~ S ...

Com posit e Mate rials

S1 llabus
Definition Choi octe, ,sties of Composites,
Constituents of Composites Motr ix Phase and Dispersed Phase (Definition and Functions)
Clossif1cot1on of Composites
Lea,·ning Objectives
Mer reading 1h s chapter Sh.ident will be able to :
• Identify different t)pes of composite materials for engineering applications.
• Leo n obo1.:t d ffe ent matrix materials and their roles in composites.
• Understand he properties of matrices and how they affect the overall performance of the com~
• Ano vze ho, the inclusion of reinforcement materials improves the mechanical properties of the
s eng h st HPess and toughness.
Course Outcome
• To e:::ogn ze the composition, properties and functions of various composite materials.

5.1 INTRODUC TION

• CoMpos te Materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly
iho
d fferent phys ca or chemical properties, which when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from
d m.a corr ponents These materials are designed to enhance specific mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical
r.:roi::ert es that are often superior to those of conventional materials. Some common examples include fiberglass,
carbon 'ber re nforced polymers (CFRP), and certain types of ceramics. Overall, composite materials play a crucial role
r ad ar,c 119 technology, improving performance, and addressing challenges in diverse fields ranging from aerospace
and automot veto construction and consumer goods. Composites enable the creation of structures and products that
o d be d ff cult or 1mposs1ble to achieve with conventional materials, fostering innovation in various industries. Their
g t e ght ratJre can contribute to fuel efficiency in transportation and reduce energy consumption in other
app cat ons Composites often have superior fatigue resistance and durability compared to traditional materials,
MaK ng trerr, su1tab e for long-term use in harsh environments. They can exhibit excellent thermal and electrical
!1SJ at or properties, making them valuable in industries where heat resistance or electrical insulation is
required.
v1any composite materials are resistant to corrosion, moisture, and chemicals, which extends their lifespan and
reduces ma,ntenance costs compared to traditional materials like metals. Composites can be tailored to meet specific
design requ1remerts by adjusting the type, orientation, and proportion of constituent materials. This allows for
optimized performance and efficiency They offer high strength-to-we ight ratios, making them ideal for applications
where strength arid low weight are crucial, such as aerospace and automotive industnes.
Definition :
• Composite materials are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly 4Ul'cz ul
physical or chemical properties, which when combined, produce a material with characterutk s di,,.,_. ..,_
the individual components
Examples:
1. Fiberglass : Made from fine f 1bers of glass woven into a cloth and bonded together with a resin fiberglass is
strong lightweight, and commonly used tn boat hulls, car bodies, and storage tanks.
2. Carbo~ Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) : Composed of carbon fibers embedded in a polymer matrix, CFRP is
known for ,ts high strength-to-we ight ratio and 1s used in aerospace, sports equipment. and h1gh-perfarmance
...____ vehicles.
(5.1)
Applied Chemistry
5.2
3. Concrete . A m,xtrn •nd gravel or crushed ston e Con
rn nt wat sand ,
I cret e is wid ely used in constru
du to 1t cmp r ,v tr nglh one! du, ob,llty
4 Kevlar : A t p of b d with resin to crea te a stro ng
I m,d f,b r wnV l'll 11110 hee t 8nd com and lightw
inE' ds 11
, t , l K "' l
u d ml ull 1p10 L1I ve t , lH.> m ' ets and spo rtin g goo ·
• 1 )Prf orm anc e attn b u t es tha t ofte n surpass thos e of t
hiev c !spec:1 IC f The con stitu ents m com pos ites rad1ti
1 nw t11 poly n, ' u eel ,ilonE' are typi call y referred to
f\lh mg tnqethe1) s111d lh£' rPm 1o,ce ent (wh ich pro ✓ides stre ngth and othe r enha
m

5.1 .1 Ch ara cte ris tic • of Co

mp osi te Ma ter lals
• t ral ke\ thd1 M te, I t,cs th it n1nkE' t
them adv ,rnta geo us in vari ous app Iica ions·

[' 'Tie s 0na l Stab ility

En ron men tal Resistance. (UV
radiation, moi stur e abs orpt ion, and
Cost Effie enc extr eme tem per atur es)
y
• -era t ese characteristics mak
e com pos ites versatile materia
ae c-soace auto mot ive marine, ls tha t are incr eas ingl y used
con stru ctio n, spo rts equ ipm ent, in industries sudl
and con sum er goo ds, amo ng othe
5 2 CO NS TIT UE NT S OF CO rs.
