ECO154 - INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE METHOD II

The aspect of decision-making that has to do with numerical information is

known as_____.
Statistics

The word _____ is often used t mean any of the following: numerical
information; a summary of numerical information; a discipline.
Statistics

______ is generally used to describe a collection of numerical data; for

example, population data, health statistics and school enrolment data,
among others.
Statistics

______ is used to refer to the summary of a collection of numerical data such

as the total, the minimum, maximum, range and average of such data of
interest.
Statistics

As a discipline, _____ is the scientific method of decision-making under

uncertainty when numerical data and calculated risks are involved.
Statistics

______ presents facts in a definite, lucid and concise form so that the facts
are readily available for making valid conclusions.

Statistics

______ equally synthesizes large mass of data into simple format so that they
convey meaning to the reader.
Statistics

The field of study called _____ is fast becoming relevant and essential in all
aspects of life because for decision to be appropriately taken, resources
judiciously utilized and plans efficiency executed, data has to be collected,
organised, analysed and interpreted. These are the bedrock of Statistics.
Statistics

______ may be defined as the techniques by which data are collected,

organised, summarised, presented and analyzed for the purpose of making
reasonably valid decisions and especially under conditions of uncertainty.
Statistics

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______ is the science of making decisions under uncertainty, that is, making
the best decision on the basis of incomplete information.
Statistics

______ is the science of collecting, organising, summarising and analysing

information in order to draw conclusion.
Statistics

Statistics is classified as a science because______

it makes use of the tools of science such as principles, laws,
experimentation, observation, theories/models, conclusion,
generalization etc.

The process of statistics can be categorised into _____ stages

four

The process of statistics can be categorised into the following stages:

(i) Identifying the research objectives
(ii) Collection of information needed to achieve the objectives
(iii) Organization and summarization of information (data)
(iv) The drawing of conclusions from the raw or analyzed information.

_______ involves collection of numerical facts in a systematic way.

Statistics

_______ involves the careful analysis of the data collected in form of tables
and the interpretation of such data.
Statistics

______ involves the use of scientific method of collecting, organizing,

summarizing, presenting, analyzing data as well as drawing conclusions so
as to take reasonable decision concerning a given phenomenon.
Statistics

A _____ is an investigation carried out to collect statistical data which may

be analyzed and presented in the form that will aid effective decision
making.
statistical inquiry

For statistics to be able to achieve its goals, the following steps must be
properly followed:
(i) Problem and the objectives should be properly stated.
(ii) Samples should be properly selected without bias.
(iii) Questionnaires should be well laid-out.
(iv) Data should be collected effectively and efficiently.
(v) Data should be properly organized.
(vi) Analysis and interpretation of data must be properly carried out.

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(vii) Outcomes/Results of the analyses should be properly presented.
(viii) The report of the inquiry must be presented using simple and
illustrative languages such as tables, charts or graphs.

The field of study (statistics) is limited by the following:

(i) Statistics data or result is only an approximation of the total and
therefore not entirely accurate in some cases.
(ii) Statistics if not carefully used can establish wrong conclusion and
therefore it should only be handled by expert.
(iii) Statistics deals only with aggregate of fact as no importance is attached
to individual items.

______ is generally defined as science of data which involves collecting,

classifying, summarizing or organizing, analyzing and interpreting data
(numerical information) to be able to arrive at a statistical conclusion.
Statistics

______ means numerical description to most people

Statistics

„Statistics‟ means ______ description to most people

numerical

„Statistics‟ means ______ to most people

numerical description

In______, the data collected describes the situation that existed at the point
in time when the census was taken.
Descriptive statistics

______ provides a step by step detail of data available and collected at any
given period.
Descriptive statistics

______ is the branch of statistics which deals with classification of data

through the drawing of histograms that correspond to the frequency
distribution which result after the data representation of data by different
types of graphs such as line graphs, bar charts, pictogram, computation of
sample mean, median and modes.
Descriptive statistics

The computation of variances, means, absolute deviations, deciles, range,

percentile etc. are also regarded to as______.
descriptive statistics

The main purpose of descriptive statistics is_____

to provide an overview of the information collected

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Basically, the component of statistical process that deals with the
organisation and summarization of information is referred to as______.
Descriptive Statistic

______ describes the information collected through numerical

measurements, charts, graphs and tables.
Descriptive Statistic

Descriptive Statistic describes the information collected through______,

charts, graphs and tables.
numerical measurements

Descriptive Statistic describes the information collected through numerical

measurements, _____, graphs and tables.
charts

Descriptive Statistic describes the information collected through numerical

measurements, charts, _____ and tables.
graphs

Descriptive Statistic describes the information collected through numerical

measurements, charts, graphs and______.
tables

Descriptive Statistic describes the information collected through______

numerical measurements, charts, graphs and tables

______ is the second important branch of statistics.

Inferential or analytical statistics

Most often, samples are carefully selected from population. On the basis of
the sample, we infer things or conclusion about the population. This
inference about populations on the basis of the sample is known as______.
Statistical Inference

______ is the use of samples to reach conclusions about the populations

from which those samples have been drawn.
Statistical inference

______ is mostly linked with probability theory and estimate outcomes of

events.
Inferential statistics

Inferential statistics can be divided into ______

two

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Inferential statistics can be divided into two, namely: ______and Inductive
statistics
Deductive statistics

Inferential statistics can be divided into two, namely: Deductive statistics

and _____
Inductive statistics

Inferential statistics can be divided into two, namely: ______

Deductive statistics and Inductive statistics

_____ is the act of drawing inferences about a sample using our knowledge of
the population.
Deductive Statistics

______ is the process of drawing inference about the population from the
sample.
Inductive Statistics

Statistics as a branch of study has two main divisions, namely _______

descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

______ refers to a set or collection of usable information

Data

______ are collected data that have not been organised numerically.
Raw data

_______ refers to numerical description of quantitative aspects of a situation.

Statistical data

The Standard English Dictionary defines _____ as facts and figures from
which conclusions can be drawn.
data

______ is an activity or group of activities aimed at getting information, facts

and figures to satisfy given decision objectives.
Data collection

The data may be of two broad types:______

primary and secondary

A ______ is a type of data collected directly from the source.

primary data

The data may have already been collected by other agency, organization or
institution (private or public) and may exist either in published or

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unpublished form. The researcher‟s job is then to simply access them for
research purpose. Such data is called_____.
Secondary data

______ is an arrangement of raw numerical data in ascending or descending

order of magnitude.
An array

The major difference between data and array is that______

data is information presented as obtained without arrangement in any
order but array is a set of quantifiable information arranged in order o
magnitude (either in ascending or descending order)

A _____ may be defined as a symbol such as X, Y, x, y, H, α, β etc. that can

assume any of a prescribed set of values, called “domain” of a variable.
variable

If the variable can assume only one value, it is called a _____

constant

A variable that can theoretically assume any value between two given value
is said to be _______
continuous variable

In statistics, _____ are better described as the characteristics of the

individuals within the population
variable

Variables can be categorized into _____

two

Variables can be categorized into two major variables namely: ______

and______
Quantitative variables and Qualitative variables

______ allow for classification of individuals based on some attributes or

characteristics.
Qualitative or categorical variables

______ are numerically valued variable.

Quantitative variables

Temperature is a quantitative variable because it is numeric and operations

such as addition, subtraction etc. provides meaningful results. For example,
70 0C is 10 0C warmer than 60 0C.

