GRT INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, Tiruttani.
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME3492 HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS

MINIMUM LEARNING MATERIAL

 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

ME3492 HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS

LPTC
3003
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To provide the knowledge on the working principles of fluid power systems.
• To study the fluids and components used in modern industrial fluid power system.
• To develop the design, construction and operation of fluid power circuits
• To learn the working principles of pneumatic power system and its components.
• To provide the knowledge of trouble shooting methods in fluid power systems.
UNIT I FLUID POWER PRINICIPLES AND HYDRAULIC PUMPS 9
Introduction to Fluid power – Advantages and Applications – Fluid power systems – Types of fluids ‐ Properties
of fluids and selection – Basics of Hydraulics – Pascal’s Law – Principles of flow ‐ Friction loss – Work, Power
and Torque‐ Problems, Sources of Hydraulic power: Pumping Theory‐– Pump Classification – Construction,
Working, Design, Advantages, Disadvantages, Performance, Selection criteria of pumps – Fixed and Variable
displacement pumps – Problems
UNIT II HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS AND CONTROL COMPONENTS 9
Hydraulic Actuators: Cylinders – Types and construction, Application, Hydraulic cushioning – Rotary Actuators‐
Hydraulic motors ‐ Control Components: Direction Control, Flow control and pressure control valves – Types,
Construction and Operation – Accessories: Reservoirs, Pressure Switches – Filters –types and selection‐
Applications – Fluid Power ANSI Symbols – Problems
UNIT III HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 9
Accumulators, Intensifiers, Industrial hydraulic circuits – Regenerative, Pump Unloading, Double‐Pump,
Pressure Intensifier, Air‐over oil, Sequence, Reciprocation, Synchronization, Fail‐Safe, Speed Control,
Deceleration circuits, Sizing of hydraulic systems, Hydrostatic transmission, Electro hydraulic circuits, –Servo
and Proportional valves – Applications‐ Mechanical, hydraulic servo systems.
UNIT IV PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS 9
Properties of air –Air preparation and distribution – Filters, Regulator, Lubricator, Muffler, Air control Valves,
Quick Exhaust Valves, Pneumatic actuators, Design of Pneumatic circuit –classification‐ single cylinder and
multi cylinder circuits‐Cascade method –Integration of fringe circuits, Electro Pneumatic System – Elements –
Ladder diagram – timer circuits‐Problems, Introduction to fluidics and pneumatic logic circuits
UNIT V TROUBLE SHOOTING AND APPLICATIONS 9
Installation, Selection, Maintenance, Trouble Shooting and Remedies in Hydraulic and Pneumatic systems,
Conditioning of hydraulic fluids Design of hydraulic circuits for Drilling, Planning, Shaping, Surface grinding,
Press and Forklift applications‐ mobile hydraulics; Design of Pneumatic circuits for metal working, handling,
clamping counter and timer circuits. – Low‐cost Automation – Hydraulic and Pneumatic power packs, IOT in
Hydraulics and pneumatics Note: (Use of standard Design Data Book is permitted in the University examination)
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES: At the end of the course the students would be able to
1. Apply the working principles of fluid power systems and hydraulic pumps.
2. Apply the working principles of hydraulic actuators and control components.
3. Design and develop hydraulic circuits and systems.
4. Apply the working principles of pneumatic circuits and power system and its components.
5. Identify various troubles shooting methods in fluid power systems.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Anthony Esposito, “Fluid Power with Applications”, Prentice Hall, 2009.
2. James A. Sullivan, “Fluid Power Theory and Applications”, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997
REFERENCES:
1. Jagadeesha. T., “Pneumatics Concepts, Design and Applications “, Universities Press, 2015.
2. Joshi.P., Pneumatic Control”, Wiley India, 2008.
3. Majumdar, S.R., “Oil Hydraulics Systems – Principles and Maintenance”,TataMcGraw Hill, 2001.
4. Shanmugasundaram.K., “Hydraulic and Pneumatic Controls”. Chand & Co, 2006.
5. Srinivasan.R., “Hydraulic and Pneumatic Controls”, Vijay Nicole Imprints, 3rd edition,2019

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics
UNIT‐I FLUID POWER PRINICIPLES AND HYDRAULIC PUMPS
PART‐A
1 List the application of fluid power.
Fluid power is also used in automated systems, where tools or work pieces are moved or
held using fluid power. Variable‐flow control valves and position sensors may be included
in a servomechanism system for precision machine tools. Below is a more detailed list of
applications and categories that fluid power is used for:
 Industrial
 Metal working
 Injection molding
 Controllers
 Material handling
 Aerospace
 landing gears

Why the Fluid Power System iscalled muscle of Industry?

2
Fluid power is the technology that deals with the generation, control and transmission of
power using pressurized fluids. Now a day this technology is applied to most of the
industries. So, it can be said that fluid power is the muscles that moves industry.
3 Define fluid power.

Fluid power is defined as the technology that deals with the generation, control and
transmission of power using pressurized fluid. Fluid power is the use of fluid under
pressure to generate, control, and transmit power.
4 Define viscosity and bulk modulus of a hydraulic fluid.

Viscosity may be defined as the sharing force required to move two plane surfaces
relative to one another with a film of fluid between them.
Bulk modulus is the measure of compressibility of a fluid. It is the reciprocal of
compressibility.
5 Explain the term friction factor.

Friction factor is a dimensionless number that is required to calculate the energy losses
due to the friction in the pipe. Friction factor is defined as the ratio between the force
required to move a section pipe and the vertical contact force applied to the pipe.
6 State any four advantages of fluid power.

Advantages of fluid power are,

 Easy and accuracy of control.
 Constant force or torque.
 Simplicity, safety and economy.
 High horse power, low weight ratio.

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

7 What is viscosity index?

The viscosity index of a liquid is a number that is indicating the effect of change in the
temperature on viscosity. The viscosity index is an arbitrary, unitless measure of the change
of viscosity with temperature, mostly used to characterize the behavior of
lubricating oil.
8 Name any four hydraulic fluids that are commonly used.

Hydraulic fluids that are commonly used are,

 Petroleum oil.
 Water in‐oil and oil‐in water emulsion.
 Glycols.
 Phosphate ester.

9 What is pump cavitation? How can we avoid it?

The formation, growth and collapse of a various fluid cavities or bubbles in a liquid due to
local fall in fluid pressure is called cavitation.
Pump cavitation can be avoided by ensuring the suction pressure is always greater than
that required by the pump.
10 State the effect of temperature and pressure on
Viscosity of gases.
The viscosity of gases increases with increase in temperature. Over the normal range of
the pressure the viscosity of gases is found to be independent of pressure.
11 How do you classify a pump?