MP OS ITE MA TE RIA LS
• Co'l 'lpo s te mat eria ls are typi call y mad e-u p of two mai n
cc sttu ent s
.,..he mat rix Phase
2 D spersed pha se/R einf orce men t. ~MOOU
phase
• Eac p a s a crucial role m dete
rmin ing the prop ertie s of the
Dispersed
phase
,:or npc s te
Fig. 5.1
(A) Matrix Pha se:
•
T e mat rix phase in com
pos ite materials is one of the
oge the • prim ary con stitu ents tha t hold
the rein forc ement m
• t surr oun ds and sup port s the rein
forc eme nt by mai ntai ning thei r rela
• T e mat nx pha se plays a crucial tive pos ition s.
role in dete rmin ing the overall prop
Examples: ertie s and per form anc e of the com pos
ite
• Fiberglass: The mat rix 1s usually
a ther mos ettin g poly mer like epo
f ber s xy or poly este r, whi le the rein
forc ement is
• Car bon Faber Rei nfo rce d Pol
yme r (CFRP): The mat rix 1s typi
re nfo rce me nt 1s carb on fibers. call y epo xy or ano ther ther mos
ettin g resin
Properties of Ma trix Phase :
, .
• Mechanical Properties: 1 he matr
n< s mechanical properties, such
as elast,c1ty, plas ticit y, and toug
com pos 1 te 's ove rall mec han ical beh avio ur hness, influ
• les· 1 he d ·
mat rix's ther mal con uct1v1ty, ther
The rma I Pro Pert · mal expansion and hea t
per form anc e in tem per atu re vari able env iron men t!. • res1.s t ance aff ec t the co
• Chemical Properties: The mat , h I
rix s c em1ca resistance and
stab ility dete rmin e the com pos
su1tab1hty for diff ere nt env iron ite's dura
men ts
• Concrete: The matm< is cem ent .
pas te (cem ent and water), whi le
the rein forc eme nt can be steel
oth er mat eria l rebar, glass
"rye:~
red chemistry 5.3 Composite Materials
~
nctions:
,~u The matrix binds th e reinforcement materi als (fibers, particles etc.) together, ensuring they remain in a fixed, desired
arrangement.
It transfers the applied loads to the reinforcement materials, which usually have higher strength and stiffness.
: It protects the reinforcement from environmenta l and mechanical damage, such as moisture, chemicals, and physical
abrasion.
, It helps to maintain the composite's shape and form, providing the bulk of the material's structural integrity.
, It prevents cracking.
Types of Matrix Phase :
, There are three types of Matrix phase:
1. Polymer Matrix Phase.
2. Metal Matrix Phase.
3. Ceramic Matrix Phase.
1. Polymer Matrix: Most commonly used in composites, including thermosetting plastics (such as epoxy, polyester, and
vinyl ester) and thermoplastics (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide). Polymer matrices are
lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and relatively easy to process.
2. Metal Matrix: These composites use metals like aluminum, titanium, or magnesium as the matrix. Metal matrices
offer higher temperature resistance, better wear resistance, and higher strength compared to polymer matrices.
3. Ceramic Matrix: Used in high-temperature applications, ceramics such as silicon carbide and aluminum oxide serve as
the matrix. Ceramic matrices provide excellent thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and high strength at elevated
temperatures.
• By choosing appropriate matrix materials and combining them with suitable reinforcement, composites can be
engineered to achieve desired properties for specific applications.
(B) Dispersed phase/Reinforcement :
• The dispersed phase, also known as the reinforcement, in composite materials is the component that provides the
composite with enhanced mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and resistance to impact and wear.
• The reinforcement is embedded within the matrix phase, which surrounds and supports it, and the combined effect of
the two phases results in the superior properties of the composite material.
• It is structural constituents of composite.
• It is much stronger and stiffer than matrix phase.
• It determines internal structure of composites.
• It determines the mechanical properties of the composite.
Examples:
• Fiberglass: Glass fibers are the reinforcement, providing good tensile strength and chemical resistance.
• Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP): Carbon fibers are the reinforcement, known for their high strength-to-
weight ratio and stiffness.
• Concrete: Steel rebar or glass fibers can act as the reinforcement, enhancing the tensile strength of the concrete.
• Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): Ceramic particles or fibers such as silicon carbide are used as reinforcement in a
metal matrix like aluminum.
Properties :
• Mechanical Properties: Reinforcements significantly improve the mechanical properties of the composite, such as
tensile strength, compressive strength, and stiffness.
• Thermal Properties: Certain reinforcements can improve the thermal stability and conductivity of the composite.
• Electrical Properties: Conductive reinforcements can enhance the electrical conductivity
Functions:
• It provides the composite with increased strength and stiffness.
• It bears the majority of the load applied to the composite.
• It can improve the toughness and impact resistance of the composite.
• It can also enhance the thermal and electrical properties of the composite material.
 11
5.4 ---------------Co_m
~~~~~~---------~----~ ___p_os_it.:.::ep~
-~--!'~~ t~
~Applied Chemistry
Types of Dispersed phases u~cd In compos1·t c materi als :
• Dispersed or remforc m nt ph s con I t of

- - - E~ ~~ = ==c==~~~
1 Fiber
3 ~------ __ _____j'1~P~a~rt~1ctle~s~---i
4 Whiske rs Ex.ample Applic~
Function ~

Fiberglass (Glass Fiber Boat hulls, car bodies

trenglh r.hemIr:.a I storage tanks
r einforced Polymer)

roho, Carbon Fiber Peinforced Aerospace, sv.irts

2 Polymer (CFPP) equipment, high-
erformance vehi~s
Kevlar Reinforced Polymer Bulletproof vests helm~1-
3 Impact resistance toughness protectl'1e gear

mechanical Natural Fiber Composites Automoti '/e interiors,

4 Eco-friendly, good
(For example, Jute Fiber construction matenas
properties
Reinforced Pol mer
ces of hard solid materials hke metallic or non-metallic
Wear resistance, thermal stability, Metal Matrix Composites Paints, ceramics
hardness, UV resistance. MMC with silicon carbide. construction materra1s
Strength, Enhanced electrical and Aluminum, copper, zinc, andautomotive parts,
thermal conductivity stainless steel. electronics, and structu~a
com onents
s.kert.: Sto g F ;arnents 01 fibers High strength and stiffness, Ceramic Matrix Composites High-temperature
High degree of crystallanity (CMC) with silicon carbide components, aerospace
whiskers.
f akes Srr.a fja~ and often thin • Dimensional stability Aluminum, copper, or Aircraft structures,
pa : es at are GtStributed Nithin a •Thermal and electrical stainless steel flakes. Automobile dashboards
conductivity. Electronics
• Im act resistance.
• By carefu se ectin g and combining the matrix and reinforcement materials, engineers can design composites witi
ta oreo proper es to meet the specific requirements of a extensive range of applications. By combining differer'
types a"d amounts of matrix and reinforcement, composites can be tailored to meet specific requirem ents for a'#Mi
•ange 0 1 appI cations.
5.3 CLASSIFICATION Of COMPQSl;J(~&
• Corrpos ·es are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical
chefT' ca properties tha~ remain_separat~ a~d distinct within the finished structure. They are cla ssified based on the'
re nforcement and matrix materials, and their structural functions.
a) Particle Reinforced Composites.
(b) Fibre Re1rforced Composites.
(c) Structural Composites.
5.3.1 Particle Reinforced Composites
• Pa rticle- re inforced composites are made by dispersing particles of one material (the reinforcement) within a ma
materia 1
• The pa •icles provide strength and rigidity to the matrix.
• Th ese are versat ile materials where particles_ar~ embedded in a ~atrix_ ~o enhance various properties.
• They are used in a wide ran~e of applications due to their ab1l1ty to improve strength, stiffness,
characteristics of the base material.
• These are consist of a matrix material (which could be polymer, metal, or ceramic) that is reinforced with disP
particles (which could be ceramic, metal, or polymer particles). The particles are distributed throughout the rna
improve its properties
 Composite Materials
d chemlstry 5.5
~ Composites

+ t
r
particle-reinforced Flbre reinforced

Large·
particle

M1tr1X:
Rubbe
m
(e,.,mpllant}
+
Carbon
(Stiffer)
Automobile Tire
I •
strengthened (aligned)
Panlcle.