Quantitative variables can be classified into______

2

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Quantitative variables can be classified into______ and______
Discrete variable and Continuous variable

A ______ is a variable whose possible values can be listed, even though the
list may continue indefinitely.
discrete variable

______ is a quantitative variable whose possible values form some intervals

of numbers.
Continuous variable

A ______ is a quantitative variable that has an infinite numbers of possible

values that are not countable.
continuous variable

The figure below illustrates the relationship among qualitative, discrete and
continuous variables.

A ______ is just part selected to represent the population.

sample

A sample is just part selected to represent the______.

population

_______ is the collection of some members of the population based on a

distinct definition.
Sample

______ are better used for research relative to complete enumeration

(population) because it is carried out with less efforts, less cost, shorter
time, greater accuracy, greater scope coverage and greater application.
Sample

A ______ is simply put as a subset of the unit of a population.

sample

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A ______ is an estimate, prediction or some other generalization about a
population based on information contained in a sample.
statistical inference or inductive statistics

In statistics, the term ______ refers to the whole of any group of individuals
or items whose members (units) possess the same basic and clearly defined
characteristics.
Population

______ is a collection of all possible usable information as may be required or

as clearly defined.
Population

Population is ______
a collection of all possible usable information as may be required or as
clearly defined

Population is a ______ of all possible usable information as may be required

or as clearly defined.
collection

Population is ______.
relative

______ is relative.
Population

Population data is also known as______.

census data

A ______ has been defined as the part of a population, carefully selected

such that each member of the population is likely to be selected and what is
obtained (sample) form a true representation of the population.
sample

The process of selecting samples from the population to ensure accuracy

representation and unbiasedness is known as ______
Sampling or Sampling Technique

The goal of sampling is______

to obtain individuals (sample) that will participate in a study so that
accurate information about the population can be obtained

Sampling can either be _____ or non random.

random

Sampling can either be random or_____.

non random

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Sampling can either be______
random or non random

A _____ sample is one in which every unit of the population has the same
chance of being selected.
random

Some of the basic technique used in statistical sampling include:

(i) Simple Random Sampling
(ii) Systematic sampling
(iii) Stratified sampling
(iv) Multi-stage sampling
(v) Quota sampling
(vi) Cluster sampling
(vii) Convenience sampling

The word _____ refers to a definite method of selection.

random

Simple random sampling can be with replacement or without replacement.

True

The sample obtained from simple random sampling is the______.

simple random sampling

Systematic (random) sampling is easier to execute than simple random

sampling and usually provides comparable results.
True

A ______ sample is obtained by selecting every Kth individual from the

population.
systematic

When population is _____, simple random sampling or systematic sampling

is appropriate.
homogenous (same)

In______, the population is divided into strata, groups or blocks of units in

such a way that each group is as homogeneous as possible (has same
characteristics).
stratified sampling

A member of congress wishes to determine her constituency‟s opinion

regarding estate taxes. She divides her constituency into three income
classes: low income, middle income and upper income classes. She then
takes a random sample of households from each income class. This is a
practical______.

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stratified sampling

______ is where a series of samples are taken at successive stages.

Multi-Stage Sampling

To economist and business managers, time and cost is taken into

consideration in sample data, for this reason, a method of sampling known
as _____ is extensively employed by many organisations.
quota sampling

An important advantage of quota sampling is that______

it is not expensive in terms of money and time to conduct

______ involves the use of the reference map of the area of interest.
Cluster sampling

With the aid of the map, the area to be surveyed may be divided into smaller
units and random sampling will be used to select some of the areas. The
group of individuals so formed is known as______
cluster

_______ is probably the easiest sampling method.

Convenience sampling

Convenience sampling is probably the easiest sampling method.

True

A ______ (obtained from convenience sampling) is a sample in which the

individuals are easily obtained.
convenient sample

A ______ is the list of all the population units from which sample units are
identified and selected.
sampling frame

The ______ must be complete and constantly revised and updated.

sampling frame

______ measures the deviation between the sample‟s behaviour and the
population‟s characteristics.
Sampling error

_____ is the error that results from using sampling to estimate information
regarding a population.
Sampling error

Sampling errors may be as a result of the following

(i) Error due to bias.

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(ii) The nature of the questionnaire.
(iii) Memory error
(iv) Coding error
(v) Editing error
(vi) Error due to tabulation
(vii) Error in the sharing of questionnaires.

The merits of using sampling include:

(i) Sampling saves time and money.
(ii) Smaller number involved in sampling make “call backs” possible and
allow for thorough check on returned questionnaire.
(iii) Compared with the process of complete enumeration, less number of
people will be employed and effectively used, in the course of sampling.
(iv) The result from sampling is obtained within a short period of time.
(v) The error can be measured and readily handled.
(vi) The result obtained from sampling may be more accurate if well
conducted.

The demerits of using sampling include:

(i) It cannot be used where the sampling frame is adequate or completely not
available.
(ii) Sampling method breeds sampling errors which if not properly handled,
may affect the result.
(iii) It can be manipulated to suit the purpose of investigator or collector.

______ are sets of statistical information

Data

_______ is a set of data arranged in ascending or descending order of

magnitude. Variables are the instruments used to obtain data.
Array

Variables may be_______

quantitative, qualitative, discrete or continuous

______ is the subset of the entire enumeration (census) upon which

statistical investigations are carried out.
Sample

Whether the data to be collected is primary or secondary, the collection may

be done in either of the two ways:______ and______
Complete enumeration and Representative enumeration

In______, each and every individual of the group to which the data relates is
covered and information gathered for each individual separately.
complete enumeration

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In______, only a representative part of the group is covered, either because
the group is too large or because the number of items on which information
is sought is too large.
representative enumeration

By_____, we mean the principles, techniques, approaches and strategies

used to seek for information especially for statistical analyses.
data collection

Generally, there are numerous sources of data, the commonest ones are:
(i) Direct observation
(ii) Personal interview
(iii) Use of questionnaire
(iv) Reports/Results of experiment
(v) Extraction from already established results

_______ is the easiest of all and all it requires is to observe all the items in a
specified population and draw conclusion from them.
Direct observation

______ method may entails sending observers to record what actually

happens while it is happening at the current period.
Direct observation

______ as a method reduces the chance of incorrect data being recorded but
it is limited by the size of observation.
Direct observation

______ is the method of collection which involves more than one person.
Personal interview

______ is equally used in personal investigations and team investigation

(where investigators go to the interviewee in group), it is sometimes called
delegated personal investigation.
Interview

Interview is equally used in personal investigations and team investigation

(where investigators go to the interviewee in group), it is sometimes
called______.
delegated personal investigation

Personal interview is sometimes called______.

