CS1101: Foundations of Programming

Data types, operators, expression

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering

IIT Patna 1
 Data types
• Variables and constants are the basic data objects manipulated in program
• There are only four basic data types in C
• char – character data, typically occupies 1 byte (8 bits)
• int – integer data, typically occupies 4 bytes (32 bits)
• float – single precision floating point (real) numbers
• typically needs 4 bytes, stores 7 decimal points
• double – double precision floating point (real) numbers,
• typically needs 8 bytes, stores 15 decimal points

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 Other qualifiers for data types
• There can be other qualifiers for datatype
• short, long, signed, unsigned
• Example: short int, unsigned int, long int
• short and long provide different lengths of integers
• short needs 2 bytes
• long is at least 4 bytes, depends on machine specification
• signed and unsigned are applicable for int and char
• unsigned — always positive or zero

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 Constants
• Integer constant consists of digits without any other character in between, can
have +/- in the beginning
• Valid: 1234, -4321, 123456789L, Invalid: 1,234,534
• l or L to denote long constant, u or U for unsigned
• UL to denote unsigned long
• Floating point constants - two different notations
• Decimal notation: 12.34, -4.321, 0.0004
• Exponential notation: 1e-2, 0.12e-3, 4.56e12
• l or L to denote long double, f or F for float, default type is double unless
suffixed

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 Constants
• Single character constant is an integer written as one character within single
quotes
• Example: 'x', 'a', 'Z', '1', '+' etc.
• There are special backslash characters
• '\n' new line • '\'' single quote • '\\' backslash
• '\t' horizontal tab • '\"' double quote • '\0' null
• String constant - sequence of characters (letters, numbers, special characters,
blank spaces) enclosed in double quotes
• Example: "good", "IIT Patna", "9+16", "T"

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 Constants
• What is the difference between 'T' and "T" or equivalent?

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 Constants
• What is the difference between 'T' and "T" or equivalent?
• 'T' is equal to some integer while "T" is not
• They are not equivalent

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 Constants
• What is the difference between 'T' and "T" or equivalent?
• 'T' is equal to some integer while "T" is not
• They are not equivalent
• In C, each character is represented by 1 byte an integer
• Example: '0' has value 48, …9 has 57
• Example: 'A' has value 65, …'Z' has 90
• Example: 'a' has value 97, …'z' has 122
• Example
char var='A'
printf("%c %d", var, var);

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 Constants
• What is the difference between 'T' and "T" or equivalent?
• 'T' is equal to some integer while "T" is not
• They are not equivalent
• In C, each character is represented by 1 byte an integer
• Example: '0' has value 48, …9 has 57
• Example: 'A' has value 65, …'Z' has 90
• Example: 'a' has value 97, …'z' has 122
• Example
char var='A'
printf("%c %d", var, var);
Same values will be printed once as a character and second time as integer
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 Variable value and variable address
• Consider int var=100; var = var + 2;
• In an expression var refers to the content of the memory location where it
is stored 0
• &var refers to the memory address 1
• var refers to 100 2
3 100 var
• &var refers to 3 ..
• Example ..
..
• scanf("%d", &var); N-1
• printf("%d", var); N

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 Assignment statement
• Used to assign values to variable using assignment operator (=)
• syntax: var_name = expression
• Left of = is known as l-value, it must be a modifiable variable
• Right of = is known as r-value, it can be any expression
• Example
var = 100;
z = 40 * 3 * 20;
V = n * R * T / P;
d = u * t + 0.5 * f * t ;
a = b = c = 10;
int a = 10;

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 Types of l-value and r-value
• Usually type of these two should be the same
• If not, the type of r-value will be converted to the type of l-value internally and
then assigned to LHS
• Examples:
• double var; var = 5 * 7;
• Type r-value is int and value is 35
• Type of l-value is double, so it stores 35.0
• Example
• int var; var = 5.5 * 7;
• Type r-value is double and value is 38.5
• Type of l-value is int, so it stores 38

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 Operators
• The operators can broadly be classified as
• Arithmetic operators — deal with numerical operands
• Relational operators — outcome is either true or false
• Logical operators — primarily takes boolean inputs
• Assignment operator — assigning values to variables
• Unary operator — negation of a variable, etc.
• Conditional operators — similar to if-else statement