.i
Dispersion Continuous Dlscontlnuoui~
(s11011)
_r
,,.
Aligned
-
l

"t
Random
oriented
-_,,.

"
i

\ 1111 I ~r{~
1111 I .1 1

Structural

Laminates
+ *+Sandwich
0 0
~ panels
0
~~ o o 0
Fig. 5.2 Fig. 5.3
Types Particle Reinforced Composites :
(a) Large Particle Reinforced Composites.
lb) Dispersion Strengthened Particle Reinforced Composites.
Large Particle Reinforced Composites Dispersion Strengthened Particle Reinfo
~ 'f;l .>-'S..' ' , ~l

Composites
Definition Large particle reinforced composites have relatively Dispersion-strengt hened composites use very
large particles dispersed throughout the matrix . fine particles, typically in the nanometer to
material. These particles are generally in the micrometer range, dispersed throughout the
millimeter or micrometer range. matrix material. These particles are designed to
be uniformly distributed to impede dislocation
movement within the matrix.
Particle Size The particles are larger compared to those in Particles
are much smaller compared to those
dispersion-strengthened composites. They can
in large particle composites. They are often in
range from a few micrometers to several
the nanometer to micrometer range.
millimeters.
Distribution The particles are typically distributed in a more
Particles are uniformly dispersed throughout
localized manner compared to dispersion-
the matrix. The goal is to achieve a high degree
strengthened composites. They may form clusters
of distribution to maximize strengthening-
or be unevenly distributed.
effects.
Matrix The matrix can be a metal, polymer, or ceramic.
Typically metals, but can also be polymers or
ceramics.
Mechanical • Improve strength,
• Improve strength and toughness,
Properties • Stiffness,
• Stiffness,
• Resistance to wear and tear .
Applications 1. Concrete.
---------i. .:_• ~ e p resistance.
2. Metal Matrix Compo~1~es (MMCs. 1. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs).
2. Polymer Composites.
Advantages • Improved Mechanical Properties.
• Improved strength .
• Enhanced strength .
• Hardness.
• Wear resistance .
• Resistance to deforrn'-'tion.
• Cost-Effective. • Improved tou hness ~•ct~ced brittleness.
 I
S.G ~ - - - - - - - - C _ o m . . . . : ; p ~ ~
try'L..________ ______
:.:,::.:.:is:!!
.:.:A:!:p.!:pl:.::ie:.:d:..:C:.:.h:,:e.m ~

Characteristics : t' les)

olymer par ic .
1. Reinforcement: Particles (For example, cerami c, meta I, or P
2. Matrix: T'.p1cally a polymer, metal. or ceramic . hich provides strength and toughness.
1
3. Form: The particles are dispersed throughout the matrix matena ' w
Example Materials :
1 Concrete (with sand and gravel as pa rticles),
2. t-. etal matnx composites (with ceramic particles),
3 °o \ mer composites with fi ll ers.
Applications :
1. Concrete: Used construction fo r its strength and durability.
tn . b' bl des
• . . lications like tur ine a ·
2. Ceramic Matrix Composites: Used in high-temperature app . h nee mechanica l properties
. . d ace indust ries to en a ·
3. Metal Matrix Composites: Used in automotive an aerosp
5.3.2 Fibre-Reinforced Composites
• F b e- einforced composites use fibres as the primary
~e n+orcement with in a matrix material. The fibres provide high
strength and stiffness, while the matrix binds the fibres together
and transfers loads between them.
Characteristics:
• Reinforcement: Fibres (For example, glass, carbon, aramid)
• Matrix: Typically a polymer (For example, epoxy, polyester), metal,
or ceramic Fig. 5.4
• Form: Fibres are aligned or randomly oriented within the matrix,
depending on the desired properties.
Example Materials:
• Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP): Used in boat hulls, automotive parts.
• Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP): Used in aerospace components, sports equipment.
• Aramid Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (AFRP): Used in ballistic vests, high-strength fabrics.
Types Fiber-Reinforced Composites:
(ft J Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites (long aligned).

fBJ Discontin uous Fiber Reinforced Composites (Short aligned and randomly oriented).