Survey

_____ requires researcher to sample a group of people, ask one or more

questions and record the responses.
Survey

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______ can be conducted through mail, with telephone interviewer or with in-
person interviews.
Survey

_______ provides first hand information, allows for a feed back and has high
probability of receiving accurate information.
Interview

A ______ is a carefully designed form to be completed by the respondent (the

person that fills the form).
Questionnaire

The ______ may seek to know the bio-data (age, sex, marital status, state of
origin, nationalities etc.); or contain direct questions on the main issue to be
investigated.
Questionnaire

______ method of data collection is cheap.

Questionnaire

Questionnaire method of data collection is ______.

cheap

Questionnaire method of data collection is cheap.

True

______ requires carrying out experiments (not necessarily in the laboratory)

and using the result to determine the behaviour of certain things or
circumstance.
Reports / Results of Experiment

______ must be properly recorded after experiments have been carefully

carried out to meet the standards required.
Results

Results must be properly recorded after experiments have been carefully

carried out to meet the ______required.
standards

______ is one of the commonest ways of collecting secondary data.

Extraction from already Established Result

The following are the problems of data collection

(i) Lack of proper communication between users and producers of statistical
data.
(ii) Difficulty in estimating variables which are of interest to researchers and
planners.
(iii) Ignorance and illiteracy of the respondents.

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(iv) High proportion of non response due to suspicious on the part of the
respondent.
(v) Lack of proper framework for which samples can be selected.
(vi) The wrong ordering of priorities including misdirection of emphasis and
bad utilization of human and material resources.

An _____data is an array of information such that each item has its own
individual frequency or occurrence.
ungrouped

An ______ is an array of information such that each item has its own
individual frequency or occurrence.
ungrouped data

In order to prepare an ungrouped frequency distribution, each data is

counted physically and recorded with the use of strokes (tally), which is later
written out in figures under the frequency column. This in totality is
called______.
frequency distribution

A _____ lists the number of occurrences for each category of a data.

frequency distribution

An ______ shows at glance the number of times each of the data occurs
(frequency) and the sum of times all data occur (∑ f).
ungrouped frequency distribution

Data organized and summarized in such a way that information are

classified by groups or classes, are called______.
grouped data

The tabular arrangement of data by classes together with the corresponding

class frequencies is called______.
frequency distribution or frequency table of grouped data

______ is the categories for grouped data

Class/Group

______ is the number of items (data) that form a group.

Class Size/Width

A symbol defining a class such as 41 – 50, is called the_____.

class interval

_______ is the number of observations that fall in a class.

Frequency

The end numbers 41 and 50 are called ______

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class limits

______ is the summing up of the frequencies of each class

Cummulative frequency

______ is the listing of the classes and their cummulative frequency.

Cummulative frequency distribution

The _____ is the proportion or percent of observation within a

category/group/class relative to the entire sample size.
relative frequency

______ is the least component of a class boundary for each group.

Lower Class Boundaries/Lower Cut Point

_______ is the highest opponent of a class boundary for each group or class.
Upper Class Boundaries/Upper Cut Point

The _____ is the midpoint of the class interval and is obtained by adding the
lower and the upper class limits or those of the class boundaries and divide
by 2.
class mark

A ______ is an orderly arranged list of information, facts or data.

table

A _____ is simply an orderly arrangement of information showing the

relationship between or among variables.
table

A _______ gives a brief description of the content.

title

Every table is expected to have a______.

title

The extreme left part of a table which is meant to give a description of the
rows is called the _____ of the table.
stub

The upper part of the table which gives a description of the various columns
is the ______ of the table.
caption

The ______ is the principal part of the table, where the figures are exhibited.
body

A good table should satisfy the following properties:

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(i) It must have a neat outlay and be easily understood i.e. self contained
and self explanatory.
(ii) It must have a general explanatory title or heading. The title should be
clear, unambiguous and concise. It must indicate the purpose of the table.
(iii) The units of measurement must be clearly defined and shown.
(iv) It must contain foot notes and source notes to describe the details and
the origin of the table.
(v) It must have column title to indicate the type of items classified in the
column.
(vi) It must have row title to indicate the type of item classified in the row.

The specific importance of Table in statistics and other relates disciplined

are:
(i) It is used to interpret data more vividly and more clearly
(ii) Data in table can be used for comparative analysis
(iii) Quick decisions can be taken based on information derived from tables
(iv) Information from tables occupies less space
(v) Tables reveal at a glance, the information conveyed on the data
(vi) The data presented in a table can be used to forecast future performance
of the variables involved.
(vii) A clearer relationship between or among variables is shown with the use
of tables.
(viii) Summary of information being presented are shown with the use of
tables.
(ix) Some tables present information which are useful for further research
(x) Required information or figures are easily located from tables.

A _____ is a pictorial presentation of the relationship between variables.

graph

______ can be defined as a functional relationship between two variables.

Graph

A _____ may be depicted by lines to establish relationship between variables.

graph

A graph may be depicted by _____ to establish relationship between

variables.
lines

A graph may be depicted by lines to establish relationship between______.

variables

______ are mostly depicted with straight lines or joined points (curves)
Graphs

______ establish relationship with the use of free-hand sketch only and not
with the use of lines.

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Curves

Graphs are usually drawn on a co-ordinate plane called_____

XY plane

Each of the regions of a graph is called a_____.

quadrant

Point O is called the______.

Origin or Zero point

The value of X and Y at the points where the perpendicular meet these axes
are called ______
rectangular coordinates

The coordinate of X is sometimes called _____

abscissa

The coordinate of Y is called the ______ of the point.

ordinate
Graphs are expected to have the following features:
(1) It must have a clear title.
(2) It must be properly are carefully labelled with the units of each axis.
(3) It must be properly scaled so as to give an accurate impression of the
presentation.
(4) It must be able to forecast and estimate values.

Some of the importance of graphs in statistics includes:

(i) Graphs give instantaneous impression about the information being
presented.
(ii) Functional relationship expressed in graphs show a dearer picture of the
relationship between variables.
(iii) Graphs are illustrative and descriptive tool for economic analyses.
(iv) Data presented in table are better understood when transposed into
graphs.
(v) Graphs are important for quick estimation and forecasting purposed.

A _____ is a straight line graph that shows the relationship between two
variables, one on the X–axis and the other on the Y axis (see coordinate
plane).
linear graph

______ are functional relationship between two variables (dependent and

independent).
Graphs

Graphs are functional relationship between two variables ______

dependent and independent

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______ are diagrammatic representation of data with the use of bars, shapes,
curves and other illustrative objects.
Charts

Commonest among the forms of charts used in statistic are ______

bar charts, pie charts, Z–Charts etc.

______ consists of bars of rectangle which are of equal width with each of its
length corresponding to the frequency or quantity they are representing.
Bar charts

The bars are separated from one another by _____ intervals of gaps.
equal

The bars are separated from one another by equal intervals of______.
gaps

Bar charts or bar diagrams is another common mode of data representation.

