LAB IMPORTANT QUESTIONS-1 (Batch 1)

Detailed Answers with Procedure, Code, and Output

1. Write addition and multiplication operation using Embedded C.

Procedure:

• Include the header file <reg51.h> for 8051.

• Declare two integers and initialize values.

• Perform addition and multiplication.

• Store results and output via ports for verification.

Code:

#include <reg51.h>

void main() {

unsigned int num1 = 15, num2 = 25;

unsigned int sum, product;

sum = num1 + num2;

product = num1 * num2;

P1 = sum; // Output sum on Port 1

P2 = product; // Output product on Port 2

while(1); // Infinite loop

Expected Output:

• P1 = 40

• P2 = 375
2. Write a program to transfer the data between two registers

Procedure:

• Load initial value into Accumulator A.

• Transfer this value to register R0.

• Use a loop to increment R0 until it reaches a limit (35 decimal).

• Output each value on Port 1.

Code (Assembly):

MOV A, #30H ; Load 30H into Accumulator (48 decimal)

MOV R0, A ; Move A to R0

LOOP:

MOV A, R0 ; Move R0 to A

MOV P1, A ; Output value to Port 1

INC R0 ; Increment R0

CJNE R0, #36H, LOOP ; Loop until R0 == 36H (54 decimal)

HERE: SJMP HERE ; Stop execution

Expected Output:
Port 1 will sequentially output values from 0x30 to 0x35.

3. Write a program to transfer data between memory and register

Procedure:

• Load accumulator with initial value.

• Store in internal RAM (address 40H).

• Read from memory into register R1 in a loop.

• Increment memory value after each read.

Code (Assembly):

MOV A, #30H ; Load 30H into A

LOOP:

MOV A, 40H ; Read value from memory

MOV R1, A ; Move it to R1

MOV P2, A ; Output current value on Port 2

INC A ; Increment value

MOV 40H, A ; Store back to memory

CJNE A, #36H, LOOP ; Repeat until 36H reached

HERE: SJMP HERE ; Stop execution

Expected Output:
Port 2 outputs values from 0x30 to 0x35 sequentially.

4. Write subtraction and division operation using Embedded C.

Procedure:

• Initialize variables for operands.

• Perform subtraction and division manually (since 8051 lacks division instruction, use
loop-based division).

• Output results on ports.

Code:

#include <reg51.h>

void main() {

unsigned int num1 = 50, num2 = 15;

unsigned int difference, quotient = 0;

unsigned int temp = num1;

// Subtraction
 difference = num1 - num2;

// Division by repeated subtraction

while(temp >= num2) {

temp = temp - num2;

quotient++;

P1 = difference; // Output difference on Port 1

P2 = quotient; // Output quotient on Port 2

while(1);

Expected Output:

• Port 1 = 35 (50 - 15)

• Port 2 = 3 (50 / 15 approximately)

5. Write a program to perform ALU operations using Embedded C.

Procedure:

• Declare variables for operands and results.

• Perform add, subtract, AND, OR, XOR.

• Output results on different ports.

Code:

#include <reg51.h>

void main() {

unsigned char a = 0x55; // 01010101

unsigned char b = 0x0F; // 00001111

unsigned char sub_res = a - b;

unsigned char and_res = a & b;

unsigned char or_res = a | b;

unsigned char xor_res = a ^ b;

P1 = add_res; // Port 1: Addition result

P2 = sub_res; // Port 2: Subtraction result

P3 = and_res; // Port 3: AND result

P0 = or_res; // Port 0: OR result

// XOR could be sent to LED or other output if available

while(1);

Expected Output:

• P1 = 0x64 (0x55 + 0x0F)

• P2 = 0x46 (0x55 - 0x0F)

• P3 = 0x05 (0x55 & 0x0F)

• P0 = 0x5F (0x55 | 0x0F)

6. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations in 8051 using simulator.

Procedure:

• Write assembly to perform add, subtract, multiply.

• Use registers for inputs and outputs.

• Use simulator debugger to verify results.

Code (Assembly):

MOV A, #20H ; Load 20H (32 decimal)

ADD A, R0 ; A = A + R0 = 0x2A (42 decimal)

MOV R1, A ; Store result in R1

SUBB A, R0 ; A = A - R0 (with borrow)

MOV R2, A ; Store result in R2

MUL AB ; Multiply A and B (B must be loaded)

MOV A, #05H

MOV B, #03H

MUL AB

MOV R3, A ; Lower byte of product

MOV R4, B ; Higher byte of product

HERE: SJMP HERE

Expected Output:

• R1 = 0x2A (42)

• R2 = 0x20 (32) after subtraction

• R3 and R4 contain product bytes (5 * 3 = 15 decimal)

7. Write a program to perform logical operations using Embedded C.

Procedure:

• Define two variables.

