De Chavez, Andrea Jane Borbon become more internationalized,

24-10340 becoming more open to outside

Batangas State University (NEU) - Alangilan influences, both in their content and
Campus in their ownership and control.
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering ● closely interconnected, as media
CE - 1207 (Second Semester) plays a central role in shaping and
accelerating the processes of
Course Code: GEd 104 globalization. Globalization refers to
Course Title: The Contemporary World the increasing interconnectedness
Credit Hours: 3 hours and interdependence of countries
***UPDATED*** and cultures, driven by advances in
April 3, 2025 Discussion technology, trade, communication,
Unit 4: The World of Ideas - The Global and information exchange. Media—
Media Cultures both traditional (television, radio,
print) and digital (social media,
The Global Media Cultures online platforms)—acts as a crucial
● Globalization and identity, vehicle through which global ideas,
globalization and human rights, cultural trends, and information
globalization and culture, or circulate across borders.
globalization and terrorism are some
concepts related to the study of 1. The Role of Media in Facilitating
globalization by many scholars. Globalization
Among these concepts, the one that a. Transmission of Information
offers special insights is Across Borders:
globalization and media. ● Media serves as the primary channel
● A term coined by Marshall through which global information
MacLuhan in early 1960’s, a flows. The internet, television,
Canadian media theorist, to express radio, and news outlets allow
the idea that people throughout the information to be disseminated
world are interconnected through the across the globe, making it possible
use of new media technologies. for people in different regions to
access the same content almost
Globalization and Media simultaneously.
● Globalization refers to economic and Example: The coverage of global events
political integration on a world scale, such as the Olympics, United Nations
and has a crucial cultural dimension summits, or international crises through
in which the media has the central media allows people from different parts of
role. Global institutions like the the world to experience these events in real
media have an impact upon the time, connecting them to global
structures and processes of the developments.
nation‐state, including its national
culture. In that sense, media b. Cultural Exchange and Global
globalization is about how most Networks:
national media systems have
 ● Media acts as a platform for the Western countries. This can lead to
exchange of cultural ideas, music, the erosion of traditional practices,
fashion, language, and languages, and values as people
entertainment. Hollywood films, K- adopt global norms and lifestyles.
pop, Bollywood, and other forms of Example: The dominance of Hollywood
media content have a vast global films, American pop music, and fast food
reach, influencing cultural practices, chains in various countries can lead to the
trends, and consumer behavior weakening of local cultural industries and
around the world. culinary traditions. For example, global
Example: The globalization of pop fashion trends from brands like Zara or
culture, where TV shows like Game of H&M can overshadow traditional dress
Thrones or music from artists like BTS and codes and local fashion industries.
Taylor Swift spread worldwide, introduces
global audiences to different cultures and b. Cultural Imperialism:
artistic expressions, while also promoting ● Cultural imperialism refers to the
the consumption of content created in other dominance of one culture over
parts of the world. others through media and
c. Media as a Tool for Economic communication technologies. It often
Globalization: involves the spread of Western
● Media plays a significant role in cultural norms, values, and
promoting global trade, marketing, consumer products at the expense
and branding. of local cultures. This can lead to a
● Advertising, especially through situation where Western media (e.g.,
digital media, promotes global movies, TV shows, advertisements)
products and services, which drives becomes the dominant global
consumer culture and economic narrative, pushing out or
activities across national borders. marginalizing local cultures.
Example: Companies like Apple, Nike, and Example: The influence of American TV
Coca-Cola use global media campaigns to shows, such as Friends or The Simpsons,
advertise products that are sold worldwide. and movies in countries worldwide, may
Digital platforms like Google, Facebook, overshadow local television and film
and Amazon facilitate global commerce and productions, making it difficult for local
advertising, transforming how businesses voices to thrive in the global media market.
reach international markets.
3. The Power of Digital Media and
2. The Impact of Media on Local the Internet in Globalization
Cultures and Identities a. Social Media as a Global
a. Cultural Homogenization: Platform:
● One of the concerns with media and ● Social media platforms like
globalization is the risk of cultural Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and
homogenization, where local TikTok have redefined
cultures and identities are communication, allowing users from
overshadowed by global media around the world to interact, share
content, particularly from powerful ideas, and express themselves.