True

Bar charts or bar diagrams is another common mode of______.

data representation

_____ are constructed by representing the categories (units/classes) of the

qualitative variables by bars, where the height of each bar is the class
frequency, class relative frequency, class relative percentage, or cumulative
percentages.
Bar charts

Different forms of bar charts used in statistics include:

(i) Simple vertical Bar Chart
(ii) Simple Horizontal Bar Chart
(iii) Multiple Bar Charts
(iv) Percentage Multiple Bar Chart
(v) Component Bar Charts
(vi) Percentage component Bar Charts
(vii) Pareto Charts

______ involves the drawing of bars upright or vertically.

Simple vertical bar charts

______ is a chart in which the length of the bars indicated the magnitude of
the data.
Simple vertical bar charts

Simple vertical bar charts are also called______.

vertical frequency bar chart

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The _____ involve drawing bars horizontally thereby presenting the frequency
on the horizontal axis and the variable in the vertical axis.
simple horizontal bar charts

The simple horizontal bar chart is sometimes called______.

horizontal frequency bar chart

______ consists of bars of two or more variables being represented.

Multiple bar charts

______ is expected to show what each sign, colour or design represents.

Key

______ mainly shows the relative values of the components expressed as the
percentage of the total.
Percentage multiple bar chart

A ______ shows the breakdown of the total values for a given information
into their component parts.
component bar chart

______ is a component bar chart in which each constituent part of the bar is
presented as the percentage of the total.
Percentage component bar charts

A _____ is a bar graph whose bars are drawn in decreasing order of

frequency or relative frequency.
Pareto chart

A _____ is a circle divided by radial lines into sections (like slices of a cake or
pie; hence the name) so that the area of each section is proportional to the
size of the value represented.
pie chart

A ______ can be described as a disk divided into wedge-shaped pieces that

are proportional to the frequencies or relative frequencies.
pie chart

Pie charts are sometimes called______.

circular diagram

A ______ is particularly useful where it is desired to show the relative

proportion of the values or variables that make up a single overall total.
pie chart

A pie chart is particularly useful where it is desired to show the ______ of the
values or variables that make up a single overall total.

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relative proportion

A Z-chart is simply a graph that extends over a single year and incorporates:
(a) Individual monthly figures
(b) Cumulative figure for the period
(c) The moving annual total

_______ are descriptive representation of data with the use of bars (vertical or
horizontals).
Bar charts

A ______ is constructed by drawing rectangles for each class or variable.

histogram

______ may be used for both grouped and ungrouped data.

Histogram

Histogram may be used for both ______ and ungrouped data.

grouped

Histogram may be used for both grouped and ______ data.

ungrouped

Histogram may be used for both ______ and________.

grouped and ungrouped data

______ and frequency polygon are usually drawn together.

Histogram

Histogram and ______ are usually drawn together.

frequency polygon

______ and______ are usually drawn together.

Histogram and frequency polygon

Histogram and frequency ______ are usually drawn together.

polygon

Histogram and frequency polygon are usually drawn together.

True

Histogram and frequency polygon are usually drawn______.

together

______ are vertical bar charts joined together

Histograms

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______ is the curve obtained by joining the midpoint of each bars of a
histogram.
Frequency polygon

A _____ otherwise known as frequency histogram consists of a set of

rectangles having bases on a horizontal axis (the X-axis) with the centers at
the class marks and lengths equal to the class interval sizes and area
proportional to the class frequencies.
histogram

A _____ is a line graph of the class frequency plotted against the class mark.
frequency polygon

The ______ is the graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis and
the relative frequencies of the classes of the vertical axis.
relative frequency histogram

The total frequency of all values less than the upper class boundary of a
given class interval is called _____ up to and including that class interval.
cumulative frequency

A graph showing the cumulative frequency less than any upper class
boundary plotted against the upper class boundary is called a_____.
cumulative frequency curve or ogive curve

A table presenting cumulative frequencies is called______.

cumulative frequency distribution

______ is a graphical method for demonstrating the disparity between two

economic phenomena.
Lorenz-curve

______ is the use of shapes, figure or objects to represent information or

data.
Pictogram

______ entails the use of drawing of objects to represent items in a data.

Pictogram

_______ are drawn with the use of cumulative frequency distribution table.
Cumulative frequency curves

Cumulative frequency curves are drawn with the use of______.

cumulative frequency distribution table

______ are drawn to establish disparity which exists between two or more
variable.
Lorenz charts

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_______ are the statistical estimates which show the degree to which any
given set of value or data will converge towards the central point of the data.
Measures of central tendency

Measures of central tendency is also known as the______.

measures of location

There are _____ commonest measures of central tendency

three

Basically, there are three commonest measures of central tendency namely

the ________
mean, median and mode

The _____ shows the average value

mean

The ______ shows the central number

median

The _____ is the observation that occurs most frequent.

mode

The mean shows the_______

average value

The median shows the ______

central number

The mode is the observation that occurs______.

most frequent

______ is the arithmetic average of a set of data or information.

Mean

______ is perhaps the most widely used measure of central tendency.

Mean

_______ is the summation of all the total of the individual values or elements
divided by making up the total.
Mean

The major properties of arithmetic mean are:

(i) The algebraic sum of derivation of a set of number from their arithmetic
mean is zero i.e. ∑(X − X-) = 0; where X are the individual value and Xis the
mean.
(ii) Every set of internal level and ratio level data has a mean.

Page 22
(iii) All values are included in computing the mean.
(iv) A set of data has only one mean. It is unique.

Advantages of the Mean

(i) By making use of every value in a distribution, the mean is the most
representative of all the averages (mean, median and mode).
(ii) The mean is the best known and most commonly used in statistics and
management sciences. (iii) The mean, being the result of mathematical
processing, lends itself to further mathematical calculations e.g. in
computing coefficient of variation, skewness, standard deviation etc.
(iv) Unlike the median and the mode, the value of the mean is always strictly
determined because it is a computed average.
(v) It provides very good means of comparison.
(vi) Its value is directly affected by the value of each item in a given set of
data.

Disadvantages of the Mean

(i) Extreme value in the distribution may distort the value of the mean. If the
degree of such distortion is high, the mean become unrepresentative of the
distribution. Thereby, becoming misleading.
(ii) If the open ended class contain a large proportion of the values, the mean
may be subject to some error.
(iii) In the case of discrete data, the mean may be a value not related to any
item of the distribution e.g. 8.32 workers.
(iv) Unlike the median and the mode, the mean cannot be determined
graphically either by the use of frequency diagrams or cumulative frequency
curves.
(v) Mean may be difficult to compute when data is numerous.

______ are other forms of mean apart from the arithmetic and the weighted
mean.
Special means

The commonest forms of special means are:

(i) Geometric mean (G)
(ii) Harmonic mean (H)
(iii) Quadratic mean (Q) or Root Mean Square (RMS).

