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W8 Systems 2

The document discusses masonry and reinforced concrete construction, detailing their structural components, including walls, columns, beams, and foundations. It explains the load-bearing characteristics of masonry walls and the composite nature of reinforced concrete, highlighting the importance of various foundation types. Additionally, it covers the roles of different structural elements in buildings, such as shear walls and elevator shafts, in supporting loads and resisting forces.

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clarawessolowski
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12 views16 pages

W8 Systems 2

The document discusses masonry and reinforced concrete construction, detailing their structural components, including walls, columns, beams, and foundations. It explains the load-bearing characteristics of masonry walls and the composite nature of reinforced concrete, highlighting the importance of various foundation types. Additionally, it covers the roles of different structural elements in buildings, such as shear walls and elevator shafts, in supporting loads and resisting forces.

Uploaded by

clarawessolowski
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Masonry Construction

- Load bearing
- It is rarely used today for large buildings, but rather for smaller residential structures
- It consists of thick, heavy masonry walls of brick or stone that support the entire
structure, including horizontal floor slabs, which could be made of reinforced concrete,
wood or steel members
- Every wall acts as a load carrying element
- It is not possible to make openings/holes in a wall to connect two rooms without
modifying the structure ( adding reinforcements), as the structure would be damaged
- The weight of the walls helps to hold the building together and stabilize it against
external (horizontal forces) such as wind and an earthquake
- Every wall has a simple continuous strip foundation below

Structural masonry walls are typically constructed using concrete masonry. The
concrete masonry can be reinforced both vertically and horizontally to achieve the
required flexural resistance. Vertical reinforcement that is installed within the cells of the
concrete masonry is generally grouted solid

Mortar: a building material made of lime and cement mixed with sand and water
that is spread between bricks or stones so as to hold them together when it
hardens

Brick facade cladding:


Brick walls

Bricks are bound together by a cementitious or lime mortar, usually 10mm thick for
the horizontal (bedding) joints and 10mm wide for the vertical (perpend) joints. Brick
walls can be straight, curved, zig-zag, and so on in plan form and typically vary in
thickness from 102.5 mm upwards
Reinforced Concrete Construction:

- It is applied in liquid form, therefore the mold or framework is an essential


element

Composite material: Concrete + steel

- The combination of steel and concrete, makes it an excellent material for load
bearing purposes
- Concrete takes compressive stresses
- Steel mainly tensile stresses

- The concrete protects the steel from corrosion by means of sufficient concrete
cover
- The reinforcement steel generally comes in form of bars, mats or fibers
- It usually has a longitudinal and cross rubbing to produce a better bond with the
concrete
Structural components:

The basic components of a building structure are:

- Floor and roof systems


- Beams
- Columns
- Walls
- Foundations

These components can be classified into:


- Horizontal components: floors, roofs, beams
- Vertical components: columns and walls
- Linear: Columns and beams
- Planar: slabs and walls
- Superstructure: The part of the building which is above the ground
- Substructure: The part of the building which is below ground (foundations,
basement…ect)

Foundations:

- Transmit the weight of the superstructure to the supporting soil


- Wide elements to better distribute the loads

Types of foundations:

Shallow vs deep foundations

Single vs combined foundation


Spread Footing: (shallow foundation)

- Transfer the load from the columns to the soil

Strip Footing: (shallow foundation)


- Transfer the load from the walls that support

Combined Footing: (shallow foundation)


- Support more than one column
- When two or more spread footing are too close
together, they are combined in order to simplify the
construction process

Raft foundation; (shallow foundations -


combinations )
- Where several colons rest upon a mat,
distributing the column or wall loads
over a uniform soil bearing area
- Usually applied in 2 situations:
- A. When the building has very
high loads - very big spread
foundation that come together
- B. influence of the water table
Deep Foundations

- When the superficial soil strata does not offer good


load bearing conditions, it is necessary to insert the
foundations deeper into the soil
- They are called piles
- They work in two different ways:
- By depth
- By friction
-
2. Columns
- Columns are vertical components that support a structural floor system
- Columns are usually subjected to combined axial load and bending.
- Columns are the most important part of reinforced concrete frame structures, as
they
are the primary load-carrying element of the building.
- If you damage a beam in a building, it will usually affect only one floor, but damage to a
column could bring down the entire building.

3. Beams
- Beams transmit the loads from the floors to
the vertical supports (columns and walls).
- Beams are usually cast monolithically with
the slab and are subjected to bending and
shear.

Precast
4. Floor systems

- Floor and roof systems are the main horizontal structural components in a building
- Carry gravity loads and transfer them to the vertical components (columns or walls)
- Horizontal diaphragms; transferring the lateral load to the vertical components of a
structure
- They are the planes which define the enclosed space to be used by the inhabitants

a) slab -beam and grinder:


- The slabs are supported by the beams, which are in turn supported by girders

Girder: is a large beam that carried loads from the beams framing into it
- Beams around the outside edges of the floor are called spandrel beams.
b) Slab band:
- Uniform slab
- Usually applied for long spans with heavy loads
- Span: 7-9m
- Car parks e.g

C) Flat slab - with thickening


- A system without beams, the slab is
supported by colons round or square
- It may require a cone shaped cap on the
top of the column, called the capital, and a
drop panel which is a thickened panel
above it
- Applied to building with heavy loads
- Span: 7-9m
d) Flat plate:

- Similar to flat slab, but there are no


capitals or panels
- The columns are usually circular or
square
- Applied in buildings with less loads and
smaller spans
- Span: 6-7,5

e) slab with beams


- The beams frame into columns and support floor or roof
slabs
- They provide moment interaction with the columns (this
interaction is
essential for the frame to resist lateral loads).
- Span: up to 18 m
- Bay span: 5,5 – 8 m
f) Joist floor

This system consists of a series of closely spaced


joists (similar to small beams),
spanning in one or two directions, topped by a
reinforced concrete slab
cast integrally with the joists, and beams spanning
between the columns
perpendicular to the joists.

Span: 9 -12 m

g) Waffle slab:

This is a two-way reinforced concrete joist floor.


Waffles are hollow spaces between the joists.
Span: 9 -12 m
5. Walls

- Walls are vertical planar elements that can provide vertical enclosure for a space. Not
every wall in a building is structural.
- Load bearing walls carry gravity loads only, whereas shear walls have a major role in
carrying lateral loads due to wind and earthquakes.
- Reinforced concrete basement walls are built in the basements of buildings that are
subjected to lateral soil pressure in addition to gravity loads.
- Partition walls are those that define spaces but do not have load
bearing functions.

Shear walls

- Shear Walls are important structural elements in high-rise


buildings.
- Their main function in a building is to help taking care of
horizontal
forces on buildings like wind and earthquake loads but they
also carry
vertical loads.
- It is important to understand that they only work for
horizontal loads in
one direction - the axis of the long dimension of the wall.
- They are usually not required in low-rise structures.
6. Elevator shaft

- Elevator Shafts are vertical boxes in which the elevators move up and down - normally
each elevator is enclosed in its own concrete box.
- These shafts are also very good structural elements, helping to resist horizontal loads,
and also carrying vertical.
- Elevator shafts can be not built with reinforced concrete but with
masonry work. These can have load bearing functions but not against shear (lateral
loads).

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