Types BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

INDEX
❖Introduction
❖Classification Of Buildings
❖Types Of Load
❖Building Components
• Their Functions
• Nominal Dimension
 INTRODUCTION
• Building construction is an ancient human activity.
• It began with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to
moderate the effects of climate.
• Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt
themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global species.
The history of civil construction was began from the period of Primitive
human.
From the protection against cold, rain,
heat, etc they made “cave” as their shelter.

But that was not enough, cave didn’t

remained safe for long, so huts from the
straws and leaves…..evolution goes on…!

But for better comfort, civil construction

got evolved and still evolving…

Today, we have every comfort and facility, but we have to face the future
upcoming challenges as the shortage of land, etc
 CLASSIFICATION OF
BUILDINGS
❖ Building are Classified as follows :

i. Based on Occupancy
ii. Based on Structure
 Hazardous Storage
Buildings Buildings
Residential
Buildings

Industrial
Buildings
BASED
Educational
Buildings ON
OCCUPANCY

Mercantile
Buildings

Institutional
Buildings

Assembly Business
Buildings Buildings
BASED ON STRUCTURE
Load Bearing Structure

Framed Structure

Composite Structure
 LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
 It is a structure comprising of Slabs,
Beams and Load Bearing walls.

 Such type of structures are most

suited where Hard Strata of soil is
available at shallow depth.
 Load from slab/roof or trusses and floors are
transmitted through walls to the subsoil below ground
through their foundations.

 Brick foundation needs larger

foundation area w.r.t. RCC
framed structure, because load
bearing capacity of brick is much
less than that of RCC.

 Most of residential buildings are

small in size and are up to Three
Storey are constructed as load
bearing structures.
 Advantages Disadvantages
• It has thick brick wall. Thicker • It losses Carpet Area due to more thickness of wall.
walls give more weather
resistance, noise • Labour work is increase and Material like brick is
protection. also required in Quantity.

• It is good & cheap for less • When the Wall collapse in any situation then Whole
than 2 floored structure will collapse.
construction because bricks
• Load bearing structure is bad at earthquake
are cheap.
resistance as shock waves produce irregular tension &
compression in columns; tension is beared greatly by
steel of RCC which is absent in load bearing structure .
 FRAMED STRUCTURE
• It is a structure comprising of
Slabs resting on beams and
Beams are supported by a
network of Columns.

• The frame structure can be of

Concrete , Steel or of Wood.
 Loads from the slabs are transferred to the beams and beams rest over
columns and whole load of the structure is transferred to the subsoil below
the ground through columns and their footings.
 Here, walls just act like partitions and none
of them bears load

 R.C.C is the most suitable material to

withstand external loads like
compressive ,tensile ,torsion and shear
along with moment, so all framed structures
are constructed with R.C.C .

 Generally all multi stored buildings or high-

rise buildings are constructed as framed
structure.
 Advantages Disadvantages

• Flexible and they have • The disadvantages lies in between

good results in different types of frame structure
Earthquake. such as Concrete Structure, Steel
Structure, Wood Structure.
• Cost reduction due to
thinner walls

• Speed of Construction

• Can add more floors

• Carpet Area is almost

 COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
• The structure constructed with combination of both load bearing as well as
framed structure is called composite structure.

• In this type of structure external walls

are treated as load bearing walls and
all intermediate supports are in the
form of R.C.C. columns.
• Here the load of slabs is transmitted to the subsoil
below the ground by load bearing walls and columns
through foundations

• Composite structures are preferred for buildings having

large spans such as workshops , halls , large factories
shed , go downs etc.

• They been very remarkable for Huge or Tall bulidings

around the world.
 LOAD
Snow Load Rain Load

Live Load Snow Load

Wind Load Earthquake Load

Anything which exerts pressure or thrust on a structure is termed as

Load.
 Dead Load
• It is permanent , immovable and nontransferable load of
structure.
• Walls , floors , roofs, partitions ,
ceilings , water tanks and weights
of all other permanent
constructions or structures and
fixtures are included in dead load.
 Live Load
• It is movable, temporary and transferable load on
the floor and hence it is variable.
• Weight of everything
superimposed on, or temporarily
attached to, a structure (people,
machinery and equipment,
furniture, appliances, etc.) but Not
that of the material utilized in its
construction or of anything
permanently attached to it.
 Wind Load
• In case of Tall Buildings, the effect due to wind should be taken into
consideration.
• The effect of wind Pressure is to
reduce the pressure on the foundation
on the Windward side & to increase
the pressure on the foundation on the
Leeward side.

• If height of a building is less than

twice its effective width, the wind load
can be neglected.
 Snow Load
• Snow loads are prevalent in northern and/or mountainous
regions all over the world.
• It actually acts on Roof. It depends upon
the Shape of the roof & it’s Capacity to
retain the snow.

• Load of Snow maybe taken as 2.5 kg/m^2

per Centimetre depth of Snow.

• It can be neglected if slopes greater than

50 ° angle.
 Rain Load
• It actually acts on Roofs whose positioning, shape and drainage
system are such that they accumulate rain water.

• Thus, due to accumulation of rain

water, load due to it is called Rain
Load.

• The Rain loads and Live loads for the

Roofs shall be considered separately.
 Earthquake Load
• The random Earthquake causes shaking of the ground, which causes
the whole structure to vibrate. It can be resolved in any three mutually
perpendicular directions.

• The prominent direction of Ground

vibrations is usually in Horizontal
directions.

• Although, it may get damaged but

would not collapse until
earthquake is of beyond the limit.
 BUILDING COMPONENTS
A building has two main components:

I. Sub-structure(foundations)
II. Superstructure
 Sub-structure (foundations)

• It is the lower portion of the building, usually

constructed below the ground level , which transmits
the load of the superstructure to the subsoil

• The basic function of a sub-struture or foundations is to

transit the dead loads , super-imposed loads and wind
loads from a building to the soil on which the building
rests
FOUNDATIONS
• The basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads,
live loads and other loads to the sub soil on which it reads in such a
way that settlement of the soil does not fail in shear

• The following are types of foundations , generally used.

I. Shallow foundations
II. Deep foundations
 I. Shallow Foundations
• If depth of foundation is equal to or less than its width is called
shallow foundations
• As a general rule , all the shallow foundations should be taken to a
minimum depth of 800mm below natural ground level unless hard
soil is availabe within 800mm

• Shallow foundations are of 4 types

1. Spread footing 3. Strap footings
2. Combined footings 4. Raft or Mat foundations
• Spread Footings: They are those which spread the
superimposed load of wall or column over a larger area
• Spread footings may be the following kinds
1. Single footing for a column
2. Stepped footing for a column
3. Slopped footing (trapezoidal) for a column
4. Wall footing without step
5. Stepped footing for wall
6. Grillage foundation
• Combined Footings: A spread footing which supports
two or more columns is termed as combined footing

• The combined footings maybe of following kinds:

I. Rectangular combined footing
II. Trapezoidal combined footing
• Strap footing: It consists of two or more footings of
individual columns connected by a beam called a strap
• Raft foundation: It is a combined footing which covers
the entire area below whole building or structure and
supports all the walls and columns
 II. Deep Foundations
• when the depth of foundations is greater or equal to its width
is called deep foundations

• Pile foundations is that type of deep foundation in which the

loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members
which may be of timber , concrete or steel
• Piles used for building foundation maybe of four kinds:

a. End bearing pile

b. Friction pile
c. Combined end bearing and friction pile
d. Compaction piles