When data consisting of n-members is arranged in order of magnitude, the

middle value or member is called the ______ of the data
median

The properties of the median include:

(i) It is unique i.e. like the mean, there is only one median for set of dat.
(ii) To determine the median, arrange the data from the lowest to the highest
or otherwise hence, find the value of the middle observation.
(iii) The median is not affected by the extreme large or small values;
therefore, it (the median) is a valuable measure of central tendency.

Page 23
Advantages of the Median
(i) It is easy to calculate and understand.
(ii) It depends on the middle items or groups; it is not affected by the
extreme values.
(iii) It can be calculated from incomplete data.
(iv) It is an actual value occurring in the distribution and therefore, it is
related to the value in the distribution.
(v) The median can be determined from frequency diagram i.e. it can be
obtained graphically.
(vi) It gives a clear idea of the distribution of the data.

Disadvantages of the Median

(i) It is not useful in further statistical calculations.
(ii) It may require re-arrangement of data involved before calculation.
(iii) It is difficult to use with discrete variable which takes only value.
(iv) It takes no account of extreme values in the observation.
(v) Irregular distribution makes the location of the median to be indefinite.
(vi) It is a position average, it has limited practical application.
(vii) It is unrepresentative of all the values in the distribution and to make
further use of it, it must be supplemented by other statistics.

The ______ is the variable occurring most which corresponds to the highest
point of the frequency curve.
mode

_______ is the value or item that has the highest frequency.

Mode

An observation having one mode is said to be______.

Unimodal

Observation having two modes are said to be ______

Bimodal

An observation having more than two modes are ______.

Multimodal

Advantages of Mode
(i) It is easy to obtain either graphically or manually.
ii) It is not be affected by extreme values.
(iii) It is quickly obtained, realistic and dependable.
(iv) It is a good representation of the data.
(v) It is not affected by open-ended classes or extreme values of the
distribution.

Disadvantages of Mode
(i) It is not useful for further mathematical management.

Page 24
(ii) It is not a very good measure of central tendency.
(iii) It is difficult to obtain in a large and grouped data.
(iv) It has limited practical use in management.
(v) It is not necessarily unique as there can be more than one mode in a set
of data.
(vi) It does not represent all the values in the distribution.

______ are the basic measures of central tendency or the measures of

location.
Mean, median and mode

______ , median and mode are the basic measures of central tendency or the
measures of location.
Mean

Mean, ______ and mode are the basic measures of central tendency or the
measures of location.
median

Mean, median and ______ are the basic measures of central tendency or the
measures of location.
mode

There are _____ common methods or formulae of obtaining the mode of

grouped data
2

______ is the simplest of all the measure of dispersion.

The Range

_____ is the difference between the highest and the lowest value in a set of
data.
Range

Mathematically, the range = highest observation – lowest observation.

Advantages of Range
(i) It is useful for further statistical calculation.
(ii) It gives a rough estimate of the difference between the values to be
handled.
(iii) It is easy to calculate and understand.
(iv) It helps in keeping variability in check.

Disadvantage of Range
(i) It does not consider all the values in the data.
(ii) It is not a reliable measure of variability because at times, two different
data may have the same range even though, their dispersion may be
different.

Page 25
The _____ refers to the arithmetic average of all deviation in a distribution
from the mean.
mean deviation

The major disadvantages or shortcomings of mean deviation are:

(i) It is not useful for further mathematical analysis.
(ii) It may be difficult to calculate when observation is numerous.

The positive square root of the mean squared deviation is called the_____.
standard deviation

______ is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the sum of squares of
deviation of the values in the distribution from the mean.
Standard deviation

_______ are statistical estimates which show the degree of spread of

observation in a given data from the arithmetic averages.
Measures of dispersion

When data is broken down into four equal parts or division, each part or
division is called a______.
Quartile

When data is broken down into ten equal parts or division, each part or
division is called a______.
Decile

In breaking a data into one-hundred equal parts, each portion or part is

called a______.
Percentile

_____, deciles and percentiles are called the measures of partition

Quartiles

Quartiles, ______ and percentiles are called the measures of partition

deciles

Quartiles, deciles and _____are called the measures of partition

percentiles

Quartiles, deciles and percentiles are called the _____

measures of partition

A _____ is one part of a data when the data is divided into four equal parts.
quartile

Page 26
A _____ is one part when a distribution is broken down into ten equal parts
or divisions.
decile

A _____ is one part when a distribution is divided into one hundred (100)
equal parts.
percentile

_____ is a general class of measures used in measuring the central tendency

and dispersion of variable x.
Moments

When the origin of a moment is taken as the arithmetic mean of the

variable, it is called a_____
Central Moment

______ are used to guide against computational error.

Charlier’s check and Sheppard’s correction

______ and Sheppard‟s correction are used to guide against computational

error.
Charlier’s check

Charlier‟s check and ______ are used to guide against computational error.
Sheppard’s correction

_______ refers to the direction of variation in a set of data.

Moment

_______ can be obtained about the origin as well as about the mean.
Moments

Page 27
In asymmetrical distribution, all odd moments about the mean is ______.
zero

_______ is the degree of asymmetry or departure from symmetry of a

distribution.
Skewness

______is defined as a measure of departure of a distribution from symmetry.

Skewness

______ can be defined as a measure of asymmetric of a distribution.

Skewness

______ occurs when the mean is increased by some abnormally high values
Positive skewness

_______ occurs when the mean is reduced by abnormally low values.

Negative skewness

______ is the measure or degree of the departure of a distribution from

symmetry or the measure of asymmetry of a distribution.
Skewness

______ is defined as the degree of peakness of a distribution when it is

compared with a normal distribution.
Kurtosis

A distribution which is either highly peaked or low in peakness but is

moderate is called______
mesokurtic distribution

Kurtosis are of ______ types

three

The following are the types of Kurtosis

(i) Mesokurtic distribution
(ii) Platykurtic distribution
(iii) Leptokurtic distribution

A normal distribution which is not very peaked or very low flat topped is
called ______
mesokurtic distribution

A ______ is the one that has the highest or greatest peakness among the
three forms.
leptokurtic distribution

Page 28
______ measures the degree of peakness of a distribution.
Kurtosis

A ______ is any single outcome from a probability experiment.

simple event

An _______can be defined as a specific collection of sample points.

event

______ is a measure of the likelihood of a random phenomenon or chance

behaviour.
Probability

______ describes the long-term proportion with which a certain outcome will
occur in situations with short term uncertainty.
Probability

An _____ is defined as the result or set of results obtainable from an

experiment.
outcome

______ is the ratio of the number of expected outcome to the number of all
possible outcomes.
Probability

_______ is the measure of the likelihood of the occurrence of an event.

Probability

Two events are said to be _____ if the occurrence of either excludes the
possibility of the occurrence of other event.
mutually exclusive

Two events are said to be mutually exclusive ______

if the occurrence of either excludes the possibility of the occurrence of
other event

Two or more events are ______ exclusive if the occurrence of one

automatically implies the non occurrence of the other.
mutually

Two or more events are mutually exclusive______

if the occurrence of one automatically implies the non occurrence of
the other

If two events are such that one has no effect on the other, then they are
______.
independent events