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 Arithmetic operators
• List of arithmetic operators
• + – Addition
• - – Subtraction
• * – Multiplication
• / – Division
• % – Remainder after integer division
• Example
w = f * d;
y = m * x + c;
y = a * x * x - b * x - c;
i = v / r;
rem = dividend % 2;
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 Arithmetic operators
• List of arithmetic operators
Suppose:
• + – Addition int x = 23, y = 5;
• - – Subtraction
• * – Multiplication x + y 28
• / – Division x - y 18
• % – Remainder after integer division x * y 115
x / y 4
• Example
x % y 3
w = f * d;
y = m * x + c; All operators except % can be
y = a * x * x - b * x - c; used with int, float, double, char
i = v / r; operands. % can be used with int
rem = dividend % 2; only

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 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e

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 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)

IIT Patna 12
 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)
a*-b+d%e-f

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 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)
a*-b+d%e-f → a*(-b)+(d%e)-f

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 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)
a*-b+d%e-f → a*(-b)+(d%e)-f
a-b+c-d

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 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)
a*-b+d%e-f → a*(-b)+(d%e)-f
a-b+c-d → (((a-b)+c)-d)

IIT Patna 12
 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)
a*-b+d%e-f → a*(-b)+(d%e)-f
a-b+c-d → (((a-b)+c)-d)
x*y*z

IIT Patna 12
 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)
a*-b+d%e-f → a*(-b)+(d%e)-f
a-b+c-d → (((a-b)+c)-d)
x*y*z → ((x*y)*z)

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 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)
a*-b+d%e-f → a*(-b)+(d%e)-f
a-b+c-d → (((a-b)+c)-d)
x*y*z → ((x*y)*z)
a+b+c*d*e
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 Arithmetic operator precedence
• Decreasing order of priority
•Parentheses :: ()
•Unary minus :: -3
•Multiplication, division, modulus
•Addition and subtraction
• For operators of same priority, evaluation is from left to right as they appear
• Example
a+b*c-d/e → a+(b*c)-(d/e)
a*-b+d%e-f → a*(-b)+(d%e)-f
a-b+c-d → (((a-b)+c)-d)
x*y*z → ((x*y)*z)
a+b+c*d*e → (a+b)+((c*d)*e)
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 Unary operator
• Operators that act on a single operand to produce new value
• Usually, such operators precede their single operand (for some operators it can
be written after their operand)
• Unary minus: -743, -3*(x+y), -(x+y), etc.
• We will see other unary operators later

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 Integer, real, mixed mode arithmetic
• Integer arithmetic - expression involved with integers only and produces inte-
ger
• Example: 23 / 5 → 4
• Real arithmetic - expression involved with real numbers only
• Example: 1.0 / 6.0 * 6.0 → 0.9999
• Floating point values rounded to the the number of significant digits permis-
sible
• Mixed-mode arithmetic - expression involved with both real and integer num-
bers
• Example: 23 / 5 → 4
• Example: 23.0 / 5.0 → 4.6
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 Implicit type conversion
• When an operator has operand of different types, they are converted to a com-
mon type
• Automatic conversion convert narrower operand to wider one without losing
information
• Converting an integer to floating point in an expression f + i
• Information can be lost if longer integer type is assigned to a shorter one

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 Similar code but different results
int a=32, b=5, c;
float z;
c = a / b;
z = a / b;

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 Similar code but different results
int a=32, b=5, c; Output:
float z; Value of c will be 6
c = a / b; Value of z will be 6.0
z = a / b; We want 6.4 to be stored in z

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 Explicit type conversion: Typecasting
int a=32, b=5, c;
float z;
c = a / b;
z = ((float) a) / b;

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 Explicit type conversion: Typecasting
int a=32, b=5, c;
float z;
c = a / b;
z = ((float) a) / b;

• Typecast: (type name) expression

• Output:
• Now z will store 6.4
• Type of a will be float
• Mixed mode arithmetic will be performed
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 Restriction on typecasting
• Not everything can be typecast to anything
• Use typecast carefully, many times compiler issue no error
• float / double should not be typecast to int
• int should not be typecast to char

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 Average of 2 integers

int a, b;
float avg;
scanf("%d%d",&a, &b);
avg = (a + b) / 2;
printf("%f",avg);

