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03 Arduino exercises

The document provides an overview of Arduino exercises, focusing on the Arduino UNO microcontroller and its functionalities such as analog and digital input/output, PWM, and ADC. It includes program structures, syntax, and examples for reading analog values and controlling outputs. Additionally, it outlines exercises for practical applications involving potentiometers and PWM signal generation.

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jinay.s5
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3 views

03 Arduino exercises

The document provides an overview of Arduino exercises, focusing on the Arduino UNO microcontroller and its functionalities such as analog and digital input/output, PWM, and ADC. It includes program structures, syntax, and examples for reading analog values and controlling outputs. Additionally, it outlines exercises for practical applications involving potentiometers and PWM signal generation.

Uploaded by

jinay.s5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ARDUINO EXERCISES

ENR107
ASHOK RANADE/MARYAM
KAVESHGAR
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Analog Analog
input output

Sensor 1 Output
Computer device1
Board
Sensor 2 44.2

Analog Digital
Input Output
Development of software

Software written on a general purpose computer


Uploaded on the control board
After this the control board can be used as a stand alone board for some
application
We will study Arduino board
USB
Connector

Battery
Connector
Arduino UNO is
Input/Output Pins a microcontroller
board based on
Analog Input (6 pins) the
ATmega328P.
Any value between Vmin to Vmax
For Arduino : 0 to 5 volts
Digital pins (14)
Digital Input : 0 or 5 volts
Digital Output : 0 or 5 volts
PWM output (6)
Analog output
Arduino Syntaxes
https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/
Analog to digital
converter
Computer uses numbers in binary form
A/D converter converts analog input into a multibit binary number
In Arduino it is 10 bit number
So 0 volts Corresponds to binary 0000000000
decimal 0
5 volts correspond to binary 1111111111
decimal 1023
Sampling rate of ADC
in Arduino
Sampling rate = 9650 samples/Sec (Baud Rate)
Maximum theoretical frequency of the input analog signal is half of this
Other rates are also possible with advanced programming
PWM waveform
Tw
Duty Cycle = ×100 %
T
5 × Tw
Average Value =
T
5
v
Tw

T t 1
Frequency = = 480 Hz.
T
Other values are also possible
Control of duty cycle
PWM : Duty cycle
0% for 00000000 (Decimal 0)
100 % for 11111111 (Decimal 255)
Program structure
Declarations
Digital Read function
Syntax
digitalRead(pin)
Description
Reads the value from a specified digital pin,
either HIGH or LOW.
x = digitalRead(Inpin)
Class Exercise 4.1
Write a program to sense a slide switch. If it is
connected to +5 , led connected to pin 12
flashes periodically. Otherwise the led remains
off.
Color code for circuits
Positive supply voltage1 -------- RED
Ground ---------GREEN
Positive supply voltage2 -------- Pink
Negative supply voltage ------BLACK
Input lines --------BLUE
Output lines -----PURPLE
Multimeter (Or CRO)
+ve terminal ------ YELLOW
Lay out
Use bus lines for supply voltages
Connecting lines should be either horizontal or vertical
A neat layout
Use comments
Tinkercad simulator
Analog Read and Serial Communication
analogRead(potPin)
This will read the analog voltage from the input pin
x = analogRead(potPin); (10 input pins)
x ranges from 0 to 1023
Serial.begin(9600) // opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps (Baud
rate)
This will establish serial communication between
the computer and Arduino. This is in the set-up section.
Serial.println("ADC output");
Serial.println(x);
Digital/Analog Conversion Calculation

5
Analog Value = × Digital value
1023

Digital to analog conversion


Digital Value Analog Value
6
0 0
100 0.488758553 5

200 0.977517107
4
300 1.46627566
400 1.955034213 Analog 3
Value
500 2.443792766 Series1
2
600 2.93255132
700 3.421309873 1
800 3.910068426
900 4.398826979 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
1023 5 Digital Value
An Exercise 4.2 (analogRead( ))
A potentiometer is used to generate a voltage varying between 0 and 5
volts.
The output of the potentiometer is connected to one analog input pin of
Arduino. This voltage is measured by a meter.
Write a program to read the output of the potentiometer. As pot output is
varied from 0 to 5 volts, the value read varies from 0 to 1023.
Next the digital value is converted to analog by using the equation. Both
values are displayed on monitor. The analog value should match that of
meter
Circuit and program
Program

void loop()
int Vi; {
float Vo; Vi = analogRead(A1);
void setup() Vo = (5.0/1023.0)*Vi;
{ Serial.println(“Digital Value");
Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println(Vi);
} Serial.println();
Serial.println(“Analog Value");
Serial.println(Vo);
Serial.println();
delay(2000);
}
analogWrite function
Certain digital pins can be used as PWM pins
analogWrite( pin number, value);
value is an integer from 0 to 255
Decides the duty cycle of the PWM waveform
value 0 means 0% duty cycle
255 means 100% duty cycle
PWM waveform (Pulse Width Modulation)
Tw
Duty Cycle = ×100 %
T

5
v
Tw

T t
5 × Tw 1
Average Value = Frequency = = 480 Hz.
T T
Other values are also possible
Value and average value

Value Average Value


6
0 0
5
25 0.490196078
50 0.980392157 4
75 1.470588235 Average
3
Value
100 1.960784314 2
125 2.450980392
1
150 2.941176471
0
175 3.431372549 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
200 3.921568627 Value
225 4.411764706
255 5
Average value
analogWrite( pin number, value);
5 × Tw
Average value =
T
5 × value
Average value =
255
Average calculation
Examples
5
Average value = × 31 = 0.6 volt
255
5
Average value = ×127 = 2.49 volts
255
Exercise
Interface a potentiometer to the Arduino such that voltage input to an
analog pin can be varied from 0 to 5 volts. Connect the output of a PWM pin
to a Scope to measure its frequency. Also connect the output of the PWM
pin to a low pass RC filter. Select R and C such that its time constant is much
larger than the time period of PWM waveform. This filter will extract the dc
output. Note that PWM frequency is about 500 Hz on some pins and about
1000 Hz on some other pins
Program
Write a program such that as the input voltage to the analog pin is varied
from 0 to 5 volts the duty cycle of the PWM waveform varies from 0 to 100%
Execute the program and
(1) Measure the frequency
(2) Verify that as the pot is varied the duty cycle
indeed varies from 0 to 100 %
(3) Measure the dc voltage at the output of the
filter
Circuit
R = 10 Kohms
C = 10 Microfarads
Code
Animation

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