Ionic Bonding

1. Which substance, when molten, conducts electricity?

a. bitumen
b. cesium iodide
c. diamond
d. sand

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2. Which statement is correct for all ionic compounds?
a. they dissolve in water

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b. they are formed when metals share electrons with non-metals.
c. they conduct electricity in the molten state.
d. they conduct electricity in the solid state.
rA
3. When a piece of sodium is heated in air, it reacts with oxygen to form the ionic
compound sodium oxide, Na2O.
ye
In terms of electrons, which statement correctly explains what happens when
solid reacts with oxygen?
a. an oxygen atom shares two electrons with two sodium atoms.
ay

b. a sodium atom loses two electrons which are transferred to an oxygen

atom.
c. a sodium atom shares its outer shell electron with two oxygen atoms.
rN

d. two sodium atoms each loses one electron which are both transferred to
one oxygen atom.
Si

4. X represents the element of atomic number 8 and Y represents the element of

atomic number 19.
The two elements react together to form a compound.
Which row is correct for the compound formed?
Formula Type of bonding
 a. Y2X covalent
b. Y2X ionic
c. X2Y covalent
d. X2Y ionic

5. The table shows the properties of four substances.

Which substance is an ionic compound?

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melting conducts dissolves in conducts electricity
point/0C electricity when water in aqueous solution
solid
a. -102 x √ √
b. 801 x √ √

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c. 842 √ √ √
d. 3000 √ x x

rA
6. Which statement describe ionic bonding?
a. a lattice of ions in a sea of electrons
b. electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
ye
c. the sharing of electrons between atoms to gain a noble gas configuration.
d. the transfer of electrons from atoms of a non-metal to the atoms of a metal.
ay

7. Ionic compounds have high melting points because of the strong attraction
between oppositely charged ions.
Which compound has the lowest melting point?
rN

a. (Al3+)2 (O2-)3
b. Mg2+O2-
c. Na+Cl-
Si

d. (Fe3+)2(O2-)3

8. The table gives information about the ability of four substances to conduct
electricity.
substance
 W does not conduct under any conditions
X conducts only in aqueous solution
Y conducts when molten and when solid
Z conducts when molten and when in aqueous
solution

What could these four substance be?

W X Y Z

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a. Pb HCl NaCl S
b. S HCl NaCl Pb
c. S HCl Pb NaCl
d. S NaCl HCl Pb

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Theory:
1. Calcium bromide, CaBr2, is an ionic compound.
a) Predict two physical properties other than electrical conductivity of
rA Calcium bromide.
i. ________________________________________
ii. ________________________________________
b) Explain why calcium bromide has a high melting point.
ye
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
ay

c) Describe how calcium atom and bromine molecule react to form calcium
ions and bromide ions. Use idea about electron transfer.
_______________________________________________
rN

_________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Si

d) Predict the products at each electrode during the electrolysis of

concentrated calcium bromide.
At anode _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
At cathode _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
e) Predict the products at each electrode during the electrolysis of dilute
aqueous calcium bromide.
 At anode _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
At cathode _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
f) The ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous calcium bromide and
aqueous chlorine is shown
2Br-(aq) + Cl2(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Explain, in terms of electrons, why this reaction involves both oxidation and
reduction.

ed
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

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____________________________________________
2. Draw electronic structures (dot-and-cross), including the charges, of the ions
present in the following:
i.
rA Calcium oxide
ii. Potassium chloride
iii. Sodium oxide
iv. Magnesium chloride
ye
ay
rN
Si
 Covalent Bonding
MCQs:
1. Which substance has a giant covalent structure at room temperature?

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a. Methane b. Sand c. Sodium chloride d.
Water
2. Which molecule has only 6 electrons involved in covalent bonds?

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a. Cl2 b. CO2 c. H2S d. N2
3. X is the arrangement of bonds around a carbon atom in graphite.
Y is the arrangement of bonds around a carbon atom in diamond.
rA Z is the arrangement of bonds around a silicon atom in silicon (IV)
oxide, SiO2.
Which arrangements of bonds are the same?
a. X and Y only b. X and Z only c. Y and Z only d. X, Y and Z
ye
4. Which molecule contains three shared pairs of electrons between two
of its atoms?
ay

a. CO2 b. C2H4 c. H2O d. N2

5. What is covalent bond?
a. A pair of electrons shared by two non-metallic atoms
rN

b. Electrons being shared by a lattice of positively charged ions

c. Elements losing electrons to achieve a noble gas structure
d. Oppositely charged particles strongly attracting each other
Si

6. In which substance is each carbon atom covalently bonded to only

three other atoms?
a. carbon dioxide b. diamond c. graphite d. methane
7. a molecule of Sulphuric acid has the structural formula shown:
 How many electrons are involved in forming all the covalent bonds in
one molecule?
a. 6 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16

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Theory

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8. Sulphur has low melting point and does not conduct electricity.
i. Explain why Sulphur has a low melting point.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
____________________________________
rA ii. Explain why Sulphur does not conduct electricity.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
____________________________________
iii. Sulphur reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide, H2S.
ye
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in a
molecule of hydrogen sulfide. Show only outer shell electrons.
ay
rN

9. Silicon (IV) chloride reacts with water to form silicon (IV) oxide.
Si

Part of the structure of silicon (IV) oxide is shown below:

 Explain in terms of structure and bonding, why silicon (IV) oxide has a

ed
very high melting point.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
_____________________________________________
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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___________________ ________________
10. The structure of graphite and boron nitride are shown as below:

rA
ye
ay

i. Like graphite, boron nitride feels slippery to touch.

Explain, in terms of bonding and structure, why boron nitride feels
slippery to the touch.
rN

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
________________________________________
ii. Explain why graphite has high melting point.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
Si

______________________________________

11. Methane, CH4, is the major constituent of natural gas.

Draw a dot-cross diagram to show the outer shell electrons are
arranged in methane.
 Show hydrogen electrons as ﹒
Show carbon electrons as x

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12. Hydrazine, N2H4, has similar chemical properties to ammonia.
Hydrazine is a covalent compound. Draw a ‘dot-cross’ diagram for
rA hydrazine
ye
ay

13. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of phosphine (PH3).

rN

Only draw the outer shell electrons.

Si

Metallic Bonding
 1. Which statement is correct for all metals?
a. They are hard and brittle.
b. They are made up of a lattice of positive and negative ions.
c. They conduct electricity by movement of electrons.
d. They conduct electricity by movement of ions.
2. Which one of the following is the best conductor electricity?

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a. Diamond
b. Magnesium
c. Pure ethanoic acid

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d. Solid sodium chloride
3. Which statement explains why metals are malleable?
a. They have layers of cations that can slide over one another.
b. They have layers of electrons that can slide over one another.
rA
c. They have weak bonds between protons and sea of electrons.
d. They have free moving electrons.
ye
ay

4. Which diagram best represents the structure of a solid metal?

rN
Si

5. Which substance has metallic bonding?

Conducts State of
electricity product
 When When formed
solid liquid on
reaction
with
oxygen
a. √ √ Solid
b. √ √ Gas
c. x √ No
d. x x reaction
b. solid

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Theory:
1. Copper is a metal.

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i. Draw a labelled diagram to show the bonding in copper.

rA
ye
ay

ii. Explain why copper conducts electricity?

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
rN

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
Si