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 Average of 2 integers

int a, b; int a, b;
float avg; float avg;
scanf("%d%d",&a, &b); scanf("%d%d",&a, &b);
avg = (a + b) / 2; avg =((float) (a + b)) / 2;
printf("%f",avg); printf("%f",avg);

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 Average of 2 integers

int a, b; int a, b;
float avg; float avg;
scanf("%d%d",&a, &b); scanf("%d%d",&a, &b);
avg = (a + b) / 2; avg =((float) (a + b)) / 2;
printf("%f",avg); printf("%f",avg);

int a, b;
float avg;
scanf("%d%d",&a, &b);
avg = (a + b) / 2.0;
printf("%f",avg);

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 Average of 2 integers
Incorrect Correct
int a, b; int a, b;
float avg; float avg;
scanf("%d%d",&a, &b); scanf("%d%d",&a, &b);
avg = (a + b) / 2; avg =((float) (a + b)) / 2;
printf("%f",avg); printf("%f",avg);
Correct
int a, b;
float avg;
scanf("%d%d",&a, &b);
avg = (a + b) / 2.0;
printf("%f",avg);

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 Other assignment operator
• +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
• These are shorthand notation, a += b → a = a + b
• Similarly for the other operators
• Suppose a and b are two integer variables having values 12 and 3 respectively
• a += b → 15 will be stored in a, a = a + b
• a -= b → 9 will be stored in a, a = a - b
• a *= b → 36 will be stored in a, a = a * b
• a %= b → 0 will be stored in a, a = a % b

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 Increment (++) & Decrement (--) operators
• ++ adds 1 to its operand, -- subtracts 1
• Unusual aspect is that they can be used as prefix / suffix operator
• Example: ++n, n++, --n, n--
• n++, ++n — n will be incremented by 1, ++n increments n before using it,
n++ increments n after using it
• Example: Let a = 13, b = 7
• x = 5 + ++a

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 Increment (++) & Decrement (--) operators
• ++ adds 1 to its operand, -- subtracts 1
• Unusual aspect is that they can be used as prefix / suffix operator
• Example: ++n, n++, --n, n--
• n++, ++n — n will be incremented by 1, ++n increments n before using it,
n++ increments n after using it
• Example: Let a = 13, b = 7
• x = 5 + ++a → x = 19, a = 14

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 Increment (++) & Decrement (--) operators
• ++ adds 1 to its operand, -- subtracts 1
• Unusual aspect is that they can be used as prefix / suffix operator
• Example: ++n, n++, --n, n--
• n++, ++n — n will be incremented by 1, ++n increments n before using it,
n++ increments n after using it
• Example: Let a = 13, b = 7
• x = 5 + ++a → x = 19, a = 14
• x = 5 + a++

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 Increment (++) & Decrement (--) operators
• ++ adds 1 to its operand, -- subtracts 1
• Unusual aspect is that they can be used as prefix / suffix operator
• Example: ++n, n++, --n, n--
• n++, ++n — n will be incremented by 1, ++n increments n before using it,
n++ increments n after using it
• Example: Let a = 13, b = 7
• x = 5 + ++a → x = 19, a = 14
• x = 5 + a++ → x = 18, a = 14

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 Increment (++) & Decrement (--) operators
• ++ adds 1 to its operand, -- subtracts 1
• Unusual aspect is that they can be used as prefix / suffix operator
• Example: ++n, n++, --n, n--
• n++, ++n — n will be incremented by 1, ++n increments n before using it,
n++ increments n after using it
• Example: Let a = 13, b = 7
• x = 5 + ++a → x = 19, a = 14
• x = 5 + a++ → x = 18, a = 14
• x = a++ + --b

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 Increment (++) & Decrement (--) operators
• ++ adds 1 to its operand, -- subtracts 1
• Unusual aspect is that they can be used as prefix / suffix operator
• Example: ++n, n++, --n, n--
• n++, ++n — n will be incremented by 1, ++n increments n before using it,
n++ increments n after using it
• Example: Let a = 13, b = 7
• x = 5 + ++a → x = 19, a = 14
• x = 5 + a++ → x = 18, a = 14
• x = a++ + --b → x = 19, a = 14, b = 6

