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Transmission Characteristics II 1

The document discusses the transmission characteristics of optical fibers, focusing on their structure, design parameters, and performance factors such as attenuation and dispersion. It highlights the importance of minimizing intermodal and intramodal dispersion to enhance bandwidth and data rates in fiber optic communication. Additionally, it covers various types of single-mode and multimode fibers, their dispersion properties, and the implications for telecommunications systems.

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7 views29 pages

Transmission Characteristics II 1

The document discusses the transmission characteristics of optical fibers, focusing on their structure, design parameters, and performance factors such as attenuation and dispersion. It highlights the importance of minimizing intermodal and intramodal dispersion to enhance bandwidth and data rates in fiber optic communication. Additionally, it covers various types of single-mode and multimode fibers, their dispersion properties, and the implications for telecommunications systems.

Uploaded by

The Vedic Guy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transmission Characteristics of

Optical Fiber - II
OPTICAL FIBER
 An optical fiber is a long cylindrical dielectric waveguide,
usually of circular cross-section, transparent to light over the
operating wavelength.

Fiber Structure

 A single solid dielectric of two concentric layers. The inner


layer known as Core is of radius ‘a’ and refractive index ‘n1’.
The outer layer called Cladding has refractive index ‘n2’.
n2 < n1  condition necessary for TIR
Step Index / Graded Index
DESIGNER’S PARAMETERS
Numerical Aperture (NA) :
NA = sina = [(n1)2-(n2)2]1/2
0.10-0.25 for SMF, 0.20-0.50 for MMF

Relative Refractive Index Difference ():


 = (n1 –n2)/n ; n- the average refractive index
<0.4% for SMF, >1% for MMF

Normalized Frequency or V-Number:


V = [(2a)/] NA
V  2.405 for SMF;  10 for MMF
Transmission Characteristics
 Factors which affect the performance of optical fibers as a
transmission medium
 Important,
when the suitability of optical fibers for
communication purposes is investigated.

 Characteristics of Primary Importance:


 Attenuation (or Transmission loss): determines the
maximum repeater less separation between a transmitter and
receiver.
 Dispersion: limit the information – carrying capacity of a
fiber i.e. Bandwidth
Fibre Performance
z=0 z=L
Attenuation

z=0 z=L
Dispersion
Typical Long-haul Telecom System

Two pairs of single-mode fiber

Terminal Amplifier Amplifier


Equipment Unit Unit

Regenerator Amplifier Terminal


Unit Unit Equipment

• Amplifier spans: 30 to 120 km


• Regenerator spans: 50 to 600 km
• Terminal spans: 600 km (without regenerators)
9000 km (with regenerators)
Pulse Broadening
 In the ray model there are a continuum of ray directions between the
axial ray and the critical angle ac

 The axial ray takes the shortest route and arrives at the far end first,
whereas the ray at the critical angle takes the longest route and arrives
last.

 A short input pulse will be broadened by the range of paths travelled

t1 t2
Dispersion
• Dispersion effects broaden the pulse as it
propagates along the fibre
• The broadening is measured in nsec/km
• After large distance the pulses overlap (intersymbol
interference-ISI) and become indistinguishable
– electrical dispersion
• The broadening, t, limits the maximum data rate:

1
BT 
2t
DISPERSION
 Dispersion - Spreading of light pulses in a fiber
 limits Bandwidth

Most important types


1. Intramodal (Chromatic) dispersion
i) Material dispersion
ii) Waveguide dispersion
2. Intermodal (Modal) dispersion
Intermodal Dispersion
Intermodal Dispersion
L

n1 n1
Tmin  L  Tmax  L 
c c  cos  c
c
n1 n2
cos c 
n2 n1

D n n  
n n nn NA
NA2 2
TT  1 1     
L L n n c c c c 2nc  ns / km t
2 2 2nc

BL 
L

2nc
(Mb / s)km
T NA2
Intermodal Dispersion
 Intermodal Dispersion (also Modal Dispersion)
 can be minimized by:
• using a smaller core diameter
• using graded-index fiber (less by a factor of 100)
• use single-mode fiber - single-mode fiber is only single-
mode at wavelengths greater than the cutoff wavelength

 When multimode dispersion is present, it usually


dominates to the point that other types of dispersion
can be ignored.
Modal Dispersion in Graded Index Fibers
 Graded Index Fibers: Solution to modal dispersion

A multimode graded index fiber: (a) Parabolic refractive index


profile; (b) Meridional ray paths within the fiber core.