A pump can be classified according to,

 Capacity.
 Discharge pressure and Speed of rotation.
12 List any four properties of a hydraulic fluid.

Properties of a hydraulic fluid are,

 Stable viscosity.
 Good lubrication.
 Comparability with system materials and Good heat dissipation capability.
 Thermal stability and foam resistance.

13 What is a positive displacement pump?

The positive displacement pump discharges a fixed quality of a fluid into the hydraulic
system per revolution of pump shaft rotation. The flow of fluid is guaranteed on every
revolution of the shaft, this type of pump is called positive displacement pump.

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

14 Differentiate the pressure compensated pump and non‐pressure compensated

pumps.
S. No Pressure compensated pump Non‐pressure compensated pumps
These pumps flow can be made to zero They are hydraulically unbalanced and
1 such a pump has its own protection cause undesirable side load on the
against excessive pressure bearing of the pump
build up
2 There is no power waste. There will be a power waste.

15 What do you mean by non‐positive displacement pump?

A non‐positive‐displacement pump produces a continuous flow. However, because

it does not provide a positive internal seal against slippage, its output varies considerably
as pressure varies. Centrifugal and propeller pumps are examples of non‐positive‐
displacement pumps.
16 Define Boyle’s law.

Boyle’s law state, that if the temperature remains constant, the pressure of the confined
mass of gas will vary inversely with its volume.
17
What is the fundamental difference between hydraulic and pneumatic?

S.No Hydraulics Pneumatics

1 Confined pressurized systems Confined pressurized systems that use
that use moving liquids moving air or other gases
Liquids are not very
2 Because gases can be compressed,
compressible; there is no delay in
there is a delay in the movement.
the movement.
Examples: Examples:
‐Dump truck lift ‐precision drills used by dentists
3 ‐Hydraulic Lift to lift cars ‐pneumatic brakes (air brakes) used
‐Jaws of lift by buses, trucks, trains
‐blood in body ‐tampers used to pack down
‐used In cars dirt and gravel
18 Define the term flash and fire point, relative to hydraulic fluid.

Flash point is the minimum temperature at which the sufficient liquid is vaporized
under specified condition to ANALYZE a mixture that will burn if ignited.
Fire point is the minimum temperature at which sufficient vapors is continually
generated to sustain the combustion.
19 State Pascal’s law.
Pascal’s law states that the pressure is generated at any point of that in a confined fluid
that acts equally in all the direction.

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

20 Name any four positive displacement pumps.

Positive displacement pumps are,
 External and internal gear pump.
 Lobe and screw pump.
 Vane pump.
 Piston pump.

21 Distinguish between fixed displacement pump and variable displacement pump.

S.No Fixed displacement pump Variable displacement pump

A fixed displacement pump
A variable displacement pump has an
1
alwayshas the same displacement
adjustable displacement and pump different
and always pumps the same
amounts at the same speed.
amount at the same speed.

22 Differentiate between axial and radial piston pumps.

S.No Radial piston pump Axial piston pumps
In a radial pump, they cylinderblock In axial piston pumps, the pistons reciprocate
1
rotates on a stationary spindle parallel to the axis of rotation of the cylinder
inside a circular reaction ring or block. The simplest type of axial
rotor. piston pump is the swash plate in‐line design
2 The piston moves perpendicularly the piston moves in the in‐line or parallel to
to the shaft of the center‐line the shaft of the center‐line
23 Define volumetric efficiency of pump.
It’s the ratio between the actual flow rate produced by the pump and the theoretically
flow rate that the pump should produce.

24 Define mechanical efficiency of pump.

Mechanical efficiency is the ratio between the theoretical power required to operate the
pump and the actual power delivered to the pump. Power loss is refers the friction loss in
the pump bearing.
25 What are the properties of hydraulic fluid?
The properties of hydraulic fluid are,
 Stable viscosity.
 Good lubrication.
 Stable physical and chemical properties.
 Good heat dissipation capacity.

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

26 What are the advantages of balanced pump over

unbalanced vane pump?
The balanced vane pump eliminates the bearing side load and then it permits higher
operating pressure. The balanced vane pump has much improved service lives over
unbalanced vane pump.
The service life is high compared to the unbalanced type due to less wear and tear.
27 List the components of hydraulic and pneumatic
system
The primary components of the "plumbing" portion of the hydraulic system include the
following:
 Reservoir.
 Filters.
 Shut Off Valves.
 Control Valves.
 Pressure Relief Valve.
 Hydraulic Fuses.
 Accumulators.

PART‐B
1 List out the selection procedure of oil in Industrial hydraulic application. (13)

2 What is the difference between a fixeddisplacement pump and variable displacement pump?
Explain with neatsketch construction and working of external gear pump. (13)
3 What are the main parameters affecting the performance of the pump? (13)

4 How do you classify the pumps? Explain with suitable sketch and the working of vane
pump. (13)
5 Discuss the factors to be considered in the selection of hydraulic fluids? (13)

6 What are the factors to be considered in a selection of pump?(13)

7 How will you measure the pump performance? Explain with an example. (13)

8 How to calculate friction losses in the pump? (13)

9 Explain the working principles of the external gear pump and to determine its
performance? (13)
10 Write short notes on variable displacement pump.(13)

11 With the neat sketch explain the principles,construction, working, advantage, limitation and
application of non‐pressure compensated reciprocating vane pump. (13)

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

12 What are the desirable properties of hydraulic fluid? Discuss any eight of them. (13)
13 Describe the working principles of variabledisplacement pressure compensated
vane pump. (13)
14 A pump has a displacement volume of 0.819×10‐3m3. It delivers 0.0758m3/min at 1000
rpm at 67 bars. if the prime over input torque is 100N‐m What is the overall efficiency?(13)

15 A gear pump has a displacement of 60,000m3.it deliver 1000 liters per minute at 1440 rpm
and 8 N/mm2.if the prime over input toque is 75Nm Whatis the theoretically torque
required to operate the pump? (13)
16 A vane pump is to have a volumetric displacementof 120 Cm3.it has a rotor diameter of
65.5mm a cam ring diameter of 89.9 mm and vane width of 52.8mm. what must be
eccentricity. (13)
17 A 50mm diameter is connected to another cylinder of120mm diameter and the system is
filled with oil. A force of 100N is applied to a small cylinder piston. Calculate the output
force at larger cylinder. (13)
18 Discuss any four hydraulic principles used in thehydraulic system and explain any four
industrial applications. (15)
19 Write the procedure for selecting a pump, that is used to operating in petroleum
industry and keepthe safety and precaution into account. (15)

UNIT – II HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS AND CONTROL COMPONENTS

PART‐A

1 Explain the term cylinder cushioning.

Cushioning of cylinder means gradual deceleration of the piston near the end of its stroke.
It consists of a small passage to allow entrapped oil to the port with cushion needle with a
check valve to allow free flow of oil during reverse flow of oil during
reverse start of piston travel.
2 What is the difference betweenpressure relief valve and pressure reduce
valve?