 Social media facilitates global information, enabling marginalized
connectivity, allowing people to voices and alternative perspectives
form virtual communities based on to reach global audiences.
shared interests, regardless of their ● Example: During global protests,
geographical location. such as the Black Lives Matter
Example: The Arab Spring of 2011 is often movement in the United States or
cited as an example of how social media the Hong Kong protests, videos
can play a critical role in global political and posts shared by ordinary
movements. Protestors used Twitter and citizens have provided an unfiltered
Facebook to organize, communicate, and perspective on events, challenging
share real-time information with the world, mainstream narratives and making
highlighting how media technologies can global issues more visible.
support global solidarity and social
movements. Culture
● It refers to the unified style of human
b. The Digital Divide: knowledge, beliefs, and behavior
● While the internet and digital media from which people learn, and the
have revolutionized communication ability to communicate knowledge to
and access to information, there are the next generations.
still significant disparities in access
to these technologies. This digital CULTURE is LEARNED it is not INNATE
divide can exacerbate inequalities ● Language
between the global North (developed ● Traditions
countries) and the global South ● Art
(developing countries). ● Norms
● In some regions, limited access to ● Values
the internet or digital devices
restricts the ability of individuals to April 8, 2025 Discussion
participate in the global digital History of Media
economy or access important 1. Oral Communication - of all forms
educational, health, and political of media, human speech is the
information. As a result, while oldest and most enduring. Humans
globalization may be benefiting are allowed to cooperate and
some, others remain excluded from communicate through language.
these advancements. Human ability to move from one
place to another and to adapt to a
c. Citizen Journalism and Alternative new and different environment are
Media: facilitated by the sharing of
● The rise of citizen journalism through information of other people.
social media platforms has allowed 2. Script - allowed people to
ordinary individuals to report and communicate over a large space
disseminate information without and for much longer duration.
relying on traditional media outlets.
This has democratized the flow of
 3. Printing Press - allowed the - Print media include books,
continuous production, reproduction, magazines, and newspapers
and circulation of print materials. - Broadcast media include
radio, film, and television.
4. Electronic Media - includes the - Digital media cover the
telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and internet (e-mail, internet
television. sites, social media and
internet-based video and
5. Digital Media - digitized content is audio) and mobile mass
transmitted over the internet and communication.
computer networks.
● The medium is the message
Theories of Culture (McLuhan, n.d.)
1. Cultural Differentialism - cultural
difference as immutable. Pros and Cons?
2. Cultural Convergence - ● Different media simultaneously
globalization engenders a growing extend and amputate human
sameness of culture. senses.
3. Cultural Hybridity - globalization ● New media may expand the reach of
spawns an increasing and ongoing communication, but they also dull
mixing of cultures. the user’s communicative capacities.
Example: Medium of writing.
Media and Globalization ● While it is easy to define the term
● Globalization also involves the media, it is more difficult to
spread of ideas. determine what media do and how
● People who travel the globe they affect societies.
teaching and preaching their beliefs ● Marshall McLuhan did not mean
play a major role in the spread of that ideas (“messages”) are
culture and ideas. useless and do not affect the people.
● but , today, television programs, It draws attention to how media, as a
social media groups, books, movies, form of technology, reshape
magazines, and the like have made societies. Thus, television is not a
it easier for advocates to reach simple bearer of messages, it also
larger audiences. shapes the social behavior of users
● Globalization relies on the media as and reorient family behavior.
its main channel for the spread of
global culture and ideas. The Global Village and Cultural
Imperialism
Media and Its Functions ● The television was turning the world
Media (plural of medium) - a means of into a global village.
conveying something, such as a channel of
communication (Lule, n.d) Challenges of a global media culture
● The technologies of mass ● Global media had a tendency to
communication. homogenize culture.
 ● As global media spread, people from can be said to K-pop and Korean telenovela
all over the world would begin to which are widely successful regionally and
watch, listen to, and read the same globally. This even applies to culinary tastes
things. like McDonald’s and Jollibee.
● Commentators believed that media
globalization coupled with American ● Globalization will remain an uneven
domination would create a form of process and will produce
cultural imperialism. inequalities. Nevertheless, it leaves
● Not only is the world becoming room for dynamism and cultural
Americanized, but this process also change. This is not a contradiction, it
led to the spread of American is merely a testament to the
capitalist values like consumerism. phenomenon’s complexity.
● Cultural globalization is simply a
euphemism for Western cultural Social Media and the Creation of Cyber
imperialism since it promotes Ghettoes
homogenized, Westernized, ● Social media have both beneficial
consumer culture. and negative effects
● As more and more people sat down
in front of their television sets and Beneficial:
listened to the same stories, their ● Democratized access: Anyone with
perception of the world would an internet connection or a
contract. smartphone can use FB and Twitter
for free.
Critiques of Cultural Imperialism ● Have enabled users to be
● Rather than simply receiving consumers and producers of
American culture in a passive and information simultaneously.
resigned way, viewers also put a
lot of emotional energy into the Negative Effects:
process and they experienced ● Emergence of splinternet and the
pleasure based on how the program phenomenon of cyberalkanization
resonated with them. to refer to various bubbles people
● Cultural imperialism has been belied place themselves in when they are
by the renewed strength or regional online.
trends in the globalization process. ● It can be exploited by politicians with
● Given these patterns, it is no longer less than democratic force likewise
acceptable to insist that globalization making it a cheap tool of
is an unidirectional process of government propaganda.
foreign cultures overwhelming local
ones. Russian Dictator Vladimir Putin
Examples: Asian culture has proliferated ● Hired armies of social media trolls
worldwide through the globalization of (paid users who harass political
media. Japanese brands from Hello Kitty to opponents) to manipulate public
the Mario Brothers to Pokemon are now an opinion through intimidation and the
indelible part of global culture. The same spreading of fake news. Most
 recently, American intelligence into bubbles of people who do not
agencies established that Putin used interact.
trolls and online misinformation to ● Societies can never be completely
help Donald Trump win the prepared for the rapid changes in
presidency, which is a tactic that the systems of communication.