 Core is designed with different refractive index layers so that the


beam traveling the farthest distance does so at the highest
velocity and the beam traveling the shortest distance propagates
at the slowest velocity.
Intramodal Dispersion
 Intramodal dispersion occurs due to the differing propagation delays of
different wavelengths of light within a single mode (intra-modal)

– Caused by material dispersion and waveguide dispersion


 Light sources have a finite spectral width ()
• a fraction of a per cent of the centre frequency for a laser
• several per cent for a LED

• Each spectral component of a pulse travels at a different rate leading to


pulse broadening

Broadband Spectrally dispersed


input pulse output pulse
Intramodal (Chromatic) Dispersion

• Light sources are NOT monochromatic


(linewidth of source, chirp effects, modulation sidebands)

• Different wavelengths travel at slightly different speeds


(this effect is called “Chromatic Dispersion”)

• Chromatic dispersion causes pulse broadening


(problem at high bit rates over long distances)

• Standard single-mode fiber:


– 1300 nm window has lowest CD
– 1550 nm lowest loss
Fiber Dispersion: A. Material Dispersion
Material Dispersion (cont.)
Material dispersion Parameter (M)

1 dt m
M is expressed in ps.nm-1.km-1
L d

• Material dispersion
may be minimized
by control of system
parameters.

The material dispersion parameter for silica as a function


of wavelength
Waveguide Dispersion
• Light travels at different speeds in core and cladding.

• Results from the variation in group velocity with wavelength


which leads to a variation in transmission time for the modes.

• Variation of propagation constant () with wavelength (),


d 2
0
d2
Fiber Dispersion:
B. Waveguide Dispersion
• Dispersion is sum of
material and waveguide
components

ps nm-1 km-1
• Minimum dispersion occurs at
=1.3 mm
– dispersion negligible
– attenuation ~0.3 dB km -1

• Minimum attenuation occurs at


=1.5 mm
– dispersion 15 ps nm-1 km-1
– attenuation 0.2 dB km-1

• Dispersion flattening
enables 2 ps nm-1 km-1
over 1.3-1.6 mm range
– enables low-loss AND low
dispersion at 1.5 mm
Overall Fiber Dispersion
Total Dispersion
DT = DM+DW+DP ( ps nm-1 km-1)

• In MMFs, the overall dispersion comprises both


 Intermodal
 Intramodal (Material & Waveguide)
Note: In MMFs, waveguide dispersion is negligible compared to material
dispersion

• In SMFs, dispersion is entirely from Intramodal or Chromatic


dispersion
 BW is limited by finite spectral width of the source ()
 Dominated by material dispersion of fused silica
 Zero Material Dispersion by control of dopants
Schematic diagram showing a multimode step index fiber, multimode graded index
fiber and single-mode step index fiber, and illustrating the pulse broadening due to
intermodal dispersion in each fiber type.
Dispersion Modified SMFs
Total Dispersion :
 d 2 n1  n1  n 2  Vd 2 (Vb )
DT  D M  D W    dV 2
c d 2
  c 
• At wavelengths longer than the ZMD point in most common fiber
designs, the DM and DW are of opposite sign and can therefore be
made to cancel at some longer wavelengths.
• Hence, ZMD can be shifted to the lowest loss wavelength for
silicate glass fibers at 1550 nm to provide both low dispersion and
low loss fiber.

 Dispersion Modified SM Fibers


 Dispersion Shifted
 Dispersion flattened
Dispersion Shifted& Dispersion Flattened SMFs

Total dispersion characteristics for various types of SMFs

• Achieved by mechanisms such as; Reduction in fiber


core diameters, Increase in relative or fractional index difference
and Variation in fiber material composition
TRANSMISSION RATE
SMFs For Telecom
 SMF : (Standard, 1310 nm Optimized, unshifted)
– Most widely deployed by far distances

 SMF DS (Dispersion shifted) :


– For single channel operation at 1550 nm

 SMF DF (Dispersion flattened):


– For WDM/DWDM operation in the 1550 nm
region
THANK YOU

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