Page 29
Two events are _____ if the occurrence of one of the event in a probability
experiment affects the probability of the other event.
dependent

Two events are dependent______

if the occurrence of one of the event in a probability experiment affects
the probability of the other event

______ is a branch of statistics that measures the degree of possibility of an

event occurring in an experiment.
Probability

______ are events in which the occurrence or nonoccurrence of one event

precludes the occurrence or non-occurrence of the other event
Mutually exclusive events

_______ are events in which the occurrence of one event does not preclude
the occurrence of the other event.
Independent events

A kind of three with branches indicating the probability of event or events at

a particular point in time, may be used to compute probability values, this is
commonly referred to as_____.
Tree Diagram

The ______ of the set theory is sometimes used in solving probability

problems.
Venn diagram

The Venn diagram of the _____ is sometimes used in solving probability

problems.
set theory

Bayes Theorem was put forward by ______

Thomas Bayes

Bayes Theorem was put forward by Thomas Bayes in his attempt to

manipulate the formula for conditional probability in______.
1761

Byes Theorem is otherwise known as_______

inverse probability

It is appropriate when probability is obtained after the outcome of an

experiment has been observed _____ rather than when the probability is
known (Apriori).
Posteriori

Page 30
It is appropriate when probability is obtained after the outcome of an
experiment has been observed (Posteriori) rather than when the probability
is known ______.
Apriori

A _____ has two sides namely head (H) and a tail (T).
coin

A coin has _____ sides

two

A coin has two sides namely ______ and______

head (H) and tail (T)

_______ enables us to extend concepts that apply to variables of finite

populations to other types of variables
Probability theory

A _____ is a variable that assumes numerical values associated with the

random outcomes of an experiment, where one (and only one) numerical
value is assigned to each sample point.
random variable

A ______ is a quantitative variable or otherwise whose value depends on

chance.
random variable

There are _____types of random variables

two

There are two types of random variables namely: ______ and_______

Discrete random variable and Continuous random variable

A ______ is a random variable that has either a finite number of possible

values or a countable number of possible values.
discrete random variable

A _____ is a random variable that has an infinite number of possible values

that is not countable.
continuous random variable

A _____is a histogram in which the horizontal axis corresponds to the value

of the random variable and the vertical axis represents the probability of
that value of the random variable.
probability histogram

______ is a graph of the probability distribution that displays the possible

values of a discrete random variable on the horizontal axis.

Page 31
probability histogram

______ describe a numerical measure of the outcome of a probability

experiment whose value(s) is determined by chance.
Random variables

The concept of mean of discrete random distribution is alternatively

called_____
Expected value

A device to measure the changes that take place in the individual economic
variables is called the______.
index number

An ______ can be defined as statistical measures of a variable or a group of

related variables with respect to its value at a specified period.
index number

The use of index number in business and economic situations include:

(i) To show the trend which enable comparisons to be made in respect of
inter and intra commodity price movement
(ii) To measures changes between the level of prices and wages
(iii) To measures changes between the levels of production and wages
(iv) To measures the changes between the level of domestic production and
imports
(v) To measures the changes between the level of imports and exports
(vi) To show trend which may enable comparison to be made over space
between birth rates, death rates, etc

______ is a statistical measure of variable or a group of relative variables,

with respect to its value at a specified period of time known as the base
year.
Index number

______ takes care of both changes in price and quantity and can thus be
defined as a statistical measure of change of standard of living over a period
of time.
Value index

The _____ is easily recognized as the product of the price relative index and
the quantity relative index.
value index

CPI stands for_____

Consumer Price Index

______ is the type of index number which takes care of both changes in price
and quantity which measures the standard of living over a period of time.

Page 32
Value index

Summarization is NOT a method of collecting ______

Data

An ungrouped data is an array of information such that each item has its
own individual frequency or _______
Occurrence

21 – 30, 31 – 40, 41– 50, 51 – 60 etc., is the categories for which data?
Grouped

The following information; 59.5 – 62.5 is an example of______

Class boundary

The inference about the population base on sample analysis is known

as_____
inferential statistics

Inferential statistics can be divided into______

2

______ is the act of drawing inferences about a sample using the knowledge
of population
Deductive statistics

The process that involves argument from general to specific is known as

______
Deductive statistics

______ is the act of drawing inferences about the population from a given
analysed sample
Inductive statistics

The plural of datum is _____

Data

_______ is refers to as set of usable information

Data

There are _____ types of data collection

Two (2)

Data could be broadly classified as ______ and Secondary data.

Primary

______ is the arrangement of raw numerical data in either ascending or

descending order of magnitude.

Page 33
Array

A statistical table is an orderly presentation of data in______ and Column

Rows

A statistical table is an orderly presentation of data in rows and _____

Column

If a final examination in a course is weighted 3 times as much as a quiz and

a student has a final examination grade of 85 and quiz grades of 70 and 90,
calculate the mean grade.
83

Foremost Consulting pays its sales people N6.50, N7.50 or N8.50. The
corresponding weight is 14, 10 and 2 respectively. Determine the weighted
average mean.
N7:04K

The median of a set of grouped data can be determined geometrically in two

ways nam4ely,______and Cumulative frequency curve
Histogram

The range is the simplest of all the measure of _______

Dispersion

Standard deviation is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the sum of
squares of deviation of the values in the distribution from ______
Mean

A graph is a pictorial presentation of the relationship between a set of ______

Variables

For a mesokurtic distribution, what is K?

K=0.263

For a leptokurtic distribution, what is K?

K>0.263

For a platykurtic distribution, what is K?

K<0.263

When data is broken down into four equal parts or division, each part or
division is called______
Quartile

Given the set of observation as 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, find the
lower quartile______
13

Page 34
When data is broken down into ten equal parts or division, what is each part
or division is called?
Decile

The net weights of the content of 5 coke bottles selected at random are 85.4,
84.9, 85.3, 85.2 and 85.4. What is the arithmetic mean of the sample
observation?
85.24

If total weight (FX) is Σ f x = 47 and sum of units (f) is Σ f = 19, calculate

Weighted point average.
2.47

From a set of observation, mean = N279.76, median = N279.06, mode

=N277.50 and standard deviation = s = N15.60. Find first co-efficient of
skewness.
0.1448 of 0.15

Given the following unit price of potato (N) 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 and

corresponding qty supplied (kg) respectively as 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120,
the quantity supplied at N7 was ______
60 Kg

Given the price (N) 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 and corresponding qty supplied (kg)
respectively as 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120,, what is the total expenditure if
100kg were supplied and bought?
1100

Given the scores of 8 students in an examination as 12, 5, 6, 2, 14, 10, 18

and 5. Estimate standard deviation
5.07

An ogive is also known as _____

frequency polygon

Given the following array of numbers; 1,2,3,4,5.6, the mean value is______
3.5

Given the following array of numbers; 1,2,3,4,5.6, the mean deviation value
is_____
1.5

The root mean square is also known as______

quadratic mean

If the ages of six children are; 2, 3. 5. 7.9, and 11, find the mean age.
6 years 2 month