S. No PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

1 Normally closed type Valve Normally Open type Valve
2 Fitted in bypass line to reservoir tank Fitted in Main line to system
3 Outlet is connected to reservoir tank Outlet is connected to the system

3 State the need for synchronization of hydraulic cylinders.

Some machines with multiple cylinders require that the cylinder strokes be
perfectly synchronized for the machine to operate properly. If all the loads, line sizes
and lengths, and friction of the cylinders and machine members are identical, they may
stroke at the same time and rate. Synchronization is required when the exact movement
is required at both ends of rolling equipment’s.

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

4 What is a hydraulic fuse?

A hydraulic fuse analogous to an electric fuse prevents hydraulic pressure from

exceeding allowable value in order to protect the circuit from damage. It’s a safety
feature, designed to allow systems to continue operating.

5 What are the functions of reservoir?

A single‐purpose reservoir is designed to fulfill only one function, such as irrigation,

power generation, navigation, flood control, water supply, recreation, or low‐ flow
regulation. The trend has been toward construction of multiple‐purpose reservoirs
designed to serve at least two principal functions.

6 How do you classify direction control valves?

Based on the number of ports present, classification of direction control valves are,
 Two‐way valves
 Three‐way valves
 Four‐way valves

7 Write the function of solenoid valve.

A solenoid is an electromagnetic magnetic transducer that converts an electrical signal

into mechanical output force. It’s used in both the pneumatic and hydraulic fluid power
function.
8 Draw the symbol of pressure relief valves and pressure reducing valve.

Pressure Relief valve Pressure reducing valve

What is the purpose of pressure control valve and pressure relief valve?
9

Pressure control valves control the fluid pressure in the system where the pressure relief
valve protects the system from excessive fluid pressure. A relief valve will receive the excess
pressure from the pressure vessel, where the control valve acts to change
resistance to the flow of the fluid.

10 What is the function of sequence valve?

A sequence valve is a pressure valve designed to open when its set pressure is reached,
providing a path of flow alternate and sequential to the primary circuit. In some ways,a
sequence valve is a directional valve, allowing flow to occur. However, it's just a
relief valve with some added features.

11 What is the function of hydraulic motor?

The function of a hydraulic motor or rotary actuator is to convert hydraulic energy into a
rotary mechanically energy. The hydraulic motor is the rotary counter part of the
hydraulic cylinder as a linear actuator.

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics
12 What do you mean by pressure compensated flow control valves?

The flow rate through any orifice depends upon the pressure difference between the inlet
and outlet. Therefore, a constant pressure drop across the valve in orifice is required to
assure the accurate flow control.

13 What is the function of unloading valve?

The unloading valve allows the pressure to build up to an adjustable setting, and then
bypass the flow as long as a remote source maintains the pressure on the pilot port. A
common application of this circuit where two pumps move an actuator at high speed and
low pressure it shift to a single pump.

14 What is the function of counter balance valve?

Counter balance valve is used to permit the free flow of the fluid in one direction and
restrict the flow in the opposite direction. They are designed to ANALYZE a backpressure
at the return line of the actuator to prevent the losing control over the load.

15 What is the purpose of shuttle valve?

Shuttle valve is used when the control is required from more than one power source.
They are generally used to shift the fluid flow from the second and back up source, when
the main source becomes inoperative.
16 Draw the ANSI symbols for (a) a pilot‐operated check valve and (b) shuttle valve.

Pilot operated check valve Shuttle valve

17 Draw the graphically symbols of pressure compensated flow control valves?

18 What is the purpose of counterbalance?

Counterbalance valves are used in hydraulic system working with running‐away or

suspended load which is used to permit the free flow to ensure the flow in one direction and
it’s restricted in opposite direction. They are designed to ANALYZE a backpressure at
the return line of the actuator to prevent the losing control over the load.

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

19 What are the functions of check valves?

Check valves are used to:

 Allow free flow in one direction
 Prevent any flow in other direction.

20 What are fluid power symbols?

Fluid power systems are those that transmit and control power through use of a pressurized
fluid within a closed circuit. Fluid power symbols are used to represent individual
components in fluid power circuit diagram, which are identifying components
and their function uniquely.

21 Name the four types of pressure control valves.

Types of pressure control valves are,

 Pressure relief valve.
 Pressure reducing valves.
 Sequence valve.
 Counter balancing valves and Unloading valves.
22 Draw the fluid power symbol for (a) 3/2 and (b)4/3‐way valve.

3/2 valve 4/3 Valve

23 Draw the ANSI symbol for the followinghydraulic components.
(a) Compressor (b) Filter (c) muffler

24 Name the different types of hydraulic cylinder.

The different types of hydraulic cylinder are,

 Single‐acting cylinder.
 Double‐ acting cylinder.
 Telescopic cylinder.
 Through rod cylinder

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

25 State the different types of cylinder mounting.

The different types of cylinder mounting are

 Plate Type: Holes for mounting a caster are provided on the mounting base.
 Screw‐in Type: Since a thread is provided on the stem, mount a caster by screwing
the caster on the stem.
 Insertion Type(Rubber Pipe Type)
 Angle Type.
 Dedicated wrenches for mounting casters.
PART‐B
1 Explain the construction, working of gear type motor and vane type motor. (13)

2 Explain any three types of special cylinderused in hydraulics with neat sketch. (13)
With a neat sketch describe the construction andoperation of a pressure compensated flow
3 control valves. (13)
4 Explain the various mechanism of hydraulic cylinder mounting with neat sketch. (13)

5 What is cylinder cushioning? Explain with diagram.(13)

6 Explain with diagram and the working principles of telescopic cylinder. (13)

7 Explain the hydraulic motor. And define the followingterms,

(a) Volumetric efficiency
(b) Mechanical efficiency
(c) Overall efficiency. (13)
8 Explain the sequence of two double‐acting cylinderswith neat sketch. (13)
9 With a neat sketch explain how two hydraulic cylinder motions can be synchronized. (13)

