Plants are made of different tissues.

1.
(a) Which term describes a group of tissues working together?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Organ

Organism

Organ system

(1)

Figure 1 shows the tissues in a leaf.

Figure 1

Page 1 of 26
(b) Draw one line from each leaf tissue to an important feature of the tissue.

Leaf tissue Feature

Contains many air spaces

Palisade mesophyll

Contains the most

chloroplasts

Spongy mesophyll

Made of dead cells

(2)

(c) Xylem tissue transports water to the leaves.

Which term describes the loss of water from the leaves?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Transpiration

(1)

(d) Which substance strengthens xylem tissue?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Glucose

Lignin

Starch

(1)

Page 2 of 26
Figure 1 is repeated below.

Figure 1

(e) The upper epidermis is transparent.

Explain why the upper epidermis needs to be transparent.

Use Figure 1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 3 of 26
(f) Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

chloroplasts guard cells meristems stomata

The pores in the lower epidermis of a leaf are called ____________________ .

The opening and closing of the pores in the lower epidermis is controlled

by ____________________ .
(2)

Figure 2 shows two cells from phloem tissue.

Figure 2

(g) Part A in Figure 2 contains cell sap.

Name part A in Figure 2.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Sugars move from cell Y into cell X against the concentration gradient.

Energy is needed to move sugars against the concentration gradient.

Page 4 of 26
 (h) Which process moves sugars against the concentration gradient?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Active transport

Diffusion

Osmosis

(1)

(i) Which cell structures are needed to provide energy to move sugars?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Chloroplasts

Chromosomes

Mitochondria

(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Pathogens cause disease.

2.
(a) How does the skin defend the human body against pathogens?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 5 of 26
The stomach contains acid to kill pathogens.

A scientist investigated the effect of acid on the survival of bacteria.

This is the method used.

1. Prepare four test tubes each with 10 cm3 of culture solution.

2. Use acid to adjust the pH of the solutions to be pH1, pH2, pH3 and pH5

3. Add 1 cm3 of bacteria mixture to each test tube.

4. Take a 0.1 cm3 sample from each test tube and record the number of live bacteria.

5. Keep the test tubes at 37 °C for 24 hours.

6. Repeat step 4.

The table below shows some of the results.

Number of live bacteria

Time in
hours
pH1 pH2 pH3 pH5

0 210 210 210 216

24 23 X 63 185

(b) What fraction of the bacteria present at 0 hours for pH3 survived for 24 hours?

Give your answer in its simplest form.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Fraction surviving = ____________________

(2)

Page 6 of 26
(c) How many more bacteria were killed at pH1 than at pH5 in 24 hours?

Complete the following steps.

Calculate the number of bacteria killed at pH1

___________________________________________________________________

Calculate the number of bacteria killed at pH5

___________________________________________________________________

Calculate how many more bacteria were killed at pH1 than at pH5

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Number = _____________________
(3)

(d) A student calculated value X in above table to be 43

Suggest how the student calculated this value.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 7 of 26
 Measles is caused by a virus.
3.
(a) The measles vaccine is given to children to prevent them becoming ill with measles.

Draw one line from each blood component to its function when someone is vaccinated
against measles.

Blood component Function

Help clot the blood where the

vaccine was injected

Platelets

Produce antibodies to the

measles virus

Produce the measles skin

rash

White blood cells

Transport oxygen to the

measles virus

(2)

Page 8 of 26
The figure below shows information about trends in the UK for:
• percentage of children vaccinated
• the number of people with measles.

(b) What year was the measles vaccine first used?

Use the figure above.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 9 of 26
(c) Describe the trend in the number of people with measles from 1945 to 1975.

Use the figure above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

In 1998, a scientific paper was published suggesting a link between condition X and one type of
measles vaccine.

(d) What happened to the percentage of children vaccinated against measles after the
scientific paper was published in 1998?

Use the figure above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Why might the claims made in the scientific paper have affected the percentage of children
vaccinated?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

The measles pathogen did not exist in the UK anymore.

Parents were worried their children would get condition X.

The health service in the UK did not have any vaccines.