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 Increment (++) & Decrement (--) operators
• ++ adds 1 to its operand, -- subtracts 1
• Unusual aspect is that they can be used as prefix / suffix operator
• Example: ++n, n++, --n, n--
• n++, ++n — n will be incremented by 1, ++n increments n before using it,
n++ increments n after using it
• Example: Let a = 13, b = 7
• x = 5 + ++a → x = 19, a = 14
• x = 5 + a++ → x = 18, a = 14
• x = a++ + --b → x = 19, a = 14, b = 6
• x = a++ - ++a

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 Increment (++) & Decrement (--) operators
• ++ adds 1 to its operand, -- subtracts 1
• Unusual aspect is that they can be used as prefix / suffix operator
• Example: ++n, n++, --n, n--
• n++, ++n — n will be incremented by 1, ++n increments n before using it,
n++ increments n after using it
• Example: Let a = 13, b = 7
• x = 5 + ++a → x = 19, a = 14
• x = 5 + a++ → x = 18, a = 14
• x = a++ + --b → x = 19, a = 14, b = 6
• x = a++ - ++a → ?? — called side effects while calculating some val-
ues something else get changed. Avoid such situation

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 Relational operators
• Used for comparison
• < :: Less than
• > :: Greater than
• <= :: Less than or equal to
• >= :: Greater than or equal to
• == :: Equal to
• != :: Not equal to

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 Relational operators
• Used for comparison
• < :: Less than 10 > 20 → false, value is 0
• > :: Greater than 34 < 45 → true, value is non-zero
• <= :: Less than or equal to 34 == (30 + 5) → false, value is 0
• >= :: Greater than or equal to 34 != (30 + 5) → true, value is non-zero
• == :: Equal to
• != :: Not equal to

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 Relational operators
• Used for comparison
• < :: Less than 10 > 20 → false, value is 0
• > :: Greater than 34 < 45 → true, value is non-zero
• <= :: Less than or equal to 34 == (30 + 5) → false, value is 0
• >= :: Greater than or equal to 34 != (30 + 5) → true, value is non-zero
• == :: Equal to
• != :: Not equal to
• Value corresponding to true is any non-zero value not necessarily 1, false is
0 always
• When arithmetic expression are used on either side of a relation operator,
expression will be evaluated first, then the results will be compared

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 Logical operators
• There are 3 logical operators / connectives
• ! :: unary negation (NOT)
• && :: logical AND
• || :: logical OR
• These operators act upon operands that are themselves logical expressions
• The final outcome is either true or false
• Unary negation (!)
• Single operand
• Value is 0 if operand is non-zero, 1 if operand is 0
• Example: !(34 == x), !(val == 'Y')

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 Logical operators
• Result of logical AND operation will be true if both operands are true
• Result of logical OR operation will be true if at least one operands is true

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 Logical operators
• Result of logical AND operation will be true if both operands are true
• Result of logical OR operation will be true if at least one operands is true

x y x && y x||y
false false false false Example: assume i=7, f=5.5, c='w'
false true false true (i >= 6) && (c == 'w') → true
(i >= 6) || (c == 119) → true
true false false true (f < 11) && (i >= 100) → false
true true true true (c != 'p') || i + f <= 100 → true

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 Logical operators
• Result of logical AND operation will be true if both operands are true
• Result of logical OR operation will be true if at least one operands is true

x y x && y x||y
false false false false Example: assume i=7, f=5.5, c='w'
false true false true (i >= 6) && (c == 'w') → true
(i >= 6) || (c == 119) → true
true false false true (f < 11) && (i >= 100) → false
true true true true (c != 'p') || i + f <= 100 → true

Suppose we wish to express that a should not have the value of 2 or 3. Does
the following expression capture this requirement?
((a != 2) || (a != 3))
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 Example of logical operators
#include<stdio.h>
int i, j;
scanf("%d%d",&i,&j);
printf("%d AND %d = %d, %d OR %d=%d\n",i,j,i&&j,i,j,i||j);
}

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 Example of logical operators
#include<stdio.h>
int i, j;
scanf("%d%d",&i,&j);
printf("%d AND %d = %d, %d OR %d=%d\n",i,j,i&&j,i,j,i||j);
}