Russian autocrat is likely to repeat in ● Every technological change creates
European elections he seeks to multiple unintended consequences.
influence. ● Consumers and users of media will
Social Media and the Creation of Cyber have a hard time turning back the
Ghettos clock. Instead of fearing these
● As the preceding cases show, fake changes or entering a state of moral
information can spread easily on panic, everyone must collectively
social media since they have few discover ways of dealing with them
content filters. responsibly and ethically.
● Gloval online propaganda will be the
biggest threat to face as the Unit 4: The World of Ideas - The
globalization of media deepens. Globalization of Religion
● As consumers of media, users must
remain vigilant and learn how to The Globalization of Religion
distinguish fact from falsehood in a ● Religion is an agent of social control
global media landscape that allows and thus strengthens social order.
politicians to peddle what President ● Religion teaches people moral
Donald Trump’s senior advisers now behavior and thus helps them learn
call alternative facts. how to be good members of society.
● Though people must remain critical
of mainstream media and traditional Secularism
journalism that may also operate ● Most commonly thought of as the
based on vested interest, we must separation of religion from civil
also insist that some sources are affairs and the state and may be
more credible than others. broadened from a similar position
Example: Unlike newspapers, FB does not seeking to remove or to minimize the
have a team of editors who are trained to role of religion in any public sphere.
sift through and filter information. If a news
article, even a fake one, gets a lot of shares, Secularization
it will reach many people with FB accounts. ● Secularization is understood as a
shift in the overall frameworks of the
Conclusion: human condition; it makes it possible
● Different media have diverse effects for people to have a choice between
on globalization process. belief and non-belief in a manner
● It seemed that global television was unknown.
creating a global monoculture. ● Multi-layered concept that generally
● Now, it seems more likely that social denotes “a transition from a religious
media will splinter cultures and ideas to a more worldly level.
Period of Enlightenment in predicting, and eagerly
● A movement of the 18th century that anticipating, the disappearance of
stressed the belief that science and traditional religions. Globalization, by
logic give people more knowledge breaking up and dissolving every
and understanding than tradition and traditional, local, and national
religion. structure, will bring about the
● A European intellectual movement of universal triumph of expressive
the late 17th and 18th centuries individualism.
emphasizing reason and
individualism rather than tradition. It Expressive Individualism
was heavily influenced by 17th- ● Worldview that emphasizes self-
century philosophers such as expression and self-discovery,
Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and viewing identity as stemming from
its prominent exponents include personal feelings and encouraging
Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, individuals to “be true to themselves”
and Adam Smith. and follow their own paths,
prioritizing individual autonomy over
Perspectives on the Role of Religion in external influences or traditional
the Globalization Process norms.
1. The Modernist Perspective
● It is the perspective of most Individualism
intellectuals and academics. Its view ● The moral stance, political
is that all secularizations would philosophy, ideology, and social
eventually look alike and the outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic
different religions would all end up worth of the individual. Individualists
as the same secular and “rational” promote realizing one’s goals and
philosophy. It sees religion revivals desires, valuing independence and
as sometimes being a reaction to the self reliance, and advocating that the
Enlightenment and modernization. interests of the individual should
gain precedence over the state or a
2. Post-Modernist Perspective social group, while opposing
● It rejects the Enlightenment, external interference upon one’s
modernist values of rationalism, own interests by society or
empiricism, and science, along with institutions such as the government.
the Enlightenment, modernist
structures of capitalism, 3. The Pre-Modernist Perspective
bureaucracy, and even liberalism. ● There is an alternative perspective,
The core value of post-modernism is one which is post-modern in its
expressive individualism. The post- occurrence but which is pre-modern
modernist perspective can include in its sensibility, it is best
“spiritual experiences”, but only represented and articulated by the
those without religious constraints. Roman Catholic Church, especially
Post-modernism is largely hyper- by Pope John Paul II. Each religion
secularism, and it joins modernism has secularized in its own distinctive
 way, which has resulted in its own
distinctive secular outcome. This
suggests that even if globalization
brings about more secularization, it
will not soon bring about one
common, global worldview.

