Industrial Pollution Control

Industrial Pollution Control

ChE 485
Noor Mohammad, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET
 Industrial Pollution Control

Can heavily polluted air in

Dhaka city be purified
easily??
it is possible for us because the weather supports our motive. we have a lot of
rainfall especially during monsoon season. this rainfall will entrap the dust and
other air impurities and will aid in controlling air pollution. so if we treat from the
source we can easily deal with this pollution
 Industrial Pollution Control

Course Description

• Air Pollution
• Pollution Control techniques
• Pollution control of specific industries
 Industrial Pollution Control
Course outline
Air pollution control:
measuring and estimating emission form sources
methods of reducing pollutants
physical combustion and catalytic combustion methods.
Methods of gas cleaning:
cyclone separation
electrostatic precipitation
filtration(bag house)
Scrubbing
sonic and ultra-sonic agglomeration.

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Learning outcome
Able to analyze the sources of pollutants generated from various
industries
Learning the measurement techniques of industrial pollutants
Able to apply control technologies for industrial pollution
management

Reference:

Nevers, N. D., Air Pollution Control Engineering, McGraw-Hill

companies Inc., 2000. Chapter 4 and 9.

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Air pollution: Sitakunda Blast
 On 04th June,2022 night a fire broke out at BM Inland
Container Depot, Sitakunda, Chittagong due to Hydrogen
peroxide explosion.

Since textile goods (cotton, fabric, etc.) which are organic in

nature were stored together with inorganic oxidizing agent
Hydrogen peroxide, the fire became massive and lasts for 3
days.

Although Hydrogen peroxide is nonflammable in ambient

temperature, at elevated temperature it becomes unstable and
decompose into oxygen and water

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Air pollution: Sitakunda Blast
Effects of the Blast

 Killed 49 people
 Injured about 450 people
 Increased the heat of the surrounding areas
 Caused spillage of chemicals in the adjacent sea water
 Triggered the urges of crisis management system in
Bangladesh Seems important as crisis management systems were not properly developed before
this

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Air pollution: Sitakunda Blast
Prof. Dr. Md. Aftab Ali Sheikh , chairman of BCSIR said
that “the explosion would not have happened if the depot
had only hydrogen peroxide. I am sure there were other
chemicals which were not properly managed. The accident
happened due to the mixture of multiple chemicals.”

 He also predict that impact of the horrific explosion at the

BM container depot at Sitakunda in Chittagong could
reach as far as Dhaka in a day or two

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https://bangladesh.postsen.com/news/8812/Impact-of-Sitakunda-blast-could-reach-Dhaka-BCSIR.html
 Industrial Pollution Control
Air pollution: Sitakunda Blast
Doctors, meanwhile, say that as soon as the chemical enters the
body, it can cause shortness of breath, internal inflammation, and
even paralysis of the limbs.

Environmentalists say air, water and soil in the area will be

polluted instantly.

Expert said it was very hot there. As a result, if the chemical

(mainly Hydrogen peroxide) evaporates, it will pollute the air. This
pollutes the environment.

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https://www.mission90.news/en/national-en/sitakunda-blast-could-affect-dhaka-too/
 Industrial Pollution Control
Air pollution system
The environmental pollution, not only air pollution can be
expressed within the framework of 3 letters S,T and R
any pollution depends on S, T and R. so if there is a pollution due to cyanide leakage there will be different types of actions that can be done to prevent the spread of the harmful chemical. these actions
will depend on the way the pollutant is being transported. that means if it is in the air, we will take certain actions, but if it was in the water then the action will be different. finally if the pollutant effects the
drinking water different types of steps will be needed when compared to if it was polluting river water or any other form of water.