10 Draw and explain the working of propositional pressurereducing valves. (13)

11 With a neat sketch explain the ‘end cushion ‘provided in hydraulic cylinder. (13)

12 Explain the construction and working of pilot operated sequence valve. (13)

13 What are propositional control valves? And write thetypes of propositional control valves?
(13)
14 Classify the pressure control valves and explain in detailthe principle and operation of
compound pressure relief valve. (13)
15 A rotary vane air motor has a displacement volume 80cm3/rev and operates at 1750 rpm
using 700 KPa gauge pressure air calculate the standard m3/min rateof consumption and
Kw power output of the motor. assume the temperature remains constant. (13)
16 The power and load carrying capacity of a hydrauliccylinder (Extension) are 10 KW and
20,000 N respectively. Find the piston velocity during extension for the above system if the
area of the piston side and rod side is 2:1, find the retraction speed the pump
delivery oil at 0.2 m3/min. (13)

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics
17 A pressure cylinder has to exert a force of lift the crosshead and tooling. The cylinder is rigidly
fixed by front flange and the load is pivoted and fully guided. Maximum thrust from the press
is 260 KN with a stroke 1.4m. Determine the size of the suitable cylinder. The system working
pressure should not exceed 200 bar. (13)
PART‐C
Discuss the construction and working of a direction
1
control valves for a double acting cylinder. (15)
How proportional control valves are used in hydrauliccylinder for controlling the cushion
2 from the damages.
(15)

UNIT – III (HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS)

PART‐A
1 What is the function of intensifier? Mention the application.

Function:
Using an intensifier, mounted outside the jack, allows a higher pressure to be obtained and
thus a smaller cylinder used for the same lift force. Intensifiers are also used as part of
machines such as hydraulic presses, where a higher pressure is required and a suitable
supply is already available.
APPLICATION:
Scan will pressure intensifiers can be applied to a host of diverse applications such as
hydraulic work holding, pressure die casting, static and impulse testing equipment,
hydraulic power packs, intensifier panels for subsea ROV's, hydraulic operated tools, and
many more.
2 What are the advantages of using sequencing circuit?

 Sequence valves can improve the operation, efficiency, performance, and safety of
fluid power circuits in which they are used.
 Sequence valves are normally closed and usually allow bidirectional flow when
equipped with a bypass check valve.
 Sequence valves always have an external drain connected directly to tank.
3 What is the function of regenerative circuit?
The regenerative circuit is used to speed up the extending speed of the double acting
hydraulic cylinder in the circuit. It saves the time and energy by increasing the extension
speed, they do this by routing fluid exiting the rod end of the cylinder back to its cap
instead of routing the fluid to tank
4 What is the function of accumulator?
An accumulator is a device that is used to store the energy of liquid under the pressure
and it makes this energy available as a quick as secondary source of the power to
hydraulic machines.
5 How do you select hydraulic pipe for a hydraulic system?
The hydraulic pipes are selected based on the following factor,
 System pressure.
 Pressure pulses.
 Velocity of fluid flow.
 Fluid compatibility.
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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

6 What is air‐oil intensifier?

Air‐over‐oil intensifier is a circuit used for driving a cylinder over a large distance at a
low pressure and then over a small distance at high pressure (such as in punch press
application). It is also known as air‐to‐oil booster.

7 What is servo valve? How does it work?

Servo valve is nothing but a DC valve having infinitely variable positioning capability.
A servo system is one which is comparatively large amount of power is controlled by
small impulse or command of signal and any errors corrected by feedback signal.
Highlight the need of using an accumulator in
8
hydraulic circuits.
In hydraulic circuit accumulator are used as,
 Leakage compensator.
 Auxiliary power source.
 Emergency power source.
 Lubricant dispenser.
 Holding device.
 Hydraulic shock absorber.
What are the major components in hydraulic
9
system?
The major components in hydraulic system are,
 Reservoir.
 Pump.
 Prime over
 Fluid transfer piping.
 Actuator.
 Valves.
10 What is an intensifier?

Intensifier is also known as pressure intensifier or pressure booster, is a device used to

compress the liquid in a hydraulic system to a value above the pump discharge pressure,
that is used to transforming the hydraulic power at a low pressure into a reduced volume
of at higher pressure.

11 What is the function of failsafe circuit?

Failsafe circuit is designed to safe guard the operator, the machine, and the work piece. It
prevents any possible injury to the operator or damages the machine and the work piece. It
also prevents the improper system functioning in the event of circuit. For example the
fail‐safe tank circuit used to control railway block signal.
12 Why weight loaded type accumulator is undesirable for mobile equipment?
Weight loaded type accumulator is undesirable for mobile equipment, because of the weight
loaded type accumulator is very heavy, not portable, and does not respond quicklyto change
the system demand. The main disadvantage of the design is not good for high pressure and
large volume. This is because the nitrogen gas was compressed by incoming
fluid from the pump and the gas must be expanding to push fluid out.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

13 What is the use of shock absorber in hydraulic system?

A shock absorber is device that brings a moving load to a gentle rest through the use of the
metered in a hydraulic fluid. A shock absorber or damper is mechanical or hydraulic device
designed to absorb and damp shock impulse. It converting the kinetic energy of
the shock into another form of energy.

14 What are the three basic types of accumulator?

The three basic types of accumulator are,

 Weighted‐loaded accumulator or dead weight accumulator
 Spring loaded accumulator
 Gas loaded accumulator

15 What is servo system?

A servo system is one in which a comparatively a large amount of power is controlled bya
small impulse or command signals and any errors are corrected by feedback signal. A servo
system consists of motive apparatus, a feedback sensor, and logic to set a desired
set point.

16 How can you classify the servo valves?

The servo valves are classified as,

 Mechanical type servo valve
 Electro hydraulic servo valve
 Single stage servo valve
 Two stage servo valves.
17 Mention any four application of hydro mechanical servo valve

Application of hydro mechanical servo valve are,

 Servo valves are often used to control powerful hydraulic cylinders with a very small
electrical signal.
 Servo valves can provide precise control of position, velocity, pressure, and force with
good post‐movement damping characteristics.
 Mechanical servo valves are employed in steering device such as power steering
system of automobile test and training devices copying device such as machine tool
and heavy‐duty mobile equipment.
18 What are the advantages of electrohydraulic servo system?

The advantages of electro hydraulic servo system are,

 The electro hydraulic servo system can easily achieve the precision remote control of
piston force and speed of actuator.
 Higher flexibility of operation.
 They ensure the correct ratio of force and speed.