Transnational Religion and Multiple

Globalization
● Transnational religion is a means of 2. Vernacularization - refers to the
describing solutions to new-found process of translating religious texts,
situations that people face as a rituals, and practices into the
result of migration and it comes as common language spoken by the
two quite distinct blends of religious people in a particular region or
universalism and local particularism. community.
● Instead of using a sacred or
Indigenization, Hybridization or classical language, such as Latin or
Glocalization Sanskrit, vernacularization makes
● Processes that register the ability of religious teachings more accessible
religion to mold into the fabric of to everyday people by presenting
different communities in ways that them in language they understand.
connect it intimately with communal ● This helps to connect religious ideas
and local relations. with the cultural and linguistic
context of the local community,
Global-local or Glocal Religion making them more relevant and
● Represents a genre of expression, meaningful to the people.
communication, and individual ● Involved the rise of vernacular
identities. It involves the language endowed with the symbolic
consideration of an entire range of ability of offering privileged access to
responses as outcomes instead of a the sacred and often promoted by
single master narrative of empires.
secularization and modernization.
3. Nationalization - connected the
Forms of Globalization consolidation of specific nations with
1. Indigenization - connected with the particular confessions and has been
specific faiths with ethnic groups a popular strategy both in Western
whereby religion and culture were and Eastern Europe.
often fused into a single unit. It is
also connected to the survival of 4. Transnationalization -
particular ethnic groups. complemented religious
nationalization by forcing groups to
identify with specific religious
traditions of real or imagine national
 homelands or to adopt a more Unit 5: Global Population and Mobility -
universalist vision of religion. The Global City

Globalization Implicates Religions in Global City

Several Ways: ● A global city is an urban center that
● Globalization helps to increase enjoys significant competitive
greater religious tolerance and advantages and that serves as a
acceptance of other culture and hub within a globalized economic
religion that enhances our mind, system.
knowledge, etc. with globalization ● Linked with globalization was the
religion becomes a culture of idea of spatial reorganization and
pluralism that teach us to respect the hypothesis that cities were
other religions. becoming key loci within global
● Among the consequences of this networks of production, finance, and
implication for religion is that telecommunications.
globalization encourages religious ● Global cities are seen as the building
pluralism. Religions identify blocks of globalization.
themselves in relation to one
another, and they become less Indicators of a Global City
rooted in particular places because 1. Seats of Economic Power
of diasporas and transnational ties. 2. Centers of Authority
Globalization further provides fertile 3. Centers of Political Influence
ground for a variety of 4. Centers of Higher Learning and
noninstitutionalized religious Culture
manifestations and for the 5. Economic Opportunities
development of religion as a political 6. Economic Competitiveness
and cultural resource. New York
● New York City’s status as a global
Religious Pluralism city stems from several key factors:
● Religious pluralism is an attitude or
policy regarding the diversity of 1. Economic Powerhouse: New York
religious belief systems co-existing City boasts one of the largest and
in society. most diverse economies in the
world. It’s a hub for finance, with
Additional Terms: Wall Street being synonymous with
1. Democratization of Information - global finance. Additionally, it’s a
refers to the process by which center for various industries such as
access to information becomes more technology, media, fashion, and
available and equitable to people entertainment.
regardless of their status, 2. Cultural Diversity: New York City is
geography, education, or wealth. incredibly diverse, with people from
all over the world calling it home.
April 15, 2025 Discussion This diversity contributes to a vibrant
cultural scene, with an abundance of
 art, music, cuisine, and cultural financial center. The City of London
events representing a multitude of is renowned for its banking,
backgrounds. insurance, and investment sectors.
3. Global Influence: The city’s Institutions such as the London
influence extends far beyond its Stock Exchange and the Bank of
borders. It’s a center for diplomacy, England have significant global
hosting the United Nations influence.
headquarters, and it serves as a 2. Cultural Diversity: London is one of
melting pot where ideas, trends, and the most diverse cities in the world,
innovations from around the world with a rich tapestry of cultures,
converge and proliferate. languages, and ethnicities. This
4. Infrastructure: New York City diversity contributes to a vibrant
boasts world-class infrastructure, cultural scene, with world-class
including extensive transportation museums, theaters, restaurants, and
networks (subways, buses, airports), cultural festivals representing a wide
cutting-edge telecommunications, array of backgrounds.
and a robust healthcare system. 3. Global Influence: London serves as
5. Education and Research: The city a hub for international diplomacy,
is home to several prestigious with the presence of important
universities and research institutions such as the UK
institutions, including Columbia Parliament, Buckingcham Palace,
University, New York University, and and numerous embassies and
Rockefeller University. These consulates. Additionally, it hosts
institutions attract top talent and headquarters for vatious
foster innovation across various multinational corporations and
fields. organizations, further solidifying its
6. Tourism: New York City is one of global influence.
the most visited cities globally, 4. Education and Innovation: London
attracting millions of tourists each is home to some of the world’s
year to iconic landmarks such as leading universities, including
Time Square, Central Park, the imperial College London, University
Statue of Liberty, and Broadway College London, and the London
shows. School of Economics. These
7. Cosmopolitan Lifestyle: the city’s institutions drive research,
fast-paced lifestyle, entrepreneurial innovation, and talent development
spirit, and openness to diversity across a range of disciplines,
make it an attractive destination for contributing to London’s status as a
people seeking opportunities, knowledge capital.