(1)

Page 10 of 26
(f) In 2010, the scientific paper linking condition X and the measles vaccine was shown to be
based on false claims.

What should scientists do with scientific research to help detect false claims?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Have the research peer reviewed.

Publish the research on the internet.

Send a research questionnaire to the public.

(1)

(g) The person who wrote the scientific paper was paid to research the link between condition
X and the measles vaccine.

Why are the claims in the scientific paper likely to be considered not valid?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 11 of 26
 Starch and sugar are two types of carbohydrate.
4.
(a) Describe the chemical tests that a student could use to show if bread contains:
• starch
• sugar.

You should include the results of a positive test and a negative test for each type of
carbohydrate.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 12 of 26
A student investigated three types of bread.

For each type of bread, the student:

• put a square piece of bread into their mouth
• did not chew the bread
• recorded the time taken for the bread to taste sweet.

Table 1 shows the results.

Table 1

Time taken for bread to

Type of bread
taste sweet in seconds

Brown 43

White 35

Wholemeal 57

(b) Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

amylase fat lipase protease sugar

The starch in the bread was broken down by the

enzyme ____________________ .

The enzyme broke down the starch into ____________________ .

(2)

(c) What was the independent variable in the investigation?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

The size of the piece of bread

The temperature of the mouth

The type of bread

(1)

Page 13 of 26
(d) Give two conclusions that can be made from the results in Table 1.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Table 1 is repeated below.

Table 1

Time taken for bread to

Type of bread
taste sweet in seconds

Brown 43

White 35

Wholemeal 57

The student improved the investigation.

Table 2 shows the results.

Table 2

Time taken for bread to taste sweet in

seconds
Type of bread
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Mean

Brown 38 43 45 42

White 35 31 39 35

Wholemeal 58 55 61 X

Page 14 of 26
(e) What did the student do to improve the investigation?

Use Table 1 and Table 2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Calculate value X in Table 2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

X = ____________________ seconds
(2)

(g) Why should the student do the investigation with more people?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Each person’s sense of taste is different.

More people would make the investigation safer.

There are many different types of bread.

(1)
(Total 14 marks)

Page 15 of 26
 Cancer occurs when there is uncontrolled cell division.
5.
(a) Which two factors can cause cancer?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓

Antibiotics

Ionising radiation

Monoclonal antibodies

Salmonella

Viruses

(2)

(b) What type of cell division occurs in cancerous cells?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Binary fission

Fertilisation

Mitosis

(1)

(c) Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

decrease fertilise grow replicate

Before a cell divides, the cell needs to ____________________.

Before a cell divides, the DNA in the nucleus needs to ____________________.

(2)

Page 16 of 26
Figure 1 shows the cell cycle.

Figure 1

(d) What percentage of the time taken for the cell cycle does the cell growth stage take?

Use Figure 1.

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

10% 20% 40% 90%

(1)

(e) What happens during stage X of the cell cycle in Figure 1?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell.

The cell increases in size and mass.

The number of mitochondria increases.

(1)

Page 17 of 26
Figure 2 shows an animal cell during cell division.

Figure 2

(f) Name structure Z in Figure 2.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(g) The image of the cell in Figure 2:

• is magnified 800 times
• has a width of 50 mm.

Calculate the real width of the cell in Figure 2.

Give your answer in micrometres (µm).

Use the equation:

real width of cell =

1 mm = 1000 µm

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Real width of cell = ____________________ µm

(3)

Some drugs can treat cancer.

Page 18 of 26
(h) Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

cells people plants viruses

Preclinical testing of cancer drugs is done using _______________.

To check if the drug is safe, the drug is tested on _______________.

(2)

(i) In drug trials some patients are given a tablet which does not contain the drug.

