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Of Cable Properties1

Optical fibres have several advantages over metal cables including being non-conductive, having high electromagnetic immunity, large bandwidth, low loss, small and light weight, security from tapping, ability to be run through hazardous areas, and universality. Optical fibres work on the principle of total internal reflection where light is reflected off the core-cladding boundary back into the core due to the refractive index difference between core and cladding materials. Key parameters that determine an optical fibre's performance include wavelength, attenuation, dispersion, bandwidth, and numerical aperture.

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48 views29 pages

Of Cable Properties1

Optical fibres have several advantages over metal cables including being non-conductive, having high electromagnetic immunity, large bandwidth, low loss, small and light weight, security from tapping, ability to be run through hazardous areas, and universality. Optical fibres work on the principle of total internal reflection where light is reflected off the core-cladding boundary back into the core due to the refractive index difference between core and cladding materials. Key parameters that determine an optical fibre's performance include wavelength, attenuation, dispersion, bandwidth, and numerical aperture.

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Jason Rogers
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© © All Rights Reserved
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OPTICAL FIBRE

CABLE

ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS :


(I)

Optical Fibres are non conductive


-

(II)

(III)

Cables can be all dielectric.

Electromagnetic Immunity :
-

Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI)

No radiated energy.

Unauthorised tapping difficult.

Large Bandwidth (> 5.0 GHz for 1 km length)


-

Future upgradability.

Maximum utilization of cable right of way.

One time cable installation costs.

(IV) Low Loss (5 dB/km to < 0.25 dB/km typical)

(vi) Small, Light weight cables.


- Easy installation and Handling.
- Efficient use of space.
(vi)
Available in Long lengths (> 12 kms)
- Less splice points.
(vii) Security
-Extremely difficult to tap a fibre as it does not radiate
energy
- Highly secure transmission medium.
(viii) Security - Being a dielectric
- It cannot cause fire.
- Does not carry electricity.
- Can be run through hazardous areas.
(ix)
Universal medium

Applications

Common carrier nationwide networks.


Telephone Inter-office Trunk lines.
Customer premise communication networks.
Undersea cables.
High EMI areas (Power lines, Rails, Roads).
Factory communication/ Automation.
Control systems.
Expensive environments.
High lightening areas.
Military applications.
Classified (secure) communications.

Transmission Sequence

(1) Information is Encoded into Electrical Signals.


(2)
Electrical Signals are Coverted into light
Signals.
(3) Light Travels Down the Fiber.
(4)
A Detector Changes the Light Signals into
Electrical Signals.
(5)
Electrical Signals are Decoded into
Information.
Inexpensive light sources available.
Repeater spacing increases along with
operating speeds because low loss fibres are used
at high data rates

THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF FIBRE OPTICS :

By Snell's law, n1 sin 1 = n2 sing 2


The critical angle of incidence c where 2
= 90 o
Is c = arc sing (n2 / n1)
At angle greater than c the light is reflected,
Because reflected light means that n1 and n2
are equal (since they are in the same material),
1 and 2 are also equal.
The angle of incidence and reflection are equal.
These simple principles of refraction and
reflection form the basis of light propagation
through an optical fibre.

Angle of incidence

1
n1
n2
2

Light is bent away


from normal

n1
n2

2
Light does not enter
second material

n1
n2

Angle of
reflection

Propagation of light thro


fibre

The optical fibre has two concentric layers


called the core and the cladding. The
inner core is the light carrying part.
The surrounding cladding provides the
difference refractive index that allows
total internal reflection of light through
the core.

Jacket

Jacket
Cladding
Core

Cladding (n2)
Core (n2)

Cladding
Jacket
Light at less than
Angle of Angle of
critical angle is
incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection
Fig. Total Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre

An Optical fibre consists of a core of


optically transparent material usually
silica or borosilicate glass surrounded by a
cladding of the same material but a
slightly lower refractive index.
Fibre themselves have exceedingly small
diameters. Figure shows cross section of
the core and cladding diameters of
commonly used fibres. The diameters of
the core and cladding are as follows

125 8

125 50

Core

125 62.5

125 100

Cladding

Typical Core and Cladding Diameters

Core (m)

Cladding ( m)

125

50

125

62.5

125

100

140

Fibre sizes are usually expressed by first giving the core


size followed by the cladding size. Thus 50/125 means a
core diameter of 50m and a cladding diameter of
125m.

Fibre types
classification
there are three types of fibres :
(I)
Multimode Step Index fibre
(Step Index fibre)
(II)
Multimode graded Index
fibre (Graded Index fibre)
(III) Single- Mode Step Index fibre
(Single Mode Fibre)

Step index fibre

This fibre is called "Step Index" because the refractive


index changes abruptly from cladding to core

The paths along which the rays (modes) of this step index
fibre travel differ, depending on their angles relative to the
axis.

As a result, the different modes in a pulse will arrive at the


far end of the fibre at different times, resulting in pulse
spreading which limits the bit-rate of a digital signal which
can be transmitted.