19 What are the propositional control valves?

Propositional control valves have an infinite number of variable position valves. They
also use a variable force direct current solenoid to control the output from the main
spool. The output flow can be propositional control quickly by input signal valve.
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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics
20 Why the extension stroke is faster than retraction stroke in regenerative
circuit?
The extension stroke is faster than retraction stroke in regenerative circuit, because the oil
flow from the rod end regenerates with the pump flow provides a total flow rate, which is
greater than the pump flow rate to blank end of the cylinder. Regenerative circuit can be
used to cause a cylinder extend more rapidly than it could with pump oil
flow alone.

21 What do you mean by synchronization?

Synchronization of a cylinder is the process of making the cylinder to perform that the
identical task at same rate. Some machine with multiple cylinders requires that thecylinder
strokes be perfectly synchronized.
22 Name the equipment commonly used in hydraulic system.

The equipment commonly used in hydraulic system are,

 Fluid reservoir.
 Filter and strainer.
 Heat exchanger.
 Accumulator and Intensifier.

23 What is the use of pressure switch?

A pressure switch is an instrument that automatically senses a change in pressure and

opens or closes an electrical switching element when a predetermined temperature pointis
reached.
What type of gas is used in gas‐loaded accumulator?
24

The inert gas such as nitrogen gas is used in gas‐loaded accumulator. The air or oxygen is
not used due to the danger explosion. When the fluid flows in to the accumulator,
recharged nitrogen gas is compressed.

25 What do you mean by zero lap servo valves?

The zero lap servo valves means that the edges of the spool land are precisely made to line
up with the meeting port in the valve sleeve. It refers to the amount of spool travel from
centre position required to start opening between the powered input port and the
work output port or the tank port.

26 Define the term lap with respect to servo valve.

Lap is the length relationship between the metering lands of the circuit spool and the port
of the opening in the sleeve or the body. The lapped valve is one in which a small amountof
spool shit, either way, starts the opening.

27 When do you use meter‐in circuit?

Meter‐in circuit is generally used in when the external load opposes the direction of the
motion of the cylinder. For example, the case of hydraulic table, feed on the surface
grinder.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

PART‐B
1 Draw and explain the Air‐over‐oil circuited in the hydraulic circuit. (13)

2 With help of circuit diagram explain types and applications of accumulator. (13)
3 Draw and explain the hydraulic cylinder sequence circuit. (13)
4 Explain the working principle of fail‐safe circuit with overload protection. (13)
5 Describe any one of the electro‐hydraulic circuit. (13)
6 When designing a hydraulic circuit, enunciate theimportant factor that must be taken in two
the account. (13)
7 Describe a hydraulic circuit for synchronizing two cylinders with flow control valves.
(13)
8 Explain Air‐Over Oil circuit with suitable example. (13)
9 With a neat sketch explain the weighted loaded accumulator. (13)
10 What is synchronizing? Explain the synchronizing circuit with suitable examples. (13)
11 Explain the hydro mechanical servo system with suitable application. (13)
12 Brief on electro hydraulic servo system used in industries. (13)
13 Explain the sequencing of two double acting cylinders with a neat sketch. (13)
14 Make a circuit, showing an intensifier in a punching press application. (13)
15 Make a circuit sketch, showing the use of accumulator, as a hydraulic shock absorber. (13)
16 Write and explain the working principle of pressure intensifier, with a neat diagram.
(13)
17 Draw and explain the significance of regenerative circuit.(13)
PART‐C
1 When designing a hydraulic circuit, what are the threeimportant considerations. (15)
2 Draw the circuit and explain the motions of the two cylinders are synchronized in
extension strokes. (15)
UNIT – IV PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
PART‐A

1 What are the advantages of using sequencing circuit?

Sequence valves can improve the operation, efficiency, performance, and safety of fluid
power circuits in which they are used. Sequence valves are normally closed and usually
allow bidirectional flow when equipped with a bypass check valve. Sequence valves
always have an external drain connected directly to tank.
2 What is FRL Unit and give the standardgraphical symbol for FRL unit?
Filter, regulator, and lubricator (FRL) compressed air systems are used to deliver clean air,
at a fixed pressure, and lubricated (if needed) to ensure proper pneumatic component
operation and increase their operation lifetime.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

3 What is ladder diagram?

The ladder diagram is the representation of hardware connection between switches, relay,
and solenoid, which constitute the basic components of electrical control system. The left
legs of the ladder connect to the power and the right to the ground

4 What is the need of lubricator in pneumatic system?

The function of lubricator unit is to add a controlled amount of oil with air to ensure the
proper
lubrication of internal moving parts of a pneumatic component.
5 Name the various types of filter used in the pneumatic system.
The various types of filter used in the pneumatic system are,
 Dry filter
 Wet filter
 Split filter.
 Air filter.

6 How do you rate a compressor?

Compressors are rated by the following:
 Outlet pressure of air that can be delivered by the compressor.
 Capacity or volume of air that can be delivered by the compressor.
 Compressor configuration and cylinder geometry.

7 How are the air compressor classified?

The air compressor are classified as,
 Reciprocating type – piston type and diaphragm type compressor.
 Rotary type – screw type, flow type and vane type compressor.

8 Define fluidics.
Fluidics is the technology that utilizes the fluid flow phenomena in components and
circuits to
perform a wide varity of control function such as sensing, memory, timing, and interfacing.
9 What is regenerative circuit in pneumatic system?
Regenerative circuit is used to speed up the extending speed of a double acting cylinder in
such a
way that the pipelines to both end of the cylinder are connected in parallel and that on the
portsof the four‐way valve is blocked.
10 State ‘condo effect’.
When a stream of fluid meets other steam, the effect is to change the direction of flow and
effect is the fluid sticks to the wall,” in which a jet flow attaches itself to a nearby surface
and remains attached even when the surface away from the inlet jet direction.

11 What is the use of bleed‐off circuit?

Bleed off circuit is used to control the flow of fluid in both directions of flow (or) on a
specific line and limits speed in only one direction of the cylinder travel.

12 Where can be fluidics be applied?

Fluidics can be applied to perform a wide variety of control function with the
requirements ofexceptional, thermal and physical stability and ruggedness,
insensitiveness to radiation, and very minimum vibration and shock.
Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology
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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

13 Define pneumatics.
The pneumatics can be defined as the branch of Engineering science which deals with the
studyof the behavior and the application of a compressed air. Pneumatic systems used in
industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases.
14 What type of application, you prefer the pneumatic system?
The pneumatic system is preferred,
 If the application need speed.
 If a medium amount of pressure.
 If a fairly amount of the accurate feed.
15 Why multi stage compressor is preferred over asingle stage compressor?
When the multi stage compressors are used, the effective cooling can be implemented
betweenstages. This effective cooling (i) reduce the input power requirement and (ii)
increase the efficiency of a compressor.