What name is given to the tablet that does not contain the drug?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

Page 19 of 26
Mark schemes
(a) organ
1. 1

(b)

do not accept more than one line from a box on the left 1
1

(c) transpiration
1

(d) lignin
1

(e) (so) light can reach (palisade / spongy) mesophyll

allow (so) light can reach (other / lower) layers / tissues
allow (so) light can reach other / lower cells
allow (so) light can reach chloroplasts / chlorophyll
ignore (so) light can get through
1

for photosynthesis
1

(f) stomata
must be in this order
1

guard cells
1

(g) (permanent) vacuole

1

(h) active transport

1

(i) mitochondria
1
[12]

Page 20 of 26
 (a) (physical) barrier
2. or
stops pathogens entering (blood / body)
allow named pathogen throughout
allow produces antimicrobial secretions
allow produces oil / sebum / sweat
ignore reference to scabs / clots
1

(b)

allow 0.3
ignore 30%
if neither mark awarded allow for 1 mark
1

(c) (at pH1) 187 (killed)

ignore negative symbol throughout
1

(at pH5) 31 (killed)

1

(187 – 31) = 156

(more bacteria killed)
allow correct subtraction using incorrect calculation at pH1 and/or
pH5
1

Page 21 of 26
 (d) (the student) calculated the midpoint
1

(between) 23 and 63

OR

any two from:

• = 20

• 20 + 23 = 43

• 63 – 20 = 43
allow (between values at) pH1 and pH3
allow = 43 for 2 marks
allow plot data from the table on graph (1) then read off value for
pH2 (1)
allow other correct methods for up to 2 marks
1
[8]

(a)
3.

do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
1

(b) 1968
allow 1969
1

Page 22 of 26
 (c) increases
1

(then) levels off / plateaus

allow (then) stays the same
allow reaches a maximum
between 1956 and 1968
1

(then) decreases
ignore use of numbers of people
if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for (overall) decrease
1

(d) (the percentage) decreased

allow (the percentage)
decreased then increased
allow (the percentage) changed from 92% to 80%
1

(e) parents were worried their children would get condition X

1

(f) have the research peer reviewed

1

(g) any one from:

• (the author was) biased

• (the author was) influenced by money

• because the research was not peer reviewed

• there was not enough evidence

• small sample size

ignore (the author) was paid
1
[10]

(a) Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are identified and
4. given in detail to form an accurate account.
3−4

Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply stated but their relevance is
not clear.
1−2

No relevant content
0

Page 23 of 26
 Indicative content:

Starch
• iodine (solution) tests for starch
• iodine (solution) turns to blue-black or black or dark blue (if starch is
present)
• iodine (solution) remains unchanged / yellow / orange / brown (if no
starch is present)

Sugar
• Benedict’s (reagent / solution) tests for sugar
• boil or heat (to at least 60 °C)
• Benedict’s (reagent / solution) turns green / yellow / orange / brown /
(brick) red (if sugar is present)
• Benedict’s (reagent / solution) remains unchanged / blue (if no sugar is present)

For Level 2, the response must give details of the tests for starch and sugar.

(b) amylase
must be in this order
1

sugar
1

(c) the type of bread

1

(d) any two from:

• white bread tastes sweet in the least time
• wholemeal bread takes most time to taste sweet
• brown bread takes more time than white bread to taste sweet
allow answers in terms of rate, such as fastest / slowest to taste
sweet
allow to break down for to taste sweet, throughout
allow a correct comparison of time to taste sweet for two types of
bread, for 1 mark
allow any two correct comparisons of time to taste sweet for two
types of bread, for 2 marks
ignore use of figures, unqualified
2

(e) repeated (each type of bread)

1

calculated a mean
1

Page 24 of 26
 (f)

allow
1

58 (seconds)
allow student’s total correctly divided by 3
if no answer given in answer space allow answer written in Table 2
1

(g) each person’s sense of taste is different

1
[14]

(a) ionising radiation

5. 1

viruses
1

(b) mitosis
1

(c) grow
must be in this order
1

replicate
1

(d) 40%
1

(e) chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell

1

(f) (cell) membrane

1

(g)

allow conversion to µm at any stage in the calculation

1

0.0625 (mm)
1

62.5 (µm)
allow correct conversion from student’s incorrect calculation
1

Page 25 of 26
(h) cells
must be in this order
1

people
1

(i) placebo
allow placebo effect
ignore examples and descriptions of placebos
1
[14]

Page 26 of 26