Continuous Fibre
Discont!nuous Fibre Discontinuous Fibre
Reinforced
Reinfor~ed Reinforced
Composites Compo ·t
Composites
(Long Aligned)
(Short Aligned) (Randomly ~~i:~ted)

I I I I II I I
1
1 11 1
II I I I
t I I
II I I I 1

Fig. S.S
 ..ied ~hemistry s7
~
Composite Materials ·
5,3,3 Difference betw een Cont inuou s Fiber Reinf orced Comp
Reinforced Comp osite s osite s and Disco ntinu ous Fiber

Contlnuou, Fibre Reinforced Composites (long

Discontinuous Fibre Reinforced Corn~
:tllgned)
aligned and randorhly orltnt.d
oefinitlon Continuous fibre reinforced composites use long, unbroken Discontinuous
fibre reinforced composites use short
fibres that are aligned in a specific direction within the fibres or randoml
y oriented fibres that do not extend
matn\ These fibres provide enhanced mechanical across the entire
composite. These fibres are dispersed
1---------+-1~ro.;__c_;,e~rti:.:.es:....::.:.alon~eir length due to
their continuo .._....;;.:.:;;._;;
_ _..;,._.:..:,-=-=us nature._;_+=.:..-=.:;:
or all ned shorter...:..:..:.:.;:i:.:.;,:.
w.:..;;::..::..:;_in:...:.:..:.:::..::::. len ths:....:.:..:.::.:.:.:..:.
within ...::.:.::...:.
the matrix.
:..::::;; .::.~--~
The fibres are long and extend throughout the composite, Short or chopped fibres, which are dispersed throughout
L---- ----,. ...i:.r ov1d ~g remtorcement over lar_g_e areas.
the matrix.
ryp1cal\\ aligned ma specific direction (longitudinally) to Can be aligned in specific directions (short aligned) or
1.---- -----f- 1~11 a_,im 1::e stren th and stiffness in that direction
. randoml oriented .
The matn\ can be polymeric (epoxy, polyester), metallic or The matrix can
be a polymer , metal, or ceramic .
ce1am1c.
echanical Properties • High strength,
• Improve strength and toughness
• Stiffness
• Directional Strength
• Fati ue resistance
• Ease of rocessin
plications Aerospace: Used in aircraft strucMes, such as wings 1. Constru
ction: Used in concrete and asphalt to
and fuselages, where high strength-to-weight ratios improve strength and crack resistance.
are critical. 2. Automotive: Applied in parts such as interior
Automotive: Applied in high-performance components and lower-cost structural parts where
components like body panels and structural parts to cost and ease of manufacturing are important.
reduce weight and enhance performance. 3. Consumer Goods: Found in products like
1
3. Sports Equipment: Found in high-performance reinforced plastics and synthetic fibres in textiles.
sports gear like bicycles, tennis rackets, and fishing
I
rods.
Advantages •: High Strength • Cost effective
Stiffness • Ease of processing
Directional properties • Easy to fabricate
\ • Improved tou hness Reduced brittleness
Applications of Fiber-Reinforced Composites:
• Aerospace: For lightweight and high-strength components.
• Automotive: To reduce weight and improve performance.
• Sports Equipment: To enhance strength and reduce weight
(For example, bicycles, tennis rackets).
(C) Structural Composites:
• Structural composites are materials made from two or more
distinct components that, when combined, create a
f'l'1ater'al 'lith superior properties compared to its individual compo
nents.
• They are widely used in various industries, including aerosp
ace, automotive, civil engineering, and sports equipment,
due to their strength, lightweight nature, and versatility.
• Structural composites are designed to carry loads and are
used in applications where the composite itself forms part
of a load-beanng structure
• These composites often combine multiple types of reinforc . . ..
ements and matrices to achieve spec1f1c structural
properties.
Characteristics :
' Reinforcement: Can include fibres, particles, or both.
' Matrix: Can include polymers, metals, or ceramics.
' Form: Designed to provide structural support; often include
s complex shapes and structures.
' Possess high spec1f1c strength.
' Stiffness.
