Easy Questions

1 (a) Figure 1 shows an image of a plant cell, Identify structures P, Q and R.

Figure 1

(3 marks)

(b) Which of the following structures is not found in a prokaryotic cell.

A. A cellulose cell wall

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(c) Complete the table by adding a (✓) or a (X) to compare the components seen in plant
cells and animals cells.

Component Animal cell Plant cell

Cell wall

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

(2 marks)

(d) Figure 2 shows a plant cell drawn to scale.

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 Figure 2

Calculate how many times longer the cell length is compared to the chloroplast length.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) Figure 3 shows some muscle cells.

Figure 3

Identify the function of a muscle cell and explain how they are adapted for this function.

(3 marks)

(b) Figure 4 shows some information about specialised cells.

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 Figure 4

Identify the type specialised cell shown and match each one to the correct function.

(3 marks)

(c) Describe how the xylem is adapted for carrying water and mineral ions around a plant.

(1 mark)

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(d) Name the process by which a cell changes to become specialised.

(1 mark)

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3 (a) Figure 5 shows liver cell which measures 60 mm.

Figure 5

Calculate the magnification of the liver cell using the equation below:

Image size
Magnification = Actual size

(2 marks)

(b) A light microscope could not be used to observe a cell as seen in Figure 5.

Identify the evidence from Figure 5 that supports this statement.

(1 mark)

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(c) Label the microscope in Figure 6.

(4 marks)

(d) A student set up a light microscope to observe a specimen.

The magnification of the eyepiece lens was x10 and the magnification of the objective
lens was x 20.

What was the overall magnification of the light microscope.

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 (1 mark)

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4 (a) Describe the method used to prepare an onion cell specimen on a microscope slide for
observation with a light microscope.

(4 marks)

(b) A student set up the investigation described in part (a) and produced a biological
drawing of one cell that they observed with the microscope.

Give one rule which should be observed when creating a biological drawing.

(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) Both muscle and sperm cells are specialised animal cells.

The nucleus of a muscle cell is different from the nucleus of a sperm cell.

Outline one way in which the nucleus is different between these two cells.

(1 mark)

(b) All specialised cells are adapted to carry out their function.

Describe two adaptations of a sperm cell that enables it to carry out its function.

(4 marks)

(c) Specialised cells develop from unspecialised cells by differentiation when an organism
develops.

Describe what happens when a cell differentiates.

(2 marks)

(d) Compare the process of differentiation in animals and plants.

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 (2 marks)

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2 (a) Cells can be visualised with a light microscope.

Figure 1 shows some smooth muscle cells from the wall of the small intestine.

Figure 1

All cells contain ribosomes.

Outline the function of ribosomes.

(1 mark)

(b) Muscle cells contain many mitochondria, as seen Figure 1.

What is the function of mitochondria?

(2 marks)

(c) Suggest why it is possible to visualise mitochondria using a light microscope, but not
ribosomes.

(2 marks)

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(d) Identify which cell from the list below would not contain mitochondria and suggest why
this type of cell does not contain this cellular structure.

Liver cell

Gamete

Palisade cell

Bacterium

(2 marks)

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3 (a) Figure 2 shows a bacterial cell and an animal cell as seen in a student’s textbook.

Figure 2

Animal cells store their genetic material in a nucleus, whereas a bacterial cell does not.

Give one other way in which a bacterial cell differs from an animal cell.

(1 mark)

(b) The cells in the diagram are drawn to a length of 100 mm in the student’s textbook.

The actual length of the animal cell is 60 micrometers (µm).

Calculate the magnification of the animal cell to 2 significant figures.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

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 (2 marks)

(c) The nucleus of an animal cell has a diameter of about 6 µm.

Suggest a reason as to why bacteria do not have a nucleus.

(1 mark)

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4 (a) Animal and plant cells have some structural features in common.

Name two structures you would find in both an animal cell and a plant cell.

(2 marks)

(b) Figure 3 shows a photomicrograph of the surface of a plant root.

Figure 3

Name structure X.

(1 mark)

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(c) Calculate the actual length of structure X in Figure 3.

Show your working.

(2 marks)

(d) Failure of structure X to develop properly in the cells of a plant root could be
catastrophic to a plant.

Suggest an explanation as to why.

(4 marks)

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5 (a) Figure 4 below shows a plant cell.

Figure 4

Name each labelled part of the plant cell and give its function.

(6 marks)

(b) Identify the cell wall in Figure 4, label it as S and describe its function.

(2 marks)

(c) The cell wall of a plant is made from cellulose.

Name one type of cell, other than a plant cell, that has a cell wall made from cellulose.

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 (1 mark)

(d) The cell in Figure 5 below is a salivary gland cell.

Figure 5

Salivary gland cells are adapted to produce salivary amylase, an important enzyme in
digestion.

Use the information above and your own knowledge to suggest how salivary gland cells
are adapted to their function.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 (a) Compare and contrast the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Include reference to the relative sizes of cellular structures in your answer.

(6 marks)

(b) Figure 1 shows a cell found in the glands responsible for producing saliva in the mouth.

Figure 1

Identify the protein, produced by these cells, that is required for digestion of
carbohydrates.

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 (1 mark)

(c) Suggest how the cell in Figure 1 is adapted for its function.

(4 marks)

(d) Describe how cell specialisation results in a zygote developing into a baby.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) Figure 2 shows three different cells.

Figure 2

Calculate the size ratio of the bacterial cell compared to the liver cell and mesophyll cell.

(3 marks)

(b) Explain the role of differentiation in the development of root hair cells which allows them
to carry out their specific function in plants.

(4 marks)

(c) Some scientists completed a study to investigate the starch content of roots in a species
of grass at four points throughout the year.

Their results can be seen in Figure 3.

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 Figure 3

Explain how the starch found in the roots of grass species helps to support growth of the
grass.

(3 marks)

(d) Calculate the percentage change of stored starch from October to January and suggest a
reason for this change.

(3 marks)

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3 (a) The micrograph image below shows the organelle responsible for providing energy for
cellular processes.

Figure 4

Name the organelle in Figure 4.

(1 mark)

(b) The organelle in the image is viewed at a magnification of 20 000 x.

Calculate the actual size of the organelle in Figure 4 and give your answer in mm shown
as standard form.

(3 marks)

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(c) Suggest whether this image was observed through a light microscope or an electron
microscope.

Explain your answer.

(3 marks)

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4 (a) Complete Table 1 to show the correct size conversions. Record your answers as ordinary
numbers.

Table 1

Measurement Unit Conversion Unit

15.3 cm µm

3 x 10-6 mm µm

0.25 m µm

(3 marks)

(b) The mass of bacterial cells was measured in femtograms (fg).

1 femtogram = 1 x 10-15g

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 Figure 5

Calculate the mass of bacteria, in grams, immediately after binary fission when the cell
growth rate was 0.1 fg s-1.

Give your answer in standard form.

(3 marks)

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(c) The electron micrograph shows some cellular structure in a leaf. A student uses their
ruler to measure the scale bar, which they find to be 1.5 cm.

Figure 6

Calculate the magnification of the image.

(3 marks)

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