Introduction To Real Analysis
Introduction To Real Analysis
Yujay An
Real Numbers
( a + b |<( a | + (b) Ex Prove Cantor's The
.
we
asup However, if at B contradiction
.
& ,
Density : Va bell , ,
azb
,
JgzQst acgab .
so a should be an elt of B .
Thus, there is no surjection from AtoP(A)
Archimedean FreIR JNEN st :
,
.
NC r: VreIR I NEI st ha ,
.
Carchy Criterion .
:
Choose N sit n = N => lan-u/
.
Let m , = N Then,
= N n
Countable A-IN
.
:
lan-am) /-a +-am < lan-altlam-a/ : E
:
(a) is Carchy
Q is countable, In is uncountable
so
.
Carchy = Convergence :
countable union of countable sets is countable Cauchy bounded Thus, by B-W, 5 and
=>> st. .
lan-al /an-anntannal
=
Sequences
(a) > h .>O 5 NEI sit
-
, .
1= N > la bl < E
-
.
-
Ex .
Prove MCT/Assume lanIM FneIN , and an , show (a) converges
- ,
· Since
hounded
Every convergent sequence is Sian for all neIW, StEsanOneIN Thus for
arbitrary 3, choose N Sit S-9N FiN, .
.
, an
.
>
-
a
, (bu) >b -
=
-
·
(kn )> a FREM :
_
Leti sO be arbitrary.
·
Canthul-ath Choose Ns If n=N,
ii) Let O bearbitrary .
·
. .
· G =b .
Ene, azb ((an+bn) (a+ b)) (an - = -
a+ bu -
b) =
(an - al (b b) + -
:
2
· a? O VEIW, as O M
iii) Let30 be whitay.
· If ( > b, VneIN , cib Since (bn)> b, I MEL sit. IbrIM EneIN
- .
same
sequence
.
Follows from
iv) iii .
Series Ex Prove
.
:, Criterion for
Aly .
Cav
·
Limit Thm for Series
= CA Feel
A b :B implies :
apply Lauchy
the
sequences.
k=1
· antbr = A+B
k= 1
Comparison
:
Topology
Cantor Set C [0 1) ( = (U(2 + (n-1)) : =
.
·
· Lin .
Uncountable, nowhere cense length O compact,
Union of arbitrary open sets open Intersection of finite open sets is open. is .
Union of finite closed sets is closed, Intersection of arbitrary closed sets is closed.
Compact Set : K = IR compact if every sequare ink has that converges to limitin K
is
iff it
a
subsequence a .
If K = Kz = ks ,kn ...
we
compact sets
and are
DirichletFunction
gis cont M Let O be an
> Assume
-
Let
. on .
gixe O be
abitrary [Va(g(x))O
. since O is
open.
7)s t . VxeVg(x) , g()eVe(g(x)
.
. Thus, ExeVs(x, g(x) O ,
[OQ
.
is
open, g"(Va (g(x)) must be open. Then, Fath , - Ug(a)
mf(x) =
L : E,GO st lckk 5. t Vg(a) = A By definition, FaitUs(a) gla
. .
, Eve (g(a))
Since
g(y)EVe(g(x)) XtA so JVg(
YVa(k) JVs(c) VxeVg(c) f(x)EVa(L)
)
* st
x'EVg() implies
st
, . .
, ,
all of I
. .
. , on .
. .
Criterion : JEX) (y) S t (*) > C (yn) > c but lim fixn) + Lim flyn)
Divergence ,
.
.
-
,
-
EV(f()) FVs(c) s t VxeVg(c) f(x)EVg(f(c) Note if FAEI, XIA mother criterion for xzVg(c) .
Continuity :
,
.
.
,
is
f(xn) >c
-
,
f(x) + +(1) .
Extreme Value Thm : Iff is continuous on compact a set , it attains a maximum and minimum value.
, ,
continuous
A function that is continuous on a
compact set is
uniformly
Intermediate Value Thm If f Ca b] : :
,
-
>IR is cont ,
-L Sit . Flak(b)00f(b)< h > F(a) 5 x (a b] , ,
sto fix ( :
Ex Prove
. mc() (iff Unl > c f(x) L = -
,
>
-
.
,
St naN =
.
=
same
argument for min
.
Max
.
x >2
.
-
. .
minEl ,
so f(xn) -
>L -
F
ShowM
2
/xSx+ 8 - 12kE Ex
=
=
.
. St .
VVg() 5 xeVg(c) sit f(x)Vg(2) LetS =,
, . ·
S 2E Then, 1x 4KS
However , this creates a sequence of
:
.
implies (0-21 :
/ *- with f(x) +> L, so by
contradiction if F(x) > < F(xn)-L,f -
Derivatives
g'() =M gly-
"Sir() x 0
[
*
0X 0 =
If is differentiable at c it is continuous at c
g
Aly .
