PHYSICS I EXPERIMENTS

PÎRÎ REİS UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Science and Letters
2022
PHYSICS I EXPERIMENTS

PÎRÎ REİS UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Science and Letters
2022
Course Description and Objective
The Physics-I Laboratory course is aimed at students who major in Maritime Faculty. This
course is strongly suggested to be taken in parallel with the course Physics-I (PHYS 111),
where the physical theories behind the experiments covered in this course are discussed in
detail. The first objective of this course is to prepare students with fundamental knowledge of
physics necessary for higher engineering courses. The second objective is to help students
improve their analytical thinking and problem solving capabilities. We will cover experiments
as outlined below. We will need basic algebra, trigonometry and calculus. Students who are not
familiar with these topics are requested to take a glance at them before the lectures begin.

Prof. Dr. Zehra Akdeniz

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gülşen Akın Evingür
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ozan S. Sarıyer

ii
Name Surname
Students Number
Faculty/Department
Lab Day/Hour
e-mail
Instructor

Report Performance Exp. Setup Grade

# Experiment Date Signature
(70%) (20%) (10%) (100%)
Basic
1 Measurements

Kinematics of
2 Projectile Motion

Newton’s Laws
3 of Motion

Conservation of
4 Linear Momentum

Rotational
5 Dynamics

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Experiment 1. Basic Measurements………………………………………………………… 1

Experiment 2. Kinematics of Projectile Motion……………………………………………. 13
Experiment 3. Newton’s Laws of Motion…………………………………………………. . 23
Experiment 4. Conservation of Linear Momentum………………………………………… 33
Experiment 5. Rotational Dynamics………………………………………………….…….. 43
Appendix A. Graphical Analysis……………………………………………………………. 53
Appendix B. Physical quantities and multiplies in SI system………………………………. 55

PHYSICS LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

1. KNOW WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY.

Observe the locations of fire extinguishers. Report all accidents, injuries, and close calls to the
instructor immediately. If the instructor is not available at the time of the emergency, call
Public Safety immediately.
2. PERFORM ALL EXPERIMENTS AS DIRECTED.
Do not do anything which is not part of an approved experimental procedure. Follow all
instructions given by your laboratory instructor.
3. BE PROPERLY PREPARED TO DO THE EXPERIMENT.
Read all written procedures in advance and understand what you are going to do. Know the
hazards before you do the experiments.
4. IF INSTRUCTED, WEAR THE APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
This may include goggles and/or gloves.
5. ACT IN A RESPONSIBLE MANNER AT ALL TIMES.
No horseplay in laboratories.
6. ALWAYS WEAR APPROPRIATE CLOTHING FOR THE LABORATORY.
No sandals, no shorts, limited jewelry. Tie back long hair to keep it away from moving objects.
7. SMOKING, EATING, DRINKING ARE PROHIBITED IN ALL LABORATORIES.

8. FOLLOW ELECTRICAL RULES AS DESCRIBED BY YOUR INSTRUCTOR.

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Experiment 1: BASIC MEASUREMENTS

AIM: Learning how to

 use basic instruments such as Vernier calipers and triple beam balance,
 work with significant figures,
 determine experimental errors,
 present basic experimental results.

DEVICES USED: Vernier calipers, triple beam balance, metal prism.

INTRODUCTION

Significant Figures

A significant figure is the quantity of digits in a number that shows the length of that number.
To indicate the precision, a number is generally written with as many digits as are significant.
In this sense the location of the decimal point has nothing to do with the number of significant
figures. The number of significant figures in a result is determined as follows:

1. The leftmost nonzero digit is the most significant digit.

2. If there is no decimal point, the rightmost nonzero digit is the least significant digit.
3. If there is a decimal point, the rightmost digit is the least significant digit, even if it is a
0.
4. All digits between the least and most significant digits are counted as significant digits.

As examples, consider the following length measurements:

(a) 41.20 m: contains four significant figures, and what it really means is that the quantity
is closer to 41.20 m rather than to 41.19 m or to 41.21 m; it lies between 41.195 m and
41.205 m (accuracy is 0.01 m).
(b) 412.0 m: contains four significant figures (accuracy is 0.1 m).
(c) 412 m: contains three significant figures (accuracy is 1 m).
(d) 0.000412 m: contains three significant figures (accuracy is 0.000001 m).
(e) 412000 m is interesting in the sense that the accuracy is not clear. The result does not
indicate whether the resolution of measurement was as large as 1000 m or as small as 1
m. In order to avoid confusion, we use scientific notation when writing such numbers.

Scientific Notation

In science, we write numbers as an argument in decimal form times the appropriate power of
10, see examples below:

1
 Standard Notation Scientific Notation
4.12 4.12
0.070 7.0 × 10-2
491 4.91 × 102

The two numbers, 4.120 × 105 m and 4.1200 × 105 m in scientific notation, are both written as
412000 m in standard notation. Writing those numbers in scientific notation, one can
understand the accuracy of those numbers: 4.120 × 105 m has four significant figures with a
100 m accuracy, whereas 4.1200 × 105 m has five significant figures and the accuracy is 10 m.