Through medium Mixing &

chemical
S T transformation R
Source Transport Receptors

Factors: Quantity, Factors: Wind Target:

emission rate, speed, direction, Atmosphere,
Height, temperature, temperature, Human, plant,
pressure Physical or chemical Aquatic life,
transformation animal
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 Industrial Pollution Control
Sources of air pollutants

air pollution is mainly caused by industires

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Major source of air pollutions

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Classification of air pollutants
 Criteria Air Pollutants

Based on health effects with measured air quality levels that

violates the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
• CO
• NOX
• SOX
• Ground level ozones
• Particulates
• Pb

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Effects of criteria pollutants

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Classification of air pollutants
 Hazardous Air Pollutants

EPA refers chemicals that causes serious health and environmental

hazard as hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) or air toxics.
• Benzene (found in gasoline)
• Mercury (from coal combustion)
• Perchloroethylene (emitted from dry cleaning facilities)
• Methyl chloride ( Used as a solvent by a number of
industries)

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Classification of air pollutants
The air pollutants may be classified in two general categories on
the basis of their origin:

1.Primary pollutants
2.Secondary pollutants

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Classification of air pollutants
Primary Pollutants
Primary pollutants emit, in to atmosphere, directly from natural or
man-made sources. Examples of primary pollutants are:
• Sulfur-containing compounds(SO2,H2S),
• Nitrogen containing-compounds(NO,NH3),
• Carbon-containing compounds(C1-C5 compounds),
• Oxides of carbon(CO,CO2),
• Halogen compounds(HF, HCl),
• Radioactive compounds, there was this research that concluded that radon inside the soil was emitting radioactive
particles that caused pulmonary cancer in many village girls

• Particulate matters (particles less than 10 μm in diameter). Finer

particles include metals, carbon, tar, resin, pollen, bacteria and
ashes [Seinfeld,1975].
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 Industrial Pollution Control
Classification of air pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
Secondary pollutants are those formed in the atmosphere by
chemical interactions between primary pollutants and normal
atmospheric constituents.
Several types of reactions in atmosphere may take place:
(i) thermal reactions (gas-phase),
(ii) photochemical reactions(gas-phase),and
(iii) thermal reactions in small liquid drops (liquid-phase).

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Classification of air pollutants
Thermal gas phase reactions are the result of the collision
between two molecules possessing appropriate energies.
Photochemical reactions however, involve the dissociation or
excitation of a molecule upon absorption of radiation by the
molecules.
Thermal liquid phase reactions are mostly ionic in nature,
possibly catalyzed by substances present in the liquid. Surfaces
of liquid drops and solid particles may provide a locus for
reactions, which might not otherwise take place.

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Secondary pollutants
Examples of the secondary pollutants are:
Sulfur-containing compounds(SO3 and SO4-2),
Nitrogen-containing compounds(NO2 and NO3-),
Carbon-containing compounds (aldehydes, ketones
and acids),
Ozone, and PAN ( peroxyacetyl nitrates)
[Seinfeld,1975]

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Particulate Matter
Retention
Health consequences depend on ability to penetrate respiratory
defense mechanisms
Remove inhaled particles in excess of 10 µm, but particles
smaller than can enter = inhalable particles
Particles < 2.5 µm = respirable, enter pulmonary tissue

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Air quality standard
now there is ECR'23 which is new and
improved

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Air Quality: Reporting

 Industrial Pollution Control
Air Quality Index
AQI Associated Health Impacts
Good
Minimal Impact
(0–50)
Satisfactory
May cause minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people.
(51–100)
Moderately May cause breathing discomfort to people with lung disease such as asthma, and
polluted discomfort to people with heart disease, children and older adults.
(101–150)

Poor (151– May cause breathing discomfort to people on prolonged inhaling, and
200) problems to people with heart disease.

Very Poor May cause respiratory illness to the people on prolonged inhaling. Effect may be
(201–300) more severe in people who are living with lung and heart diseases.

May cause respiratory impact even on healthy people, and serious health impacts
Severe
on people with lung/heart disease. The health impacts may be experienced even
(301-500)
during normal walk also.
 Industrial Pollution Control

Calculation of AQI
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Example of AQI Calculation

 Industrial Pollution Control

Is AQI calculated based on PM only??