' Toughness
' Impact and thermal shock resistance
 Composite'
s.s
Applied Chemistry

Example Materials : 1 · • Iy use d m

aterial wide · engi ,
1. Sandwich Panels :( Honey Comb Pane ) 'f type of compos ite m neering
• SandwiGh panels, including honeycomb panels, are a spec, ic . .
applications for theil unique p1ope1ties. d , hed between two thin layers of fibre-reinforced
• Consist of a core mate, ial (often foam or honeycomb) san w,c
material. . b-structured material, typically made from aluminurn
• Core: The core of a honeycomb sandwich panel 1s a honeycom ,
cardboard, 01 thermoplastic tn-'tNials. • •
.
d impact resistance.
, This core prov,cies excellent st, ength to we19 11t ratio an h t d resists perpendicular stresses
d ity than face s ee s an .
• <.ore mav be a honev comb st,uctwe which hos ess ens I luminum alloys, titanium alloys, steel etc.
• lt consists of two strong outer sheets rnlled as face sheet, made-up of a 0
k' 5 These face sheets are
• Face Sheets: The co,e 1s sandwiched between two thin, strong face sheets ~ s in · usualfy
made t1 om materials 11kt' .\luminum, fiberg lass, carbon fiber, or composite materials.
• face sheets tam most of the loadings and stresses.
Properties:
• These are designed to be light weight beams or panels having relatively high stiffness and strength.
• These a e generally thick to withstand tensile strength.
• lighmeight: Reduces overall weight compared to solid panels.
• High Strength: Provides excellent structural strength and stiffness.
• Thermal and Acoustic Insulation: Offers good thermal and sound insulation properties.

Fig. 5.6
Applications :
• Hol'1eyco!T'b panels are used in
::: Aircraft Structures - aircraft fuselages, wings, and interiors d · · .
::: Satellite Components. ue to th eir lightweight and strong properties.
o Bui ding Facades.
:::, Boat Hulls.
o ✓ehicle Panels.
2. Laminated Composites: (For example, Plywood}
• Laminated composites are made by stacking and bonding togeth er mu 1t1ple •
layers 0 f .
• Eac h Iayer, or ply, may have a different orientation or mater·ial pr opert·1es. material, known as laminates.
• Layers of composite materials are stacked and bonded
together to form a strong, lightweight structure.
Layers with different
• For example, In plywood, the laminates are thin sheets fibre orientations
of wood (veneers) stacked in alternating grain
directions and bonded with adhesive.
• In plywood, adjacent layers typically have their wood
grain oriented at 90 degrees to the layer below.
• This alternating gram orientation enhances the overall
strength and stability of the panel.
• Laminated composites like plywood exhibit enhanced
Fig. 5.7
strength and stiffness compared to solid wood.
 ued chemistry 5.9 Composite Materials
~
properties : .
superior strength and stiffness.
' impact Resistance.
' Moisture resistance
: Dimensional Stability
, versatility.
~plications :
• Building and Construction.
• Aerospace: For v.ings, fuselages, and other load -bea ring structures.
, Marine: For hulls and decks of boats and ships.
• Furniture
, Satellite Components.
, Sports Equipment: biqcles, skis, snowboards, and tenn is rac kets.
• Protective Gear: helmets and protective padding.
• Armored \ ehicles.
Applications of composites :
• The fa' owi'1g applications illustrate the broad ut ility of composites in enhancing performance, durab ility, and
'L.'1ctionalit) across various sectors.
:::: Automotive-b ody panels, hood s, bum pers, and interior components.
:::: Aircraft and spacecraft components- wi ngs, fuselages.
0 Construction-building, bridges.
c Sports and Recreation-a s bicycles, tenn is rackets, skis, and golf clubs.
c Defense and Military- balli sti c armor, helmets, and armored vehicles.
c Electronics-ele ctroni c housings, circuit boards, and heat sinks.
c Medical-prost hetic limbs, dental implants, and surgical instruments.
c Renewable Energy-wind turbine blades

Review Questions
What are Composites? Write its classification.
2. /t hat are Composites? Write its characteristics.
3. 'hat is Matrix Phase? Write its function.
4. Write the functions of dispersed phase.
5. Wr;te a note Matrix Phase.
6. Write a note dispersed phase.
7. What are the applications of composite materials?
8. Write a note on structural composites.
9. Write a note on Laminar composites.
10. Write a note on sandwich panel composites.
11. Write the functions of whiskers and flakes in composites.
12. Write a note on Fiber reinforced composites.
13. Write a note on particle reinforced composites.