16 What is the function of fluid conditioner?

The purpose of the fluid conditioner is used to start the compressor whenever desired.
Thisarrangement releases the pressure in the piping to the atmosphere so that the
compressor can be started where ever need.

17 What is the function of air filter?

The function of the air filter is to remove all the foreign materials and allow drying.
Cleanses the air to flow without any restriction to the regulator and then to the lubricator.

18 What is the purpose of air pressure regulator?

The main function of the air pressure regulator is to regulate the pressure of the
incomingcompressed air so that to achieve the desired air pressure at steady condition,
maintain the constant pressure

19 What is PLC?
A programmable logic controller is a user‐friendly electronic computer designed to
performlogic function for controlling the operation of the industrial equipment process.
PLC used in automated application.

20 What are the functions of air control valve?

The functions of air control valve are,
 To start and stop the pneumatic energy.
 To control the directional flow of compressed air.
 To control to control the pressure rating of the compressed air.

21 What are the purposes of quick exhaust valve?

The purposes of quick exhaust valve are,
 The quick exhaust valve is used to exhaust the cylinder air to the atmosphere.
 Increase the piston speed of the cylinder.
 Decrease the operation time

22 What are the functions of pneumatic actuator?

Pneumatic actuator is the device used for the converting the pressure energy of air into
themechanical energy that perform a useful work. It keeps the air in the upper portion
of the cylinder, allowing air pressure to force the diaphragm or piston to move the valve.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

23 What is the function of air motor?

The main function of the air motor is to convert the pressure energy of the compressed
air into a rotary mechanical energy. The air motors are used to produce continuous rotary
powerfrom a compressed air system. Air motors can be used in volatile atmosphere.

24 What is hydro pneumatics circuit?

In some of the application the hydraulic and pneumatic circuit are coupled together to get
the
best use of the advantage of both the oil and air medium. These combination circuits
areknown to be as hydro pneumatics.
List any four advantages of hydro pneumatic
25
circuit.
Advantages of hydro pneumatic circuit are,
 The quick action of air and smooth, high pressure action of oil can be blend.
 The hydro pneumatics circuit will reduce the space requirement.
 These circuits increase the performance of the equipment.
 These circuits will reduce the initial and maintenance cost of original equipment.

26 Name any four fluidic devices.

The fluidic devices are,

 Bistable flip‐flop
 Flip‐flop with startup preference.
 SRT flip‐flop.
 OR/NOR gate.

27 What is fluidic sensor?

A fluidic sensor is a device that is used to sense a change in some parameter and as
resultcauses a pressure related change in another parameter that can be recognized
and then
interpreted.
PART‐B
1 Explain with ANSI symbols a) All thetypes of Actuators used in pneumatics Quick exhaust
valve and 5/2 direction control valve. (13)
2 With the aid of circuit diagram explain the working principle of impulse operation circuit
in pneumatics. (13)
3 Describe the function of an air pressure regulator with a neat sketch. (13)
4 Explain the working of fluidics. (13)
5 Draw and explain the function of an air filter. (13)
6 Draw and explain the function of pneumatic check valve. (13)
7 Design the pneumatic circuit for the following sequence using cascade method A+B+B‐
A‐C+C‐. (13)
8 Describe the various selection criteria for pneumatic components. (13)
Design an electro pneumatic circuit using cascademethod for the following sequence A+B*B‐
A‐ where A and B stands for cylinder, (+) indicates for extension and (‐) indicates for
9
retraction of a cylinder. (13)

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics
10 Draw and explain the ladder diagram connection for a regenerative circuit. (13)
Determine the actual power required to drive a compressor that delivers air at 3.5 standard
m3/min at 8 bar gauge. The overall efficiency of the compressor is 74%. (13)
11

12 Draw the standard symbol for ladder diagram. (13)

13 Explain the function of pressure regulator. (13)
14 Discuss the working principle of air compressor. And the function of FRL unit. (13)
15 Explain the types of actuators in pneumatic system. (13)
16 Describe the function of air pressure regulator. (13)
17 Develop a continuous single cylinder reciprocation circuit for a pneumatic system.(13)
PART‐C
1 Design an electro pneumatic circuit using cascademethod for the following sequence A+B,B‐
A‐ ,where A and B stands for cylinder, (+) indicates for extension and (‐) indicates for
retraction of a cylinder. (15)
2 Compare the ladder diagram of electrical circuit with PLC circuit. (15)

UNIT – V TROUBLE SHOOTING AND APPLICATIONS

PART‐A

1 What is Low‐Cost Automation?

Even though several definitions are available, one that fully clarifies the concept of LCA isas
follows: It is a technology that creates some degree of automation around the existing
equipment, tools, methods, and people, using mostly standard components available in
the market.
Describe the important component
2
of hydraulic power pack.
A hydraulic power pack is a stand‐alone assembly consisting of a drive motor, hydraulic
pump and hydraulic fluid tank. The drive motor is connected to the hydraulic pump via a
shaft and drives this. The motor and pump can be installed on the tank, as well as inside
the tank in oil.
3 What is power pack?

Power pack consists of pump, electric motor, reservoir and associated valves assembled to
one unit to supply pressurized fluid. They are relatively small in size and provide the function
of pressure, direction and flow control within the package.
List any four basic requirements on which the
4
fluid power system depends.
The basic requirements on which the fluid power system depends are,
 Properly installed equipment’s.
 Properly trained personal.
 Planed preventative maintenance and
 Effective trouble shooting.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

5 What are the four‐common faults in hydraulic system?

The four‐common faults in hydraulic system are,
 Reduced speed of travel of machine tool elements.
 Slow response to control.
 Excessive loss of system pressure.
 Excessive leakage in the system.
6 List any four common causes of Pneumatics system.
Four common causes of Pneumatics system are,
 Inadequate supply of oil in the reservoir.
 Clogged or dirty of oil filter.
 Leaking seals.
 Loose inlet lines that cause the pump to take in air

7 What does the term trouble shooting refers?

The term trouble shooting refers to an organized and the systematic study of the problem
and their logical approach to the difficulty faced in the system.

8 What are the common types of pump fault?

The common types of pump faults are,
 Pump may deliver insufficient oil.
 Pump may make more noise.
 Pump may develop unstable or zero pressure.
 Pump oil may get over heated.

9 What are the causes that pump making noise?

The causes that pump making noise are,

 Misalignments of pump and prime over.
 Strainer capacity is insufficient.
 Air remains in the pump and Small size of suction pump.