experiences, and connections on a 5. Transportation and Connectivity:
global scale. London boasts extensive
transportation networks, including
London the London Underground buses,
1. Financial Hub: Similar to New York trains, and airports such as
City, London is a major global Hearthrow Airport, one of the busiest
 in the world. This connectivity technology, gaming, anime, and
facilitates global trade, travel, and fashion is significant.
communication. 3. Infrastructure: Tokyo boasts
6. Real Estate and Infrastructure: advanced infrastructure, including
London’s skyline is marked by iconic efficient public transportation,
landmarks such as the Shard. modern skyscrapers, and cutting-
theGherkin, and the London Eye. it’s edge technology. This makes it an
modern infrastructure, combined attractive destination for businesses,
with historical architecture, attracts tourists, and international events.
investment in real estate and 4. Education and Research: Tokyo is
infrastructure projects, further home to prestigious universities and
enhancing its global appeal. research institutions, attracting
7. Cultural Capital: London is a scholars and students from around
trendsetter in fashion, music, art, the world. Its emphasis on
and design, influencing global trends innovation and education contributes
and attracting creative talent from to its global standing.
around the world. It;s theaters, 5. International Connectivity: Tokyo’s
fashion weeks, galleries, and music two major international airports,
festivals contribute to its reputation Haneda and Narita, along with its
as a cultural capital. extensive network of transportation
8. Quality of Life: Despite its busting links, facilitate global connectivity.
urban environment, London offers a This accessibility promotes
high quality of life, with access to international trade, tourism, and
excellent healthcare, education, cultural exchange.
entertainment, and green spaces 6. Diverse Population: Tokyo is a
such as Hyde Park and Regent’s melting pot of cultures, with a large
Park. expatriate community and residents
from diverse backgrounds. This
Tokyo cultural diversity fosters creativity,
● Considered a global city for several entrepreneurship,and global
reasons: perspectives.
1. Economic Powerhouse: Tokyo is a 7. Political Influence: As the capital
major financial center, hosting the city of Japan, Tokyo holds significant
headquarters of many multinational political influence both domestically
corporations. It has one of the and internationally. It serves as a
largest metropolitan economies in center for diplomacy, hosting
the world, contributing significantly to international conferences and
global GDP. summits.
2. Cultural Hub: Tokyo is rich in
cultural heritage and modern pop ● Cities are the engines of
culture, making it a hub for art, globalization. They are social
fashion, cuisine, and entertainment. magnets, growing faster and faster.
Its influence on global trends in In the current generation, urban life
 has become the dominant form of During that time, death rates and
human life throughout the world. fertility began to decline.
● An increasing number of large cities, ● High to low fertility happened 200
with populations of over five million, years in France and 100 years in the
are already identified as global United States. In other parts of the
cities, cities that are nodes of global world, the transition began later.
as much as national networks. ● It was only in the 20th century that
● In 2000, there were 18 megacities mortality decline in Africa and Asia,
(over 10 million), such as Mumbai, with the exemption of Japan. In
Tokyo, New York City/Newark and India, life expectancy in India was
Mexico City had populations in only 24 years in the early 20th
excess of 10 million inhabitants. century while the same life
Greater Tokyo already has 35 expectancy occurred in China in
million. 1929 until 1931.
● The Hong Kong/Guangzhou area is ● Fertility decline in Asia did not begin
even larger, perhaps 120 million. until the 1950’s and so on.
● In the case of Japan, it was until the
Unit 5: Global Population and Mobility - 1930’s that “total fertility rate did not
Global Demography drop below five births per woman”.
● This resulted in rapid population
Global Demography growth after the Second World War
● The term demography was derived affecting the age structure of Asia
from the Greek words demos for and the developing world.
“population” and graphia for Specifically, the baby boom in the
“description” or “writing”, thus the developing world was caused by the
phrase, “writings about population”. decline of infant and child mortality
rates.
● The West, on the other hand,
Demography experienced a baby boom that
● Refers to the study of populations, resulted from rising birth rates.
with reference to size and density,
fertility, morality, growth, age Theory of Demographic Transition
distribution, migration, and vital ● Demographic transition theory
statistics and the interaction of all suggests that future population
these with social and economic growth will develop along a
conditions. predictable four or five-stage model.