This types of fibre results in considerable model dispersion,


which results the fibre's band width.

GRADED INDEX FIBRE

This fibre is called graded index because there are


many changes in the refractive index with larger
values towards the center. As light travels faster in a
lower index of refraction.
So, the farther the light is from the center axis, the
grater is its speed. Each layer of the core refracts the
light. Instead of being sharply reflected as it is in a
step index fibre, the light is now bent or continuously
refracted in an almost sinusoidal pattern.
Those rays that follow the longest path by travelling
near the outside of the core, have a faster average
velocity. The light travelling near the center of the
core, has the slowest average velocity.

Input
Pulse

Output
Pulse

High order
Mode

Dispersion

Refractive
Index Profile

n1
n2

Multi mode Step Index

Low Order Mode

Dispersion
n1
n2

Multi mode Graded Index

n1
n2

Single Mode Step Index

Optical fibre systems have the


following parameters.
(I)
Wavelength.
(II)
Frequency.
(III)
Window.
(IV)
Attenuation.
(V)
Dispersion.
(VI)
Bandwidth.

WAVELENGTH
It is a characterstic of light that is emitted from the
light source and is measures in nanometers (nm). In
the visible spectrum, wavelength can be described
as the colour of the light.
For example, Red Light has longer wavelength than
Blue Light, Typical wavelength for fibre use are
850nm, 1300nm and 1550nm all of which are
invisible.
FREQUENCY
It is number of pulse per second emitted from a light
source. Frequency is measured in units of hertz
(Hz). In terms of optical pulse 1Hz = 1 pulse/ sec.

A narrow window is defined as the


range of wavelengths at which a fibre
best operates. Typical windows are
given below :
Window Operational
Wavelength
800nm - 900nm
850nm
1250nm - 1350nm
1300nm
1500nm - 1600nm
1550nm

1pm

Gamma rays

1nm

Rontgen rays
U.V. rays

1 m

Visible Light
Infra Red

1m

U.H.F.

M.F.
1Km
1Mm

WAVE LENGTH IN NM

L.F.

Radio Frequencies

1mm

Thermal Rays

ATTENUATION

INTRINSIC ATTENUATION
It is loss due to inherent or within the fibre.
Intrinsic attenuation may occur as
(I) Absorption - Natural Impurities in the glass
absorb light energy.
(II) Scattering - Light rays travelling in the
core reflect from small imperfections into a
new pathway that may be lost through the
cladding.
Absorption - Natural Impurities in the Glass
Absorb Light Energy.
Light
Ray

(2) Scattering - Light Rays


Travelling in the Core Reflect from
small Imperfections into a New
Pathway that may be Lost through
the cladding.
Light is lost

Light
Ray

EXTRINSIC ATTENUATION

It is loss due to external sources.


Extrinsic attenuation may occur as
Macrobending - The fibre is sharply
bent so that the light travelling down
the fibre cannot make the turn & is lost
in the cladding.
Microbending - Microbending or small
bends in the fibre caused by crushing
contraction etc. These bends may not
be visible with the naked eye.

Micro bend

Micro bend

Micro bend

Fig. Loss and Bends

DISPERSION
It is defined as the spreading of light
pulse as it travels down the fibre.
ecause of the spreading effect,
pulses tend to overlap, making them
unreadable by the receiver.
BANDWIDTH
It is defined as the amount of
information that a system can carry
such that each pulse of light is
distinguishable by the receiver.

NUMBERICAL APERTURE

Numerical aperture (NA) is the "light - gathering


ability" of a fibre. Light injected into the fibre at
angles greater than the critical angle will be
propagated. The material NA relates to the
refractive indices of the core and cladding.

NA = n12 - n22

where n1 and n2 are refractive indices of core


and cladding respectively.
NA is unitless dimension.

Dispersion
Dispersion is the spreading of light pulse

as its travels down the length of an optical


fibre. Dispersion limits the bandwidth or
information carrying capacity of a fibre.
There are three main types of dispersion
in a fibre (I)
Modal Dispersion
(II)
Material dispersion
(III) Waveguide dispersion

BANDWIDTH AND
DISPERSION

A bandwidth of 400 MHz -km means that a 400 MHz-signal


can be transmitted for 1 km. It means that the product of
frequency and the length must be 400 or less. We can
send a lower frequency for a longer distance, i.e. 200 MHz
for 2 km or 100 MHz for 4 km.

Multimode fibres are specified by the bandwidth-length


product or simply bandwidth.

Single mode fibres on the other hand are specified by


dispersion, expressed in ps/km/nm.

BANDWIDTH AND
DISPERSION

A bandwidth of 400 MHz -km means that a 400 MHz-signal


can be transmitted for 1 km. It means that the product of
frequency and the length must be 400 or less. We can
send a lower frequency for a longer distance, i.e. 200 MHz
for 2 km or 100 MHz for 4 km.

Multimode fibres are specified by the bandwidth-length


product or simply bandwidth.

Single mode fibres on the other hand are specified by


dispersion, expressed in ps/km/nm.

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