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OSI Model

• OSI means Open System Interconnect model.

• Developed by the International Organization for

Standardization in 1974.

• It consists of seven layers.

• Each layer has a different but specific processing

function.

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OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Application
Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation or
Software Layer
Layer - 5 Session

Layer - 4 Transport Heart of OSI

Layer - 3 Network
Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data Link or
Hardware Layer
Layer - 1 Physical

Application Layer

Application
Application Layer is responsible for
Application
providing Networking Services to
the user. It is also known as
Presentation Desktop Layer. Identification of
Services is done using Port Numbers.
Session

Ports are Entry and Exit Points to

Transport
the Layer
Network
Total No. Ports 0 – 65535
Data Link Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Open Client Ports 1024 – 65535
Physical

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Example of HTTP request
http://www.zoomgroup.com

Client Web Server

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Example of HTTP request

HTTP Request
HTTP Request
Received HTTP Reply Listen on
http:// www.zoomgroup.com
http://www.zoomgroup.com Port 80
Webpage Sending HTTP Reply
Webpage

Client Web Server

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Example of FTP request
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

Client FTP Server

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Example of FTP request

FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com Port 21
Sending FTP Reply

Client FTP Server

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Examples of Networking Services

Service Port No.

HTTP 80

FTP 21

SMTP 25

TELNET 23

TFTP 69

Data flow from Application Layer

Application Data

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

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Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is responsible

Application
for converting data into standard
format.
Presentation
Presentation

Session
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG,
MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3
Transport
Following tasks are perform at
Network Presentation layer :

Data Link Encoding – Decoding

Encryption – Decryption
Physical Compression – Decompression

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Data flow from Presentation Layer

Application Data

Presentation Data

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

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Session Layer

Session Layer is responsible for

Application
establishing, maintaining and
terminating session.
Presentation
Session ID works at Session Layer.
Session
Session

Transport Examples :

Network RPC  Remote Procedure Call

SQL  Structured Query Language
Data Link
NFS  Network File System

Physical

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Data flow from Session Layer

Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

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Transport Layer

Transport Layer is responsible

Application
for end-to-end connectivity. It is also
known as the heart of OSI Layers.
Presentation Following tasks are performed at the
Transport Layer : -
Session

• Identifying Service
Transport
Transport
• Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
Network • Segmentation

Data Link • Sequencing & Reassembling

• Error Correction
Physical
• Flow Control

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Identifying Service

TCP UDP

• Transmission Control • User Datagram Protocol

Protocol • Connection Less
• Connection Oriented • No Acknowledgement
• Acknowledgement • Unreliable
• Reliable • Faster
• Slower • Port No. 17
• Port No. 6 • e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP
• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP

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Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application

Presentation

Session

80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport

TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network

Data Link

Physical
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Segmentation

Hello! How are you ?

Hello! How
are you ?
Hello! How Are You ?

A B

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Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello!
You HowHow
Hello! are ?you
Are?
Hello! How you Hello!
are you ? How ? are
You
Hello! Hello!
How How
Are ?
You Are
?

A B

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Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! How are you ?

Hello! How Hello! How
are you ? are you ?
Hello! How Are You ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B

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Error Correction

Segment Missing
Hello! How are you ?
Hello! How Hello! How
are you ? are you ?
Hello! How Are You ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B

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Flow Control - Windowing

PC-A
Ack-Rec-3
Sending
Ack. 3-
Received- 3-
Sending
4window
can send 4 SegmentReceived
at 4-
window
5-window
a time to
PC-B

A B

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Data flow from Transport Layer

Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport TH Data
Segment

Network

Data Link

Physical

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Network Layer

Network Layer is responsible for

Application
providing best path for data to reach
the destination. Logical Addressing
Presentation works on this layer. Router is a
Network Layer device.
Session
It is divided into two parts
Transport
• Routed Protocols
Network
Network e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
• Routing Protocols
Data Link
e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP
Physical

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Routed Protocols

Segment
Segment

Hello! How Hello! How

are you ? Source IP
are you ?
192.168.1.1

Destination
Segment IP
192.168.1.2

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
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Routing Protocols

www.zoomgroup.com

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Data flow from Network Layer

Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

e.g. Router Transport Segment

Network Packet
NH Segment

Data Link

Physical

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Datalink Layer

Datalink Layer is divided

Application
into two Sub Layers :
Presentation
• LLC – Logical Link Control
Session It talks about Wan protocols e.g. PPP,
HDLC, Frame-relay
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network It talks about Physical Address. It is
a 48 bit address i.e. 12 digit
Data
Data Link
Link Hexadecimal Number.
It is also responsible for Error
Physical Detection
Devices working on Data Link Layer
are Switch, Bridge, NIC.
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Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet
PC-A
CRC No. 33333
Hello! How
are you ? PC-B
Source MAC
CRC No.
00-20-18-C0-07-71
Error00000
33333
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
11114
Detected
Destination
Packet MAC
Error Detected
00-20-18-C0-07-72

For Error Correction

Contact Source Transport layer
A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
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Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet
Packet

Hello! How
Source MAC
are you ?
00-20-18-C0-07-71
20202
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
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Data flow from Data Link Layer

Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport Segment

e.g. Switch Network Packet

Data Link DH
FramePacket DT

Physical

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Physical Layer

Physical Layer is
Application
responsible for electrical, mechanical
and procedural checks. Data will be
Presentation converted into Binary (i.e) 0’s & 1’s.
Data will be in the form of electrical
Session pulses if it is Coaxial or Twisted Pair
cable and in the form of Light if it is
Transport Fiber Optic Cable.

Network Devices working at Physical Layer are

Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Modems etc.
Data Link

Physical
Physical

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Physical Layer Example

Frame
Frame

Hello! How
are you ?

1010101010101010
Frame

A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B

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Data flow from Physical Layer

Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport Segment

Network Packet

e.g. Hub Data Link Frame

Physical Bits

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Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A B

Application Data Data Application

Presentation Data Data Presentation

Session Data Data Session

Transport TH Transport TH
SegmentData TH Data
Segment

Network NH Segment
Packet NH
Packet Segment Network NH

Data Link DH Packet DT

Frame Frame PacketDH
DT Packet Data Link DHDT

Physical Bits Bits Physical

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Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers

Application

Presentation Application

Session

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
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37

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Example of HTTP request
http://www.zoomgroup.com

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ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

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Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\> telnet 192.168.1.150
Connecting .....
================================
Welcome to Hyderabad Router
================================
User Access Verification
password :

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http://www.microsoft.com

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http://mail.yahoo.com

xyz@yahoo.com

xyz

******

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