variability
that was previously found to attain the desired force rate. In of almost any method of measuring or controlling force rate.
either case, the rate is not adjusted as the test specimen begins
to yield.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E4–21) that
may impact the use of this standard. (Approved September 1, 2021.)

(1) Added 3.2.10, definition of least count. (5) Deleted previous sections 3.3.7–3.3.82. Added Section 11.
(2) Revised 3.3.6, definition of resolution of the force Revised Appendix X1.
(3) Added Appendix X3. (6) Moved previous Note 4 to new 10.4.
(4) Revised 3.2.14, 6.1, 14.3.2.1, 19.2, 19.5, 20.1.13.

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