Page 35
______ deals with direction of variation.
Moment

When the origin of a moment is taken as the arithmetic mean, it is known

as_____
central moment

Given the following array of numbers; 2, 3,4,5, and 6, calculate the first
moment around the mean _______
0

Given the following array of numbers; 2, 3,4,5, and 6, calculate the second
moment around the mean
2

Statistics involves the careful analysis of the data collected in form of tables
and the ______
interpretation

A statistical inquiry is an investigation carried out to collect information

which may be analyzed and presented in the form that will aid
effective______
decision-making

_______ is the process of selecting from some larger set of data whose
characteristics we wish to estimate.
MCmpling

The process of inferring from some larger set to specific MCmple is known to
be______
inductive

On the basis of the MCmple, we infer things or conclude about the

population. This is known as______
Statistical Inference

Statistics is generally used to describe a collection of numerical data on all

of the following EXCEPT?
method of teaching

Statistics is the science of collecting, organising, summarising and analysing

information in order to draw _______
conclusion

Statistics is classified as a science because it makes use of the following

tools of science EXCEPT?
calculation

Page 36
One of the following is NOT an acceptable definition of statistics
opinion

The process of statistics can be categorised into the following stages

EXCEPT?
Drawing of opinion from analysed raw information

Inferential statistics can be divided into______ and ______ statistics.

deductive , inductive

The act of drawing inferences about a MCmple using the general knowledge
of the population is known as______
Inductive statistics

______ is a prescribed set of value.

Domain

A variable that can assume only one MCmple is called ______

constant

The process that involves argument from the specific point of view to the
general is known as _______
Inductive statistics

Variable could be categorised as_____ and ______

quantitative, qualitative

A variable that can assume any value between two given values is MCid to
be______ variable.
continuous

Quantitative variables could either be_____ and_______

discrete, continuous

______ is a selected part of a whole

MCmple

_______ is a circular representation of information.

Chart

______ is the number of time an event occurs.

Frequency

What is a symbol defining a class such as 41 –50 called?

class interval

The end numbers 41 and 50 in (41-50) are called what?

Page 37
class limits

What is the number of observations that fall in a class called?

data

Quantitative variables can be classified into 2, namely: _____ and ______

Discrete and continuous variables

An ______ is an array of information such that each item has its own
individual frequency or occurrence
ungrouped data

_____ is thus, defined as a measure of departure of a distribution from

symmetry
Skewness

______ is the degree of asymmetry or departure from symmetry of a

distribution
Skewness

Charlier‟s check and Sheppard‟s correction are used to guide against ______
computational error

_____ is a general class of measures used in measuring the central tendency

and dispersion
moment

A ______ is one part when a distribution is divided into one hundred (100)
equal parts
percentile

Given a set of scores as: 17, 23, 13, 12, 16, 7, 19, 20, 18 and 15. Find the
8th decile
19.5

A _____ is one part when a distribution is broken down into ten equal parts
or divisions
decile

Given the set of observation as: - 7, 12, 18, 15, 20, 19, 16, 13, 23 and 17.
Find: the semi-interquartile range
3

Given the set of observation as: - 7, 12, 18, 15, 20, 19, 16, 13, 23 and 17.
Find the lower quartile
13

The formular 3(mean-median)/standard deviation is for what?

Page 38
Skewness

When an event is certain, what is its probability?

1

In the toss of a die; the sample space is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6} while the S1{odd
numbers: 1, 3, 5}, S2{prime numbers: 2, 3, 5} etc. are called what?
sample points

An outcome is defined as the result or set of results obtainable from what?

experiment

In probability, an experiment is any process that can be repeated in which

the results are ______
certain

A simple event is any single outcome from a probability experiment. What is

each simple event denoted by?
ei

An event is a collection of outcomes from a probability ______

experiment

A graph is a pictorial presentation of the relationship between______

variables

The range is the simplest of all the measure of ______

dispersion

The inference about populations on the basis of the sample is known as

what?
Statistical inference

Basically, the component of statistical process that deals with the

organisation and summarization of information is referred to as what?
Descriptive Statistic

The applications of statistics can be divided into two broad areas such as
______ and _______
expilicit statistics and inferential statistics

1st quartile = 2.5th Decile = ______

11th Percentile

2nd quartile = 5th Decile =_______?

2nd Percentile

Page 39
Given the set of observation as: - 7, 12, 18, 15, 20, 19, 16, 13, 23 and 17.
Find: the lower quartile
11

Given the set of observation as: - 7, 12, 18, 15, 20, 19, 16, 13, 23 and 17.
Find: the semi-interquartile range
1

A ______ is one part when a distribution is broken down into ten equal parts
or divisions
Percentile

Given a set of scores as: 17, 23, 13, 12, 16, 7, 19, 20, 18 and 15. Find the
8th decile
12.4

A _____ is one part when a distribution is divided into one hundred (100)
equal parts
Set of data

______ is a general class of measures used in measuring the central

tendency and dispersion
Equation

Charlier‟s check and Sheppard‟s correction are used to guide against ______
Data error

______ is the degree of asymmetry or departure from symmetry of a

distribution
Skewness

______ is defined as a measure of departure of a distribution from symmetry

Model

For skewed distributions, the mean tends to lie on the same side of the
______
Line

_____ is defined as the degree of peakness of a distribution when it is

compared with a normal distribution
Calculated figure

A normal distribution which is not very peaked or very low flat topped; is
called _____ distribution
mesokurtic

A ______ distribution is a normal distribution that is symmetrical

mesokurtic

Page 40
A distribution which is flat topped is said to be _____ distribution
Leptokurtic

A _____ distribution is the one that has the highest or greatest peakness
among the three forms
Data

______, as a feature of a frequency distribution is measured using different

approaches
Kurtosis

_____ co-efficient of kurtosis measure made use of the fourth moment about
the mean and the variance
Efficient Moment

Twenty percent of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are found to

be defective. Find the moment co-efficient of kurtosis for a distribution of
defective bulbs in a total of 2,000 and interpret the result
2.00081

Given that Q1 = 52, Q3 = 91, P90 = 120 and P10 = 92, find the percentile
co- efficient of kurtosis and comment on the peakness of the distribution.
0.421

The standard deviation of a symmetrical distribution is 4.8. What should be

the value of the fourth moment about the mean in order for the distribution
to be Mesokurtic
1320.41

The standard deviation of a symmetrical distribution is 4.8. What should be

the value of the fourth moment about the mean in order for the distribution
to be Platykurtic
1592.52

The standard deviation of a symmetrical distribution is 4.8. What should be

the value of the fourth moment about the mean in order for the distribution
to be Leptokurtic
1592.52

A simple event is any single outcome from a _____ experiment

Set of data

In probability, an experiment is any process that can be repeated in which

the results are ______
Uncertain

Page 41
______ Probability is a measure of the likelihood of a random phenomenon or
chance behaviour
Data analysis