10 Define punching press operation

A hydraulic press works on the principle of Pascal law, which states that the when the
pressure is applied to confined fluid, the pressure change occurs thought the fluid the
entire fluid within the hydraulic press there is a piston that works as a pump.

11 How drilling operation can be preferred?

Drilling is the operation of producing a circular hole of required diameter and depth by
removing metal by rotating edge of a cutting tool called drill. Drilling is a one of the
simplest methods of producing hole.

12 How to maintain the pneumatic system?

The pneumatic system can be maintained by,

 Stop all the possible ways of leakage.
 See the seals do not damage.
 Maintain the specified clearance between the cylinder bore and the piston and bush
bore and the rod.
Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology
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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

List any two selection criteria of pneumatic

13
system.
Selection criteria of pneumatic system are,
 It should be easy to operate, reliable, light in weight, simple and easy serviceable.
 The control elements should be as small as possible.
 Before assembly of the unit, care must be taken so that the unit is free of dirt.

14 Discuss about shaping operation.

In the shaping, the cutting take place during the forward stroke of the ram and backward
stroke remains idle. The forward and backward motion is obtained by “Quick Return
Mechanism”. The depth of cut is adjusted by moving the table downwards towards the
work piece.
15 List any two selection criteria of a hydraulic system.

The selection criteria of a hydraulic system are,

 Loose joints.
 Glands.
 Loose fitting
 Ruptured pipes and hoses

16 Discuss about surface grinding operation.

In surface grinding machine, the work‐piece is clamped on the machine table. Themachine
table is made to reciprocate using double rod end type DAC. i.e., work piece is
made to reciprocate against a rotating multi point cutting tool.

17 List the common problems in pneumatic system.

The common problems in pneumatic system are,

 Problem related to the piping system.
 Problem related to the system components.
 Problem related to the system design or component design.
 Problem related to the mechanical system.
18 How to maintain schedule in the pneumatic system?

Pneumatic system schedule can be maintained by,

 Air mains, lines, fitting.
 Air conditioning unit.
 On and off valve in line.
 Pneumatic control valves.

19 Define the principle of milling machine.

In the milling machine, the work piece is clamped on the machine table the machine tableis
made to reciprocate using double rod end type DAC. That is work piece is made to
reciprocate against a rotating multi point cutting tool of the milling cutter.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics

20 Name the application of hydraulic system industries.

The application of hydraulic system industries are,
 Plastic processing industries.
 Automated production lines.
 Machine tool industries.
 Robotic system.
21 What are the advantages and disadvantages of a hydraulic system?
Advantages:
 The hydraulic system uses in compressible fluid which result higher efficiency.
 It delivers consistent power output.
 These systems perform well in hot environment condition.
Disadvantages:
 The structural weight and size of the equipment is more.
 The leakage of hydraulic fluid is also a critical issue,
 The hydraulic fluid is not properly disposed; it can be harmful to environment
22 What are the applications of pneumatic system in industries?

The applications of pneumatic system in industries are,

 Packing.
 Stamping.
 Drilling.
 Punching.
23 What are the advantages and disadvantages of pneumatic system?
Advantages:
 Inexpensive.
 Clean.
 Safe and easy to operate.
Disadvantages:
 Lack of precision control.
 Sensitive to vibrate; Loud and noisy.
24 How to prevent trouble shooting in hydraulic system?
Hydraulic system trouble shooting can be prevented by,
 Maintain the fluid cleanliness.
 Maintain the fluid temperature and viscosity within the optimum limit.
 Follow the correct commissioning procedure.
 Conduct failure analysis.
25 What are the advantages of PLC over microprocessor‐controlled
circuits?
PLCs are much more reliable and are way easier to troubleshoot. The mechanical functions
of relays simply wear out over time. Plus, the wiring required to operate a relay system is
much more complicated than a PLC system. This can also cause higher costs to install and
upgrade due to extra labor costs.

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 Subject code/Name: ME3492 / Hydraulics and Pneumatics
PART‐B
1 How would you describe the failure and trouble shooting is carried out in hydraulic system?
(13)

2 How would you show and describe a hydraulic circuit to actuate a shaping machine ram.
Incorporate the followingfeatures in the circuit. i) Rapid tool approach ii) Slow cutting and
iii) Rapid tool retraction/return. (13)
3 Explain the application of hydraulic and pneumatic system for a low‐cost automation. (13)

4 Brief on maintenance of hydraulic and pneumatic system. (13)

5 Draw and explain the hydraulic circuit of planning machines. (13)

6 Discuss the application of hydraulic circuit in the press. (13)

7 Brief on maintenance of hydraulic and pneumatic system. (13)

Explain briefly with neat sketch of hydraulic circuits.Write short notes on trouble shooting in
8 pneumatics.(13)

9 Write short notes on trouble shooting in pneumatics. (13)

Draw the hydraulic circuit of fork lift application and

10
explain with detail. (13)
Draw the pneumatic circuit for pick and place
11
application and explain it. (13)
Briefly explain the maintenance requirement for
12
hydraulic power packs. (13)

13 Explain the principles of low‐cost automation. (13)

14 Brief on methodology adopted to install and maintaina pneumatic power pack. (13)

Write short notes on trouble shooting in pneumatics

15
and low‐cost automation. (13)
PART‐C
1 Design and explain the fluid power circuit for a drilling machine to discuss the following
functions, (i) Clamping the work piece (ii) drilling the work piece (iii) unclamping the work
piece. (15)
2 Three pneumatic cylinders A, B, C are used in an automatic sequence of operation. A cylinder
extends, B cylinders extends, B cylinder retracts, and then A cylinder retracts, C cylinder
extends andC cylinder retracts develop pneumatic circuit by cascade method. Sketch also
travel step diagram and explain briefly. (15)
2 Design a hydraulic circuit for Forklift application and explain it detail. (15)

3 Design a pneumatic circuit for pick and place robot application. (15)

Department of Mechanical Engineering GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 *X10710* Reg. No. :

Question Paper Code : X10710

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2022 AND APRIL/MAY 2022

Fifth/Sixth Semester
Mechanical Engineering

ME 8694 – HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS

(Common to Manufacturing Engineering/Mechanical Engineering (Sandwich)/Robotics and
Automation)

(Regulations 2017)

Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks

Answer ALL questions

PART – A (10×2=20 Marks)

1. List the application of fluid power.

2. Why the Fluid Power System is called muscle of Industry ?
3. Explain the term cylinder cushioning.
4. What is the difference between pressure relief valve and pressure reduce valve ?
5. What is the function of intensifier ? Mention the application.
6. What is the advantages of using sequencing circuit ?
7. Define fluidics.
8. What is FRL Unit and give the standard graphical symbol for FRL unit ?
9. Explain the low cost automation.
10. Describe the important component of hydraulic power pack.