- Tulchinsky
Stage 1
● Based on vital statistics reporting ● In stage one, pre-industrial society,
and special surveys of population death rates and birth rates are high
size and density; it measures trends and roughly in balance.
over time. ● Population growth is typically very
● Demographic transition started in slow in this stage, because the
mid - or late 1700’s in Europe. society is constrained by the
 available food supply; therefore, women, a reduction in the value of
unless the society develops new children’s work, an increase in
technologies to increase food parental investment in the education
production (e.g. discovers new of children and other social changes.
sources of food or achieves higher ● Population growth begins to level off.
crop yields), any fluctuations in birth ● The birth rate decline in developed
rates are soon matched by death countries started in the late 19th
rates. century in northern Europe.
● While improvements in
Stage 2 contraception do play a role in birth
● In stage 2, that of a developing rate decline, it should be noted that
country, death rates drop rapidly due contraceptives were not generally
to improvements in food supply and available nor widely used in the 19th
sanitation, which increase life spans century and as a result likely did not
and reduce disease. play a significant role in the decline
● The improvements specific to food then. It is important to note that birth
supply typically include selective rate declines is caused also by a
breeding and crop rotation and transition in values; not just because
farming techniques. Other of the availability of contraceptives.
improvements generally include
access to technology, basic Stage 4
healthcare, and education. For ● During stage four, there are both low
example, numerous improvements birth rates and low death rates.
in public health reduce mortality, ● Birth rates may drop to well below
especially childhood mortality. replacement level as has happened
● Prior to the mid-20 century, these in countries like Germany, Italy, and
improvements in public health were Japan, leading to a shrinking
primarily in the areas of food population, a threat to many
handling, water supply, sewage, and industries that rely on population
personal hygiene. growth.
● Another variable often cited is the ● Sweden is considered to currently
increase in female literacy combined be in Stage 4.
with public health education ● As the large group born during stage
programs which emerged in the late two ages, it creates an economic
19th and early 20th centuries. burden on the shrinking working
population.
Stage 3 ● Death rates may remain consistently
● In stage 3, birth rates fall. low or increase slightly due to
● Birth rates decrease due to various increases in lifestyle diseases due to
fertility factors such as access to low exercise levels and high obesity
contraception increases in wages, and an aging population in
urbanization, a reduction in developed countries.
subsistence agriculture, an increase
in the status and education of
 ● By the late 20th century, birth rates d. Migrants whose families
and death rates in developed have “petitioned” them to
countries leveled off at lower rates. move to the destination
country.
Stage 5 e. Refugees (also known as
● Stage 5 of the demographic asylum-seekers).
transition theory represents an
advanced demographic stage Reasons for Migration
characterized by very low birth rates, 1. Pull Factor - induces people to
low death rates, and consequently, move out of their present location.
very low or even negative population 2. Push Factor - induces people to
growth. This stage is often move into a new location.
associated with highly developed
countries that have undergone Factors Affecting Global Movement
significant socioeconomic 1. Cultural Factor - Cultural factor can
transformations. be especially a compelling push
factor, forcing people to emigrate
Unit 5: Global Population and Mobility - from a country. Forced international
Global Demography migration has historically occurred
for two main cultural reasons:
Global Migration slavery and political instability.
● Often conceptualized as a move Millions of people were shipped to
from an origin to a destination, or other countries as slaves or as
from a place of birth to another prisoners, especially from Africa to
destination across administrative the Western Hemisphere, during the
borders within a country or eighteenth and early nineteenth
international borders. centuries. Large groups of people
are no longer forced to migrate as
Types of Migration slaves, but forced international
1. Internal Migration - This refers to migration persists because of
people moving from one area to political instability resulting from
another within one country. cultural diversity.
2. International Migration - This 2. Socio-political Factor - Socio-
refers to the movement of people political factors have become a more
who cross the borders of one prominent force to initiate migration
country to another. activities. Political instability in some
a. Immigrants are those who parts of the world is responsible for
move permanently to another migration that needs to be
country. addressed by the scholars of the
b. Workers who stay in another world. Situation of war, oppression
country for a fixed period (at and the lack of socio-political rights
least 6 months in a year). are the major factors of migration in
c. Illegal immigrants. contemporary time. Lack of political
rights and prevalent exploitation of a
 particular group or community in any local cultures and contexts, blending
nation state act as push factors for global and local elements.
migration to get away from such
situation. April 24, 2025 Discussion
3. Environmental Factor - Unit 6: Towards a Sustainable World -
“Environmental migrants are Sustainable Development
persons or groups of persons who,
for compelling reasons of sudden or Sustainable Development
progressive changes in the ● The development that meets the
environment that adversely affect needs of the present without
their lives or living conditions, are compromising the ability of future
obliged to leave their habitual generations to meet their own
homes, or choose to do so, either needs.