______ space is the outcomes in an experimental probability cannot be

decomposed into more basic parts
Sample size

______ is the ratio of the number of expected outcome to the number of all
possible outcomes
Non Probabbility

If the probability that it will rain in Lagos is ¼, what is the probability that it
will NOT rain in lagos?
0.34

Two events are said to be mutually _____ if the occurrence of either excludes
the possibility of the occurrence of other event
Exclusive

In a toss of a fair die, what is the probability that a 5 is rolled, given that the
die comes up odd.
1/3

In a toss of a fair die, what is the probability that the die comes up odd,
given that 5 is NOT rolled?
¼

If a dice is picked at random, what is the probability that it is white and the
score obtained from it is even?
1/3

If a dice is picked at random, what is the probability that it is red with even
score or a yellow with red score?
1/9

The _____ diagram of the set theory is sometimes used in solving probability
problems
Venn

Given that the probability that Ayo attends a party is independent of Bolu
attending the same party. If the probability that Ayo attends is 2/3 and the
probability that Bolu attends is 3/5. Find the probability that both of them
attend the party.
½

Given that the probability that Ayo attends a party is independent of Bolu
attending the same party. If the probability that Ayo attends is 2/3 and the

Page 42
probability that Bolu attends is 3/5. Find the probability that either of them
attend the party
7/5

Bayes theorem (otherwise known as inverse probability) was put forward by

Thomas Bayes in his attempt to manipulate the formula for conditional
probability in _____
1761

30% of the total output of a factory is produced in a workshop A while 70%

is produced in workshop B. Also, 15 out of every 1000 components
produced in A are defective and 8 out of every 1000 component
produced in B are defective. If a component drawn at random from a
mixture of the output of A and B is found to be defective, what is the
probability that, it is from workshop A?
0.41

If a die is tossed 1 or 2 results a marble picked from bag a which contains 2

white and 3 red marbles; if 3, 4, or 5 results a marble picked from bag B
which contains 1 white and 4 red balls while if 6 results a marble is picked
from bag C which contains 3 white and 2 red balls. The experiment, when
carried out results in a red ball being picked. Calculate the probability that
the result of 6 is obtained from the tossed die.
0.3

In a toss of three coins, what is the probability of obtaining at least a tail?

1/7

Five coins are tossed, what is the probability that they all show the same
faces?
2/7

Six coins are tossed. Find the probability of obtaining a head.

3/7

In a toss of 2 dice what is the probability of obtaining a total sum of 10

1/10

In a toss of 2 dice what is the probability of obtaining a sum less than 8

2/7

In a toss of 2 dice what is the probability of obtaining same score

1/3

In a toss of 2 dice what is the probability of obtaining one of the score being
„3‟
5/18

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Three dice are tossed, what is the probability of obtaining the same score
throughout?
1/20

If a pack of a playing card properly shuffled, what is the probability of

picking a Diamond card with and odd number?
7/13

The aspect of decision-making that has to do with numerical information is

known as ______
Statistics

_____ presents facts in a definite, lucid and concise form so that the facts are
readily available for making valid conclusions
Statistics

A statistical ______ is an investigation carried out to collect statistical data

which may be analysed and presented in the form that will aid
effective decision making
Inquiry

______ statistics, the data collected describes the situation that existed at
the point in time when the census was taken
Descriptive

_______ refers to a set or collection of usable information.

Data

A ______ data is a type of data collected directly from the source

Primary

An _____ is an arrangement of raw numerical data in ascending or

descending order of magnitude
Array

_____ variables allow for classification of individuals based on some

attributes or characteristics.
Qualitative

_____ variables on the other hand are numerically valued variable

Quantitative

A ______ variable is a variable whose possible values can be listed, even

though the list may continue indefinitely
Discrete

______ variable on the other hand is a quantitative variable whose

possible values form some intervals of numbers

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Continuous

A _____ is just part selected to represent the population

Sample

______ refers to the whole of any group of individuals or items whose

members (units) possess the same basic and clearly defined characteristics
Population

A ______ sample of n experiment has been defined as the individual selected

from population in such a way that every different sample of size n has an
equal chance of selection
Random

______ Sampling is where a series of samples are taken at successive stages

Multi-Stage

_____ Sampling is a sample in which the individuals are easily obtained

Convenience

______ error is the error that results from using sampling to estimate
information regarding a population
Sampling

In complete______, each and every individual of the group to which the data
relates is covered and information gathered for each individual separately
Enumeration

A ______of experiment is a carefully designed form to be completed by the

respondent
Questionnaire

______method is of interest to the production managers, engineers the

scientist
Report

Established extraction from already______ is one of the commonest ways of

collecting secondary data.
Result

An ______ data is an array of information such that each item has its own
individual frequency or occurrence
Ungrouped

A _____ is an orderly arranged list of information, facts or data

Table

A ______ is a pictorial presentation of the relationship between variables

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Graph

A ______ shows the breakdown of the total values for a given information
into their component parts
Component bar chart

A ______ is a bar graph whose bars are drawn in decreasing order of

frequency or relative frequency
Pareto chart

A ______ is simply a graph that extends over a single year and incorporates
Z-chart

The relative frequency _____ is the graph that displays the classes on the
horizontal axis and the relative frequencies of the classes of the vertical axis.
Histogram

Measures of _____ are the statistical estimates which show the degree
to which any given set of value or data will converge towards the central
point of the data
central tendency

The net weights of the content of 5 coke bottles selected at random are 85.4,
84.9, 85.3, 85.0 and 85.4. What is the arithmetic mean of the sample
observation?
85.2kg

If a final examination in a course is weighted 3 times as much as a quiz and

a student has a final examination grade of 85 and quiz grades of 70 and 90,
calculate the mean grade?
N 7.04

Find the harmonic mean of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

3.45

Find the harmonic mean of 2, 4, 8

3.43

Find the Root Mean Square of the following seta of data 1, 3, 4, 5, 7

4.47

Find the Root Mean Square of the following seta of data 1, 2, 4, 5, 3

4

Find the median of each of the following sets of information 3, 2, 2, 5, 1, 4,

3, 2, 1, 5 and 2.
6th item

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Find the median of each of the following sets of information 3, 6, 5, 4, 2, 4,
8, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10
6

The median of a set of grouped data can be determined geometrically in two

ways: histogram and ______ frequency curve.
Cumulative

The ______determined from a histogram, is the value on the variable axis

through which a vertical line, dividing the histogram into two equal areas,
passes.
Median

The measure of dispersion estimate the extent or degree to which values in a

set of data tend to spread around or about the average ______
Value

The ______is the simplest of all the measure of dispersion

Range

The _____ deviation refers to the arithmetic average of all deviation in a

distribution from the mean
Mean

One advantage of mean ______ is that, it presents a good picture of the data
because every item is taken into account
Deviation

One measure of dispersion which is very reliable is the variance of the mean
______ deviation
Square

The actual variation or dispersion, as determined from the standard

deviation or other measure of dispersion is called the ______
dispersion
Absolute

The measure of _______refers to the statistical estimates obtained as a result

of breaking data or other quantitative or qualitative information into groups,
parts or divisions
Partitions

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