• Perform AND, OR, NOT, XOR operations.

• Output results on ports.

Code:

#include <reg51.h>
void main() {

unsigned char a = 0xA5; // 10100101

unsigned char b = 0x3C; // 00111100

unsigned char and_op = a & b;

unsigned char or_op = a | b;

unsigned char xor_op = a ^ b;

unsigned char not_a = ~a;

P1 = and_op; // AND result

P2 = or_op; // OR result

P3 = xor_op; // XOR result

P0 = not_a; // NOT result

while(1);

Expected Output:

• P1 = 0x24

• P2 = 0xBD

• P3 = 0x99

• P0 = 0x5A

8. Write a program to compare two numbers in 8051 using simulator.

Procedure:

• Load two values into registers.

• Compare using CJNE instruction.

• Set a flag or output based on comparison.

MOV A, #0x2A ; Load 42 decimal

MOV R0, #0x30 ; Load 48 decimal

CJNE A, R0, NOT_EQUAL ; Compare A and R0

EQUAL:

MOV P1, #01H ; Set Port 1 = 1 if equal

SJMP END

NOT_EQUAL:

MOV P1, #00H ; Set Port 1 = 0 if not equal

END:

SJMP END ; Infinite loop

Expected Output:

• P1 = 0 (because 42 != 48)

9. Write a program to perform comparison operations using Embedded C.

Procedure:

• Take two numbers.

• Compare with if-else.

• Output result to port.

Code:

#include <reg51.h>

void main() {

unsigned char num1 = 50;

if(num1 > num2) {

P1 = 1; // num1 greater

} else if(num1 < num2) {

P1 = 2; // num2 greater

} else {

P1 = 0; // Equal

while(1);

Expected Output:

• P1 = 1 (since 50 > 40)

10. Explain Arduino platform and programming with sample programs.

Explanation:
Arduino is an open-source microcontroller platform easy for beginners. It uses simplified C++
with libraries and IDE for quick prototyping. The code has two main functions: setup() runs
once, and loop() runs repeatedly.

Sample Program: Blink LED

void setup() {

pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set pin 13 as output

void loop() {

digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn LED on

delay(1000); // Wait 1 second

digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn LED off

11. Write a program to interface any one sensor with Raspberry Pi.

Example: Interfacing DHT11 Temperature Sensor using Python

import Adafruit_DHT

sensor = Adafruit_DHT.DHT11

pin = 4 # GPIO pin number

humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor, pin)

if humidity is not None and temperature is not None:

print(f'Temp={temperature:0.1f}*C Humidity={humidity:0.1f}%')

else:

print('Failed to get reading.')

12. Write a program to setup cloud platform to log the data.

Example: Using MQTT to publish data to cloud (e.g., AWS IoT or HiveMQ)

import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt

broker = "broker.hivemq.com"

port = 1883

topic = "sensor/data"

client = mqtt.Client()

client.connect(broker, port)
data = '{"temperature": 25, "humidity": 60}'

client.publish(topic, data)

client.disconnect()

13. Design the smart city application based on IoT.

Procedure:

• Use sensors to monitor air quality, traffic, lighting, and waste management.

• Collect data via microcontrollers/Raspberry Pi.

• Upload data to cloud for real-time monitoring.

• Use mobile/web apps for citizen access.

• Implement automated controls (e.g., smart traffic lights).

14. How to log the data in Raspberry Pi and upload the data in cloud platform.

Procedure:

• Read sensor data using Python.

• Store data in local CSV or database.

• Use MQTT or REST API to send data to cloud.

• Schedule scripts using cron for periodic logging.

Sample code snippet:

import time

import csv

import requests

def read_sensor():

# Dummy sensor read

return 25, 60

with open('data_log.csv', 'a') as file:

while True:

temp, hum = read_sensor()

writer.writerow([time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'), temp, hum])

requests.post('https://api.cloudservice.com/upload', json={'temp': temp, 'hum': hum})

time.sleep(60) # Wait 1 min

15. Write a python programming to perform data transfer operation in Arduino.

Procedure:

• Use PySerial library to send/receive data via serial port.

• Write Arduino sketch to receive data.

• Python script to send data and read response.

Arduino Code:

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

if(Serial.available() > 0) {

int val = Serial.read();

val = val + 1; // Process data

Serial.write(val); // Send back

Python Code:

import serial

import time
arduino = serial.Serial(port='COM3', baudrate=9600, timeout=1)

time.sleep(2) # Wait for connection

data_to_send = 10

arduino.write(bytes([data_to_send]))

response = arduino.read()

print(f'Received from Arduino: {int.from_bytes(response, "big")}')

arduino.close()