AQI has to be calculated for all the six pollutant, then instead of calculating the weighted
average we would have to select the highest value. let's say if the aqi of PM 2.5 is 80
and PM 10 is 58 and CO is 104 then overal AQI is 104
 Industrial Pollution Control

Air pollution sampling

and measurement

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Air pollutants
Stationary source pollutants Ambient source pollutants
(mainly point source pollutants) (As per WHO ambient
NOx monitoring protocol)
SOx  NOx Essential
CO  SOx
PM  SPM SPM is very light and is suspended in the air. some are very small,
these are vry harmful

HC
created directly in the source / industry
 HC
Additional
 CO
 O3

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Air pollution sampling system
Characteristics for ambient air sampling systems
Five important characteristics are
Collection efficiency (should be 100% efficient to collect all
pollutants)
Sample stability( sample should be 100% stable during
sampling and analysis) so that the desired chemical does not react with others before being
sampled

Recovery (analysis of particular pollutant should be 100%

correct)
Minimal interference so that there is no interference between the measuring machine and the pollutant and also no
interference between pollutants

Understanding the mechanism of collection

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Air pollution sampling Problem
There are two major problem for air pollution measurement
Collection of representative sample
Determination of concentration of certain pollutants correctly
for example if there is sulphur dioxide, it is dissolved into water to form sulphuric acid and
this is reacted with bases. now it is important to note that there are many other chemicals
that can show similar properties like sulphur dioxide in these reaction. an example maybe
nitrogenous oxides.

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Why collection of sample is difficult?
Ambient air sample monitoring:
Need to collect sample where public has free access and
pollutant concentration is highest. For example: CO sample
should be collected from street level. ambient samples should be taken from the level at which we breathe

Source sample monitoring:

Since concentration and velocity of stack vary from point to point
and time to time inside the duct, multiple measurements need to
take and averaged. the exhaust system pipes are to be analysed for source
sampling

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Sampling point in a duct
we must ensure that sampling is done from points where there is minimum
disturbance. thus we must avoid places like bends and elbows.

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Sampling point
The size of the sampling point may be made in the range of 7-
10 cm in diameter.
The sampling point should be as far as possible from any
disturbing influence such as elbows, bends, transition pieces,
baffles

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Traverse points especially needed when the pipes are large. this ensures that the data points are representative

For the sample become representative, it should be

collected at various points across the stack.
The number of traverse points may be selected with
reference to Table below.

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Traverse points the further the points are from the
centre they get closer to each other to
maintain the same angular area

In circular stacks, traverse

points are located at the
center of equal annular areas
across two perpendicular
diameters as shown in Figure

 In rectangular stacks, the

area may be divided into 12
to 25 equal areas and center
for each areas are fixed
the probes must be very small in size to minimize disturbance.
also excessive use of probes may result in more disturbances 36
 Industrial Pollution Control
Sample collection from a circular duct

the manometer is inclined as it allows even higher accuracy in

measurement. so even smaller changes can be detected easily.

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Sample collection from a complex duct

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Industrial Pollution Control

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 Industrial Pollution Control

Try this math

does not matter what the study period is

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 Industrial Pollution Control

Sampling Devices
Impingers

Impingers are glass bubble tubes designed for

the collection of air borne particles into a liquid
medium
When using an air sampler, a known volume of
air bubbles is pumped through the glass tube
that contains a liquid specified in the method
The liquid is then analyzed to determine air
borne concentrations let's say the air has sulphur dioxide, so we must use liquid that can dissolve sulphur dioxide

so based on the gas pollutant we will change the liquid. this allows for parallel setup of multiple impingers

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 Industrial Pollution Control
High volume air sampler for PM10
Advantages

High collection efficiency

Low cost
Filter is 99% efficient
and can collect the
particles as fine as 0.3μ

behaviour particles are separated at first by the change in flow direction that is created by
the baffles. the lighter particles flow with the air which passes through the filter. the fan act
as a suction device, pulling in the air. so we can just find the change in the weight of the
Exhaust filter to determine how much particle is present. so we can find the concentration of the
particle by measuring the mass that is settled on the filter for a certain time and dividing it
with the volumetric flow that is obtained from the fan.

