Political Science Practice Questions (Units I - IV)

15-Mark Questions with Answers

Define Political Science and explain its nature and scope.

Political Science is the systematic study of government, politics, and political institutions. It deals with the

theory and practice of politics and analyses political systems, behavior, and culture. The nature of Political

Science is both a science and an art. As a science, it uses empirical methods to understand political

phenomena, and as an art, it applies these understandings to solve practical political issues.

The scope of Political Science is vast and covers areas like political theory, comparative politics, international

relations, public administration, and policy studies. It includes the study of state and government, laws,

political ideologies, political institutions, and the behavior of political actors. Political Science aims to

understand how power and resources are distributed in societies and how political decisions are made. It is

closely related to disciplines such as history, sociology, economics, and philosophy, creating a dynamic and

interdisciplinary field of study.

Explain the major theories of the origin of State.

There are several theories explaining the origin of the state. The Divine Origin Theory asserts that the state

was created by God and rulers are divinely appointed. This theory was widely accepted in ancient and

medieval times, especially by monarchs who claimed divine right to rule.

The Social Contract Theory, supported by thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, proposes that the

state originated from a voluntary agreement among individuals to form a governing authority to ensure

security and social order. This theory emphasizes the role of human agency in state formation.

The Evolutionary Theory suggests that the state evolved gradually from family and kinship structures to tribes

and eventually into organized political communities. It highlights the natural and progressive development of
 Political Science Practice Questions (Units I - IV)

state institutions over time. Some scholars believe the state emerged from the need for organization and

governance in increasingly complex societies.

Each theory provides valuable insights into how states may have originated, although modern scholars

generally accept the Evolutionary Theory for its historical and anthropological basis.

What is democracy? Describe its kinds with examples.

Democracy is a form of government in which power is vested in the people, either directly or through elected

representatives. It is based on the principles of political equality, freedom, and participation in

decision-making.

There are two primary types of democracy: direct democracy and indirect (or representative) democracy.

In direct democracy, citizens directly participate in the decision-making process without intermediaries. This

type is most feasible in small communities or organizations. A famous example is ancient Athens, where

citizens voted on laws and policies directly.

In indirect democracy, citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Modern nations, such

as the United States, India, and most European countries, follow this model. Elections are held periodically to

choose representatives, ensuring that citizens have a say in governance.

Both types of democracy are based on the ideals of political participation, freedom, and equality, but they

differ in how citizens exercise their political power.

What is liberty? Explain its kinds and importance.

Liberty refers to the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life,

behavior, or political views. It is a fundamental concept in political philosophy and a cornerstone of

democratic societies.

There are two primary kinds of liberty: positive liberty and negative liberty.

- Negative liberty is the absence of external constraints on an individual's actions. It refers to the freedom

from interference by others, especially the government. For instance, freedom of speech and freedom of

movement are examples of negative liberty.

- Positive liberty, on the other hand, is the ability to achieve one's potential and exercise control over one's

life. It is related to the availability of resources and opportunities that allow individuals to develop their abilities

and make meaningful choices.

Liberty is important because it ensures individual autonomy, promotes the pursuit of happiness, and fosters

social and political equality. It is essential for the protection of human rights and the functioning of a

democratic society.

Define rights and discuss their meaning, kinds, and significance.

Rights are entitlements or freedoms that individuals have in a society, granted by law, moral principles, or

social contract. They ensure that individuals are treated fairly and equitably, with respect for their dignity and

autonomy.

There are different kinds of rights:

- **Civil Rights**: These rights protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, organizations,

and other individuals. Examples include the right to free speech, the right to a fair trial, and the right to vote.
 Political Science Practice Questions (Units I - IV)

- **Political Rights**: These rights include the ability to participate in political processes, such as the right to

vote, run for office, and influence government policies.

- **Economic Rights**: These involve the right to own property, engage in economic activities, and access to

work and fair wages.

- **Social Rights**: These rights ensure individuals have access to basic services such as education,

healthcare, and social security.

Rights are significant because they guarantee individual freedoms, promote equality, and ensure protection

from abuse. They are fundamental to the functioning of democracy and the rule of law.