Output:
3 0
3 AND 0 = 0, 3 OR 0 = 1

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 Precedence for operators
Operator class Operators Associativity
Unary postfix ++, -- Left to Right
Unary prefix ++, --, -, !, & Right to Left
Binary *, /, % Left to Right
Binary +, – Left to Right
Binary <, <=, >, >= Left to Right
Binary == != Left to Right
Binary && Left to Right
Binary || Left to Right
Assignment =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= Right to Left
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 Assignment expression (contd.)
• An assignment expression evaluates to a value same as any other expression
• Value of an assignment expression is the value assigned to the l-value
• Example: value of
• a = 3 is 3
• b = 2*4 - 6 is 2
• n = 2*u + 3*v - w is whatever the arithmetic expression 2*u + 3*v - w
evaluates to given the current values stored in variables u, v, w
• Several variables can be assigned the same value using multiple assignment
operators
a = b = c = 5;
flag1 = flag2 = 'y';
speed = flow = 0.0;

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 Assignment expression (contd.)
• Easy to understand if you remember that
• The assignment expression has a value
• Multiple assignment operators are right-to-left associative
• Consider a = b = c = 5
• Three assignment operators
• Rightmost assignment expression is c=5, evaluates to value 5
• Now you have a = b = 5
• Rightmost assignment expression is b=5, evaluates to value 5
• Now you have a = 5
• Evaluates to value 5
• So all three variables store 5, the final value the assignment expression eval-
uates to is 5
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 Assignment expression (contd.)
• A non trivial example: a = 3 && (b = 4)
• (b=4) is an assignment, evaluates to 4
• && has higher precedence than =
• 3 && (b=4) evaluates to true
• a = 3 && (b = 4) is an assignment expression evaluates to 1, (true)

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 Statements and Blocks
• An expression followed by a semicolon is a statement
a = 3;
j = i++;
scanf("%d",&x);
• Braces are used to group declarations and statements together into a com-
pound block
{
a++;
sum = sum + a;
printf("%d", sum);
}

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 Library functions
• C language is accompanied by a number of library functions
• One of the popular library is math.h that provides many common mathematical
utilities
• Two step process to use
• Need to include header file #include<math.h>
• Tell compiler to link math library: gcc <prog_name> -lm
• Example:
printf("%f %f", sqrt(43.0), cos(2*PI));
• Return values of math functions are double
• Arguments can be constant, variable, expressions

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 Math library functions
• double acos(double x) – compute arc cosine of x
• double asin(double x) – compute arc sine of x
• double atan(double x) – compute arc tangent of x
• double atan(double x, double y) – compute arc tangent of y/x
• double cos(double x) – compute cosine of angle x in radians
• double cosh(double x) – compute hyperbolic cosine of x
• double sin(double x) – compute sine of angle x in radians
• double sinh(double x) – compute hyperbolic sine of x
• double tan(double x) – compute tangent of angle x in radians
• double tanh(double x) – compute hyperbolic tangent of x
• double ceil(double x) – get smallest integral value that exceeds x
• double floor(double x) – get largest integral value less than x
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 Math library functions (contd.)
• double exp(double x) – compute exponential of x
• double fabs(double x) – compute absolute value of x
• double log(double x) – compute log of x base e
• double log10(double x) – compute log of x base 10
• double pow(double x, double y) – compute xy
• double sqrt(double x) – compute square root of x

• There are other library functions too. We will explore later in this course

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 Example: Triangle area given length of 3 sides
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(){
double a, b, c, s, area;
printf("Enter the length of 3 sides");
scanf("%lf%lf%lf", &a, &b, &c);
s = (a + b + c)/2;
area = sqrt(s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c));
printf("Area is %lf\n", area);
}

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 Practice problems
• Read in 3 integers and print their sum and average
• Read in 3 real numbers — u, initial velocity; f, acceleration; t, time; — of a
vehicle, determine the distance traveled by the vehicle at the given time. [s =
ut + 12 ft2 ]
• (a) Do not use math library function
• (b) Use math library function
• Read in the coordinates (real numbers) of 3 points in 2-d plane. Print the area
of the triangle formed by these points
• Read in the coefficient a, b, c of the expression ax2 + bx + c = 0. Print the
roots of the equation, assume no imaginary roots.

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