Differentiability Thm
(f y)'() f'(c)
.
Let f and g be diff at c
· + = +
g'()
·
(k) (c) =
k(E'(1)) VELR
(fy)'() f(x)y (x) + f'(c)g())
+
· =
· =
(9(())2
Chain Rule : Let f: -IR, g : B-IR have f(A) = B sit got .
is defined If f'() exists .
, glf (1) exists (gof)'() g(f()) f'(l)
,
= -
Darboux Thm If f diff on [a b] and if a satisfies f (al < asf'(b) then FcE(a b) sit #(c) 2 Same
:
, , , .
:
. result if flak +(b).
Rolle's Thm Letfbe diffon (a b) cont on [a b) If f(al f(b) F(c (a b) sit +(c) 0
:
, ,
=
, .
:
, ·
,
If fig cliff on A and g(x) f'(x) XXA g(x) f(x) + K For some KEIR =
,
=
*,Im
and g(x) + 0 for all x
g isdiff
-
and Im x- 0,
by f(xg(y) - f()g( f()g(x-flgl
.
=
=lik
+
g'(x) f(x) 2
= the
-
By g(x)< g(a) + (x
-
X -
L
j g(a)
St X-a < O ,
=m (g(x) f(x)-fl ( g(x-gl hypothesis g'(a) < O < g'(b)
. .
E .
.
E+ < 0, since
,
lim(x) x X C
-
-
C and we must show g(x) < g(c) .
A similar
argument
implying f(x) <
= f (c). =
g() f'(l) + f(x)g(c) since Aly g'(c) = 0 for some (ECab]. for
gly)g(b) shows that a
LimitThm o and
=
9
cliff at and b are not minima .
By
cont at a so gla g(c). :
+
+
+
e = Itx
sin(x) =
X- -
cost) 1-
=
...
Pointwise Convergence : En -f
pointwise if ExEA , (f(x)) > (f(x) -
VextA Fu,m = N
, -
.
is contract c, f is cont at a
Differentiable Limit Thm : Let t-> - pointwise [ab] each fr is diff If (fn') conv unif [a b] on to
on ,
g,
.
,
Let(f) be diff on [a b] ,
and assume (fn'l cour unit on (a b], . If Exot (a b] sit En(xo) conv· , · fu(x) cour
unif . on [a, b].
If Exo[a b] fao) conve then (fr) conv unif,
Let(fn) you [a b)
be diffon (a b) and , assume (frl conv ·
unit to , . ,
Sit .
, ·
Term-by-Term Differentiability Thm : Let (f) be diff A assume fr(x) unif. to gla)
*
A If Exot(a b] . on , conv on . ,
Sit Sfu(xo)
I n=
Cauchy Criterion for Unif Cour of Series : unit A if YasO FNEIN sit (fmafm (4) f(x)k2 FamaN YxeA
.
corr · . on
,
.
+
+...
,
,
.
Assume f(x) =
[ax-conv · O. AfIR E is cont.on A and differ any ERRIEA .'(x)
·
: fir
infinitely cliff .
=0
150 =
Let f(x) =
tast on some interval centered at 0 Then
nota, x + aex" ... .
, an
n !
Remainder Thm Let thediff N+ times on (R, R) define en= **10)
Lagrange :
,
#
FrsW , and let Sp :
cotax+ *+... + anxW
Given x+O, xEER, R) , < sit (KI1 with .
N
=**(a)
Taylor Series centered at aFO :-a) "with c ! -
n
Counter g(x) :
=
Geo
has a taylor series that cour but not tog(y) for all · x+ O .
All coeffs are Osince g is
extremely flat at origin
Weierstrass Approx Thm Let .
: f Ca, b] > IR be cont VETO E polynomial
: -
. , p(x) st .
Hf(p()ke x+ [ab].
Integration
Partition : set of points from [a , b) including ab
Mr =
inf(f(x)(x[Xr xn]] 1,
Mr :
supEf(x)(x [ 1
*+ , * k]
U(f P) : [Mu(xk
,
-
*
n+ )
k = 1
L(f P) = m(-
,
U(f p) = L(fP)
,
((f) =
inf(((f p) /PEP3 ,
Continuity
= Integrability .
·+y Na =
·
Fel, Ukf Kl =
·
m= f(x) = M Axe[ab] = mib-a) = Jaf = M(b- a)
· if f(x) : g(x) on Saib] = a
·
Ift is integrable and Ital < Jafl
Jaf - =
Let the a bounded function on [a,b] Fis Reimann-integrable iff he set of points where fis not conto has measure .
O