Challenges??
* filters will have to change periodically.
* air moisture will effect and contribute to the weight of the filter. so the filter must be dried or
we can try to dry the incoming air by using silica gel. the later is more preferable as dust or
VOC may be removed due to direct heating.
* particles may be lost in the sampling manifold. it should not be too long ot too twisted
* if isokinetic conditions are not met then biased results may be obtained

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Isokinetic particulate sampling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCu4yM2x4Ro 44
 Industrial Pollution Control
Isokinetic Sampling

Why ??
gaseous pollutants have the same inertia as the air itself
however particulate matter have different inertia and does they
will behave differently if the sample velocity is not the same as
the velocity in the nozzle

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Selection of sampling location

Isokinetic sampling is conducted at discrete points in the cross-

section of the duct
The sampling point should be as far as possible from any
disturbing influence such as elbows, bends, transition pieces,
baffles
The sampling point wherever possible should be at a distance of
5-10 diameters down-stream from any obstruction and 3-5
diameters up-stream from similar disturbance
the disturbance take more time to settle down or become stable, thus the sapling points are further away in down-stream

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 Industrial Pollution Control
midget impingers all have H2O2
Sampling devices for gaseous pollutants midget bubbler uses
which reacts with SO2 to give
H2SO4 whose concentration
glass wool traps in particulates and any other species that may affect the results these can be determined later on. this
isopropanol to absorb is the case for the first two. the
maybe be other cation and flurides etc
any SO3. this is done so last one will have water, this will
that SO3 in the air wash the gases and absorb
doesn't effect the results other gases like NO2 along with
remaining SO2 if any

quartz or pyrex stop

prevents carry over of
sulphuric acid mist

Sampling train for

SO2 from stack
U.S. EPA Method 6

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 Industrial Pollution Control
Sampling train for SO2

Do it with SI units

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 Industrial Pollution Control

Ambient SO2 Sampling

West-Gaeke method

 A known volume of air is bubbled through a solution of sodium

tetrachloromercurate, which forms a complex with SO2.

After several intermediate reactions, the solution is treated with

pararosaniline to form the intensely colored pararosaniline methyl
sulfonic acid, whose concentration is determined in a colorimeter.
in the previous method sulphur dioxide is in access
because it is from stack gas, hence carbon dioxide
levels are not that significant. this is important
because hydrogen peroxide also reacts with carbon
dioxide producing acid. thus hydrogen peroxide is
not specific towards sulphur dioxide. but this method
works because sulphur dioxide is in excess. Why two different
when it comes to ambient air the amount of carbon
dioxide is significantly more than the amount of methods for SO2
sulphur dioxide, hence using sodium
tetrachloromercurate allows us to be specific
towards sulphur dioxide, hence allowing for proper
sampling?? 49
results.
 Industrial Pollution Control

this is the same west gaeke method

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Air pollution Analysis

Techniques

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Light Absorption and Fluorescence???

Light Absorption
* What it is: Light absorption occurs when a substance captures photons of light, converting the light's energy
into another form, usually heat or chemical energy.
* How it works: Atoms and molecules have specific energy levels. When a photon of light with the right amount
of energy (matching the energy difference between levels) strikes a substance, it can be absorbed, causing an
electron to jump to a higher energy level.
* What happens next: The excited atom or molecule can then release this energy in various ways, such as by:
* Colliding with other atoms and converting the energy to heat.
* Emitting light (fluorescence or phosphorescence).
* Undergoing a chemical reaction.

Fluorescence
* What it is: Fluorescence is a specific type of light emission where a substance absorbs light of one
wavelength (usually higher energy, like ultraviolet or blue light) and then emits light of a longer wavelength
(lower energy, like visible light).
* How it works:
* Absorption: A molecule (called a fluorophore) absorbs a photon of light, causing an electron to jump to a
higher energy level (excited state).
* Excitation: The molecule is now in an unstable excited state.
* Emission: The electron quickly returns to its original energy level (ground state), releasing the excess
energy as a photon of light with a longer wavelength than the absorbed light. This emitted light is the
fluorescence.