temporarily or permanently, and who ● This term primarily relates to how
move either within their country or the needs of the people basically
abroad. through the consumption and
4. Economic Factor - Migration is a utilization of resources, sustainable
process affecting individuals and development is often linked with
their families economically. It ensues climate change which due to its
as a response to economic hazardous effects in the
development along with social and environment is known to be a major
cultural factors. Recent studies on restriction in achieving sustainability.
the economic impact of migration in
European countries as well as other Climate change is often seen as a part of
parts of the world have reflected the broader challenge in sustainable
fresh comparative evidence that development thru a two-fold link:
provides a boost for the economy. 1. Impacts of climate change can
International migration has two ways severely hamper development
effects on economic growth. efforts in key sector (e.g. increased
threat of natural disasters and
Additional Terms: growing water stress will have to be
1. Universalism - Belief that certain factored into plans for public health
values, principles, or rights are infrastructure)
universally applicable to all human 2. Development choice will influence
beings, regardless of culture, the capacity to mitigate and adapt to
nationality, or individual differences. climate change (e.g. policies for
2. Particularism - The emphasis on forest conservation and sustainable
the unique identity, needs, and energy will improve communities’
values of a specific group, culture, resilience reducing thereby the
nation, or individual—often in vulnerability of their sources of
contrast or resistance to universal income to climate change.
norms or global pressures.
3. Glocalization - Adaptation of global The World’s Leading Environmental
products, ideas, or practices to fit Problem
1. Depredation caused by industrial 9. Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil
and transportation toxins and plastic fuel combustion, toxic chemicals
in the ground; the defining of the from erupting volcanoes, and the
sea, rivers, and water beds by oil massive rotting vegetables filling up
spills and acid rain; the dumping of garbage dumps or left on the streets.
urban waste. 10. Water pollution arising from
2. Changes in global weather patterns industrial and community waste
(flash floods, extreme snowstorms, residues seeping into underground
and the spread of deserts) and the water tables, rivers and seas.
surge in ocean and land 11. Urban sprawls that continue to
temperatures leading to a rise in sea expand as a city turns into a
levels (as the polar ice caps melt megalopolis, destroying farmlands,
because of the weather), plus the increasing traffic gridlock, and
flooding of many lowland areas making smog cloud a permanent
across the world. urban fixture.
3. Overpopulation 12. Pandemics and other threats to
4. Exhaustion of the world’s natural public health arising from wastes
non-renewable resources from oil with drinking water, polluted
reserves to minerals to portable environments that become the
water. breeding grounds for mosquitoes
5. Waste disposal catastrophe due to and disease carrying rodents, and
excessive amounts of waste (from pollution.
plastic to food packages to 13. A radical alteration of food systems
electronic waste) unloaded by because of genetic modifications in
communities in landfills as well as on food production.
the ocean; and dumping of nuclear
waste. Sustainable Development Goals
6. Destruction of million-year-old 1. No poverty
ecosystems and the loss of 2. Zero hunger
biodiversity (destruction of the coral 3. Good health and well-being
reefs and massive deforestation) 4. Quality education
have led to the extinction of 5. Gender equality
particular species and decline in the 6. Clean water and sanitation
number of others. 7. Affordable and clean energy
7. Reduction of oxygen and increase in 8. Decent work and economic growth
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 9. Industry, innovation, and
due to deforestation, resulting in the infrastructure
rise in ocean acidity by as much as 10. Reduced inequalities
150 percent in the last 250 years. 11. Sustainable cities and communities
8. Depletion of ozone layer protecting 12. Climate action
the planet from the sun’s deadly 13. Life below water
ultraviolet rays due to 14. Life on land
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the 15. Peace, justice, and strong
atmosphere. institutions
 16. Partnerships for the goals Food Production
● Food production outpaced food
Unit 6: Towards a Sustainable World - demand over the past 50 years due
Global Food Security to expansion in crop area and
irrigation, as well as supportive
Food Security policy and institutional interventions
● Food security exists when all people, that led to the fast and sustained
at all times, have access to growth in agricultural productivity
adequate, safe, and nutritious food and improved food security in many
to meet their dietary needs and food parts of the world.
preferences for an active and
healthy life. Challenge in Food Security
● Demand for food will be 60% greater
Four Dimensions of Food Security than it is today and the challenge of
1. Food access - access to adequate food security requires the world to
resources to acquire a healthy and feed 9 billion people by 2050. Global
nutritious diet. food security means delivering
2. Food use - use of food through sufficient food to the entire world
adequate diet, clean water and population. It is, therefore, a priority
health care to reach the state of a of all countries, whether developed
healthy wellbeing. or less developed.
3. Availability - availability of adequate
supply of food, produced either May 6, 2025 Self Study
through domestic or foreign import, Unit 7: Global Citizenship
including as well the food aid
received from outside the country. Global Citizenship and Global Citizens
4. Stability - access to sufficient food Citizenship
at all times, without losing access to ● Legal status that bestows uniform
food supply brought by either rights and duties upon all members
economic or climatic crisis. of a state.