PART – B (5×13=65 Marks)

11. a) List out the selection procedure of oil in Industrial hydraulic application.
(OR)
b) What is the difference between a fixed displacement pump and variable
displacement pump ? Explain with neat sketch construction and working of
external gear pump.

12. a) Explain the construction, working of gear type motor and vane type motor.
(OR)
 b) Explain any three types of special cylinder used in hydraulics with neat sketch.

13. a) Draw and explain the Air‐over‐oil circuit used in the hydraulic circuit.
(OR)
b) With help of circuit diagram explain types and applications of accumulator.

14. a) Explain with ANSI symbols a) All the types of Actuators used in pneumatics
b) Quick exhaust valve and 5/2 direction control valve.
(OR)
b) With the aid of circuit diagram explain the working principle of impulse
operation circuit in pneumatics.

15. a) How would you describe the failure and trouble shooting is carried out in
hydraulic system.
(OR)
b) How would you show and describe a hydraulic circuit to actuate a shaping
machine ram. Incorporate the following features in the circuit. i) Rapid tool
approach ii) Slow cutting and iii) Rapid tool retraction/return.

PART – C (1×15=15 Marks)

16. a) Design and explain the fluid power circuit for a drilling machine to discuss
the following functions, (i) Clamping the work piece (ii) drilling the work
piece (iii) unclamping the work piece.
(OR)
b) Three pneumatic cylinders A, B, C are used in an automatic sequence of
operation. A cylinder extends, B cylinders extends, B cylinder retracts, and
then A cylinder retracts, C cylinder extends and C cylinder retracts develop
pneumatic circuit by cascade method. Sketch also travel step diagram and
explain briefly.

–––––––––––––
 Reg. No. :

Question Paper Code : 80850

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021.

Fifth Semester

Mechanical Engineering

ME 2305/ME 1305/10122 ME 506/080120027/ME55 — APPLIED HYDRAULICS

AND PNEUMATICS

(Regulations 2008/2010)

(Common to Automobile Engineering, Mechanics and Automation Engineering and

Mechatronics Engineering)

Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

PART A — (10 u 2 = 20 marks)

1. List the applications of fluid power in agriculture and aviation industries.

2. Write the procedure to calculate the pressure drop in hydraulic circuits.

3. Distinguish between fixed displacement and variable displacement pumps.

4. List the merits and demerits of gear pump.

5. Draw the symbol of shuttle valve and write its use.

6. Why flow control valve is essential in hydraulic circuits?

7. What is the advantage of using sequencing circuit?

8. Where speed control circuits are required?

9. What is fluidics?

10. What are the basic elements of PLC?

 PART B — (5 u 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) (i) Explain the applications of fluid power system with example, list its
merits and demerits. (8)
(ii) Explain the fluid characteristics of fluid used in hydraulic system.
(8)

Or

(b) (i) Write short notes on

(1) Laminar flow
(2) Turbulent flow
(3) Pascal’s law applications. (6)
(ii) List the various valves and fittings used in hydraulic systems.
Explain their associative losses and its preventions. (10)

12. (a) (i) How pumps are classified? (6)

(ii) Explain with a neat sketch the construction and working principle
of internal gear pump. (10)

Or
(b) (i) Explain with suitable sketch the Working principle of telescopic
cylinder. (12)
(ii) What is power pack? Give its advantages. (4)

13. (a) (i) Explain the construction and working of a pilot operated pressure
relief valve with neat sketch. (8)
(ii) Briefly explain the various electrical devices used in the control of
fluid power systems. (8)

Or
(b) (i) Explain with the help of a circuit, how pressure intensification is
done in circuit. (8)
(ii) Write short notes on ‘sizing of Accumulators’. (8)

14. (a) (i) Write the procedures for selection of filter, regulator and lubricator.
(12)
(ii) Write a short note on mufflers. (4)

Or
(b) Design an electro pneumatic circuit using cascade method for the
following sequence A  B  B  A C C  . (16)

2 80850
15. (a) Design an electro pneumatic circuit for the following sequence.
A  A  B  B  where + is extension and – is retraction.

Or

(b) State the applications of fluidic devices. Explain the importance of electro
hydraulic servo systems and proportional valves.

——–––––––––

3 80850
&   Reg. No. :

Question Paper Code : ;60852

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, 129/'(& 2020

Fifth Semester
Mechanical Engineering
ME 2305/ME 1305/10122 ME 506/080120027 – APPLIED HYDRAULICS
AND PNEUMATICS
(Common to Automobile Engineering/Mechanical and Automation Engineering
and Mechatronics Engineering)
(Regulations 2008/2010)

Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks.

Answer ALL questions.

PART – A (10×2=20 Marks)

1. Define Reynold’s Number.

2. List the general types of hydraulics fluids.

3. What are the main advantages of gear motors ?

4. What is a pressure compensated vane pump, and how does it work ?

5. Differentiate fixed and variable displacement pumps.

6. List the basic arrangements in hydrostatic drives ?

7. What is the function of pressure regulator in a pneumatic system ?

8. What is a sequencing circuit ?

9. List the various methods used for designing logic circuits ?

10. Explain why interfacing is necessary in a microprocessor control of fluid

power ?
;60852 &  

PART – B (5×16= 80 Marks)

11. a) Describe the applications of fluid power system and list the main
components required for a power pack with circuit.
(OR)
b) State and explain the types of fluid power control systems with its
advantages.

12. a) i) Explain the construction and working of bent axis type piston pump with
neat sketch. (12)
ii) Write short notes on lobe pump. (4)
(OR)
b) i) Explain any three types of special cylinders used in hydraulics with neat
sketch. (12)
ii) What is cylinder cushion ? (4)

13. a) Classify the direction control valves in terms of position and explain each
with neat circuits. (16)
(OR)
b) What is the functions of a throttle value ? Draw and explain the meter in
meter out and bleed off circuits. (16)

14. a) Draw an pneumatic circuit by cascade method for following sequence of

operation: A+ B+ B– A– where A and B are the two cylinders and + indicates
extension and – indicates retraction of the cylinder. (16)
(OR)
b) Briefly explain FRL unit with neat sketch. (16)

15. a) i) Briefly explain the important factors in the maintenance of hydraulic and
pneumatic systems. (8)
ii) List the various approach for entering the program in the PLC. (8)
(OR)

b) i) Draw the pneumatic logic cylinder sequencing circuit with

neat sketch. (10)
ii) Draw the ladder diagram for dual cylinder sequencing circuit. (6)

________________