Key Differences and Relationships

* Absorption is necessary for fluorescence: A substance must first absorb light to become excited and then
fluoresce.
* Fluorescence is a specific type of light emission: It's not the only way an excited substance can release
energy, but it's a distinct process with specific characteristics (emission of longer wavelength light).
* Wavelength difference: The emitted light in fluorescence always has a longer wavelength (lower energy) than
the absorbed light. This is known as the Stokes shift.
https://g.co/gemini/share/615abd7917a6 53
 Industrial Pollution Control
Instrumental analysis
Mainly for PM pollutant Mainly for gaseous pollutants

Atomic absorption  Spectrophotometry

spectrometry(AAS)  Chemiluminescence
Atomic fluorescence  Gas chromatography-
spectrometry(AFS) flame ionization detector
Inductively couple (GC-FID),
plasma (ICP)  Gas chromatography-
spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (GC-
X-ray fluorescence(XRF) MS) and
spectroscopy.  Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR).
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 Industrial Pollution Control

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)

https://youtu.be/tdkH1F9ny3Q?si=9bhyqchMUUgVlSUr

 AAS is a sensitive
means for the
quantitative
determination of more hollow cathode lamp is made of
cathode and anode within
than 62 metals or which and inert gas is present.
the cathode is made of the
specific metal that we want to
metalloid elements. detect. ionization of the gas
occurs due to application of
high voltage across the anode
and the cathode. these gases
bombard the cathode and eject
 AAS is used to metal atoms from the cathode
in a process called sputtering.
these atoms are in excited state
measure lead in and emit radiation to fall back to
there ground state

particulate monitoring

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Atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS)

This analytical technique used to detect and quantify the concentration of elements by
measuring the fluorescence emitted by atoms when they are excited by a light source.

Inductively couple plasma (ICP) spectroscopy

A sample is atomized and ionized in a high-temperature plasma (no light source used).
The energy from the plasma excites the atoms or ions, causing them to emit light at
characteristic wavelengths.
AAS, AFS, and ICP spectroscopy are destructive techniques as they use flame and heat to atomize the sample

X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectroscopy.

A non-destructive analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a
sample. It works by exciting the atoms in the sample using high-energy X-rays and
measuring the secondary (fluorescent) X-rays emitted by the sample.

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Spectrophotometry
 A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light that a sample
absorbs.
 The instrument operates by passing a beam of light through a sample
and measuring the intensity of light reaching a detector.
 Spectrophotometry commonly used to measure Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
concentrations.
 The amount of light absorbed indicates the amount of Sulfur dioxide
present in the sample

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Figure: Schematic of a UV-VIS spectrophotometer
 Industrial Pollution Control
Spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometric Determination of
Sulfur Dioxide in Air, Using Thymol
Blue

TB has a peak at 525 nm

A has no SO2. only TB. So

TB reacts with ICL to
produce ITB.

B has some SO2. this

reacts with ICL, the
remaining ICL reacts with
TB to form ITB. as ICL was
reacted by SO2 hence
some TB was left. This
gave peak at 525 nm.

C has even more SO2. this

means almost all ICL has
reacted with SO2 hence TB
remains and almost no ITB
forms. This means the peak
is larger

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Chemiluminescence
Chemiluminescence methods for
determining components of gases
originated with the need for highly
sensitive means for determining
atmospheric pollutants such as ozone,
oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur
compounds.

For NO detection, an ambient air sample

is mixed with excess ozone in a special
sample cell. A portion of the NO present
is converted to an activated NO2 which
returns to a lower energy state and in the
process emits light.

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Chemiluminescence
 Chemiluminescence methods for determining components of
gases originated with the need for highly sensitive means for
determining atmospheric pollutants such as ozone, oxides of
nitrogen, and sulfur compounds

 The intensity of this light can be measured with a

photomultiplier tube and is proportional to the amount of NO in
the sample. A second reaction measures the total oxides of
nitrogen in the air sample and in turn, the concentration of NO2
can be calculated

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Gas Chromatography (GC)
 The GC, consists of a column, oven
and detector. In the gas
chromatograph, a sample goes to
the column, separates into individual
compounds

 Gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID)

is employed for qualitative identification and quantitative determination of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air pollution monitoring.
 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) use the difference in
mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ionized atoms or molecules to separate
them from each other. Mass spectrometry is useful for identification of
atoms or molecules and also for determining chemical and structural
information about molecules. 61
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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

 FTIR can detect and measure both criteria pollutants and toxic pollutants in
ambient air. The technology is based on the fact that every gas has its own
“fingerprint,” or absorption at infrared spectrum

 FTIR can directly measure more than 120 gaseous pollutants in the ambient
air, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone.

 Carbon monoxide is monitored continuously by analyzers that operate on the

infrared absorption principle

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Summary table of different techniques

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