● Membership to a sovereign state (a
Global Food Security country).
● Issues, Interventions and Public ● Allegiance to one’s own country or
Policy Implications The global food state.
security situation and outlook
remains delicately imbalanced amid Global Citizenship
surplus food production and the ● Global Citizenship is the idea that,
prevalence of hunger, due to the as people, we are all citizens of the
complex interplay of social, globe who have an equal
economic, and ecological factors responsibility for what happens to
that mediate food security outcomes our world.
at various human and institutional - Oxfam International
scales.
 ● Global citizens has a duty to address Sallent Features of Global Citizenship
issues affecting our being citizens. 1. Global citizenship as a choice and
● Caecilia Johanna van Peski a way of thinking - people come to
defined global citizenship “as a consider themselves as global
moral and ethical deposition that can citizens through various formative
guide the understanding of life experiences and have different
individuals or groups of local and interpretations of what it means to
global contexts, and remind them of them.
their relative responsibilities within 2. Global citizenship as self-
various communities”. awareness and awareness of
others - self-awareness helps
Global Citizen citizens identify with the universities
● “A global citizen is someone who is of human experience, thus
aware of and understands the wider increasing their identification with
world - and their place in it. They fellow human beings and their sense
take an active role in their of responsibility toward them.
community and work with others to 3. Global citizenship as a practice of
make our planet more peaceful, cultural empathy - cultural empathy
sustainable, and fairer”. or intercultural competence (ability to
● Global citizens are the glue which function effectively across cultures)
binds local communities together in occupies a central position in higher
an increasingly globalized world. education thinking about global
● Every global citizen has a duty to citizenship and is seen as an
address issues affecting our being important skill in the workplace.
citizens. As there could be no formal 4. Global citizenship as a cultivation
process to become a global citizen, of principled decision making -
holding this citizenship status is global citizenship entails an
something that we all have a right to awareness of the interdependence
and obligation as well. of individuals and systems as well as
a sense of responsibility that allows
Characteristics of a Global Citizen it. Critical thinking, cultural empathy
1. Aware of the wider world and ethical systems and choices are
2. Has a sense of their own role as a an essential foundation to principled
world citizen decision making.
3. Respects and values diversity 5. Global citizenship as a
4. Understands how the world works participation in the social and
5. Is outraged by social injustice political life in a community - there
6. Participates in the community at a are various types of communities
range of levels that range from local to global, from
7. Willing to act to make the world a religious to political group. Global
more equitable and sustainable citizens feel a sense of connection
place towards their communities and
8. Takes responsibility for their actions translate this connection to
participation.
 the key issues. All political
Importance of Global Citizenship organizations, at different levels,
● Global citizens are not born; they are should be more accountable for their
created. Children do not have an actions. Increased transparency has
innate understanding of their shared been aided by various mechanisms
humanity; they learn this over time. such as “International Tribunals”,
● Historically, global citizenship was “Civil Society” and particularly the
rooted in a common desire to “Transparency International”.
prevent war. Common reasoning ● Given that there is no world
was that, the more we knew about government, the idea of global
each other, the more likely we would citizenship demands the creation of
ensure peace, progress, and rights and obligations. However,
prosperity. fulfilling the promises of globalization
● New technologies also enable us to and the solution to the problems of
connect with more people in more the contemporary world does not lie
ways than ever before, allowing us on a single entity or individual, but
to discover our similarities and on citizens, the community, and the
differences, better understand our different organizations in societies.
interdependencies, and expand our
worldviews. Global Citizenship and Global Economy
● Yet, many people don’t feel this way There are three approaches to global
or have not had such experiences. economic resistance.
Around the world, we see people 1. Trade protectionism - this involves
who lack a sense of belonging: they the systematic government
do not feel a deeper connection to intervention in foreign trade through
other places, people, and cultures. tariffs and non-tariff barriers in order
● In the corporate realm, all too often to encourage domestic producers
in recent decades, we have seen and deter their foreign competitors.
companies that have put corporate 2. Fair trade - is a different approach
interests above those individuals, to economic globalization, which
communities, and the environment. emerged as a counter to neoliberal
● Global citizenship helps bridge these “free trade” principles.
gaps and rectify these realities, and ● Fair trade aims at a moral and
global citizens are its ambassadors. equitable global economic system in
Doing this isn't only about mindset; it which, for instance, price is not set
is about actions, lifestyles and by the market; instead, it is
building greater connections over negotiated transparently by both
time. producers and consumers.
3. The third form of resistance to
Global Citizenship and Global economic globalization relates to
Governance helping the bottom billion. -
● When it comes to dealing with Increasing aid is only one of the
political globalization, increased many measures that is required.
accountability and transparency are International norms and standards
can be adapted to the needs of the
bottom billion. The reduction of trade
barriers would also reduce the
economic marginalization of these
people and their nations.