Rounding
When insignificant digits are removed from a number, the last existing digit must be rounded
off for best accuracy. We have a set of rules in rounding a number to a specific number of
significant figures. These rules are as follows:
1. If the remaining number after the nth digit contributes less than half a unit in the nth
place, the nth digit is left unchanged.
2. If the remaining number after the nth digit contributes more than half a unit in the nth
place, the nth digit is increased by unity.
3. If the remaining number after the nth digit is identically equal to half a unit in the nth
place, i.e., if the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by zeros only, the nth digit is left
unchanged when it is an even number, and increased by unity when it is an odd
number.
We need rule-3, because sometimes, the remaining number after then nth digit equals 5, so that,
increasing the nth digit by unity whenever the remaining number after the nth digit is 5 would
lead to systematic errors. These ideas are best illustrated by the following examples

1. 5.735 and 5.745 both become 5.74 when rounded off to three significant figures.
2. 61.49 becomes 61, and 61.51 becomes 62 when rounded off to two significant figures.
3. 0.0158500 becomes 0.0158 when rounded off to three significant figures.

It will be very helpful to use significant figures, scientific notation, and the rules for rounding,
when recording or calculating numbers obtained through measurements.

2
 1. In recording the results of measurements, write the number down containing at most
one uncertain figure. This figure generally represents an estimate between divisions on
a scale.

2. When adding two or more quantities, the result should be expressed with the least
numbers of figures after the point as there are in any of the quantities being added or
subtracted. That says, look at the quantity with the least number of figures after the
point and round off the answer to the same number of figures after the point.

Examples:
4.122 m 0.027 m
3.74 m 2.1312 m
0.011 m 4.63 m
+ +
7.873 m 6.7882 m
7.87 m 6.79 m

3. In multiplication and division, the result should be expressed containing only as many
significant figures as are contained in the least exact factor.

Examples: 4.782 m × 3.05 m = 14.5851 m2 = 14.6 m2

3.728 m / 1.6781 m = 2.22156 = 2.222

Experimental Errors

Experimental errors can be classified as systematic errors and random errors.

Systematic errors have always the same sign. For instance, incorrect calibration of the
equipment consistently gives us wrong values. For example, a clock running in advance (faster
than it should) always measures time periods as longer than they really are. Systematic errors
may be reduced in most cases by careful calibration of equipment and choice of quality
equipment. In an experiment, it is enough to take only one measurement, if systematic errors
are larger than random errors.

Random errors can be positive or negative. To evaluate the random errors, one must take a
number of readings for the same measurement. If one takes N measurements of the variable y
in an experiment, the average (mean) value is given as
𝑁
1
𝑦ave = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 , (1)
𝑁
𝑖=1
th
where yi is the reading of the i measurement. The more the number (N ) of runs, the more we
approach to the true value. Inevitably, there are deviations between the measured values yi and
the average value yave, but one expects that the average deviations from the average value are
as often positive as negative, and they will cancel out each other.

3
The error in a measurement of N runs can be estimated by taking the root-mean-square
deviation. This estimate is called the standard deviation (σ), and it is given as

𝑁
1
𝜎 = √ ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦ave )2 . (2)
𝑁
𝑖=1

The standard deviation represents the effects of random errors and does not include systematic
errors. The absolute error (uncertainty or accuracy) on the measurement of y is shown by Δy,
and the ratio Δy / y is called the relative error of the measurement. In many cases, one can get
more information from the relative error rather than the absolute error.

The estimation of the absolute error of a measurement including several independent

quantities is given in the following way. Suppose we directly measure two independent
quantities: x and y. Let z = f (x, y) be a function of these two variables. The absolute error on z
is

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
∆𝑧 = | | ∆𝑥 + | | Δ𝑦 . (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

For example, the density (ρ) of a prism with length l, width w, height h, and mass m is given by
𝑚
𝜌 = 𝑙ℎ𝑑. When determining the density of a prism-shaped material by measuring its
dimensions and mass, we make an error (as in all measurements). To calculate this error, we
first note that

𝜕𝜌 𝑚 𝜕𝜌 𝑚 𝜕𝜌 𝑚 𝜕𝜌 1
=− 2 , =− 2 , =− , = . (4)
𝜕𝑙 𝑙 𝑤ℎ 𝜕𝑤 𝑙𝑤 ℎ 𝜕ℎ 𝑙𝑤ℎ2 𝜕𝑚 𝑙𝑤ℎ

If the uncertainty of the measurements are Δl, Δw, Δh for the dimensions, and Δm for the mass,
then the absolute error Δρ and the relative error Δρ/ρ for the density are

𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌
∆𝜌 = | | ∆𝑙 + | | Δ𝑤 + | | Δℎ + | | Δ𝑚
𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑤 𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 1
= 2 ∆𝑙 + 2 Δ𝑤 + 2
Δℎ + Δ𝑚
𝑙 𝑤ℎ 𝑙𝑤 ℎ 𝑙𝑤ℎ 𝑙𝑤ℎ
𝑚 ∆𝑙 Δ𝑤 Δℎ Δ𝑚
= ( + + + )
𝑙𝑤ℎ 𝑙 𝑤 ℎ 𝑚
∆𝑙 Δ𝑤 Δℎ Δ𝑚 (5)
= 𝜌( + + + )
𝑙 𝑤 ℎ 𝑚
∆𝜌 ∆𝑙 Δ𝑤 Δℎ Δ𝑚
= + + + (6)
𝜌 𝑙 𝑤 ℎ 𝑚

where, Δl/l, Δw/w, Δh/h, and Δm/m are the relative errors in measuring the dimensions and the
mass.

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Vernier Calipers

In order to measure an unknown length, we usually compare it to a known length, such as the
length between the scales of a ruler. The accuracy of a length measurement depends on the
smallest divisions of the scale of the measuring instrument. In order to increase the accuracy, a
Vernier scale is attached to the main scale of the measuring device.

Figure 1: Vernier calipers

A measurement of the length of a brass block by Vernier calipers is illustrated in Fig. 1. The
main scale of the calipers is divided into millimeters. The auxiliary Vernier scale has 10
divisions. When the jaws of the calipers is closed, the zero points of the both scales coincide.
The whole part of the measurement is read from the main scale and the floating part is read
from the Vernier scale, by finding which tick on the Vernier scale coincides with a tick (any
tick) on the main scale. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the zero of the Vernier scale is
between 26 mm and 27 mm. The 3.5 tick on the Vernier scale coincides with a tick on the main
scale. So, the length between the jaws of the calipers is 26 mm + 0.35 mm, that is 26.35 mm.
The particular device shown in Fig. 1 has an accuracy of 0.05 mm. So, the result of this
measurement is quoted as 26.35 mm ± 0.05 mm.

Triple Beam Balance

The Triple Beam Balance is a typical mechanical balance. It has a beam which is supported by
a fulcrum. On one side is a pan, on which the object is placed. On the other side, the beam is
split into three parallel beams, each supporting one rider mass. In measuring the weight of an
object, each of the three riders can be slid along the beam to increase their lever arm. It works
just like a teeter-totter. If you have two people of unequal mass, the heavier person sits closer
to the fulcrum to decrease her lever arm.

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 Figure 2: Triple beam balance.

In Figure 2, a measurement by a triple beam balance is illustrated. The “triple beam balance” is
named for the three beams which carry rider masses. The middle beam reads only in 100 g
increments. The far beam reads only in 10 g increments. The riders in each of these must
always sit on a notch. They cannot be placed at arbitrary points on the beam. The rider on the
front beam can be placed to read continuously from 0 to 10 grams.

When you measure mass with triple beam balance, first of all you calibrate the empty device so
that the pointer coincides with the zero mark, see Fig. 3a. This calibration is done by the
adjustment knob, see Fig. 2. Then you load the tray with the objects to be measured and adjust
the riders so that the pointer shows zero mark again, see Fig. 3b. Then you add the values
shown by each rider to calculate the mass of the load.

a b c

Figure 3: Triple beam balance details. (a) Pointer and zero mark. (b) Measurement. (c)
Position of the rider on the front beam.

The accuracy of this particular device is 0.1 g. As you see in Fig. 3c, the front rider is at
position between 4.5 g and 4.6 g. You cannot decide by the eye that it is somewhere at 4.55 g
or 4.53 g, etc. You must either choose 4.5 g or 4.6 g.

6
EXPERIMENT

1. Measure the length, width and height of the prism-shaped object by Vernier calipers. Take
several measurements at various points on the object from which you can obtain an average
and then record them in Table 1. Then, calculate the volume (V ) of the object.

2. Measure the mass (m) of the object using the triple beam balance. Make sure that the
balance stands at zero before the measurement. Record the mass in kilograms or grams.

3. By using the density formula ρ = m/V, calculate and record the density (ρ) of the object.

4. Calculate the relative and the absolute errors, and record them.

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EXPERIMENT #1 – BASIC MEASUREMENTS FLOWCHART

Start

Determine the mass of the

Take 3 measurements of object via Triple Beam
width, length and height Balance and note that
from the body. value down.

Fill xi , yi and zi data in Calculate the volume of

Table 1 with length, width the prism by V = xi × yi × zi
height measurements.

Calculate the density

𝑚
Find the average values using ρ= 𝑉 , where m
of width, length and was measured and V
height values. was calculated.

Find the required Standard Calculate the Relative

Deviation values using the and Absolute Errors
measurements and average and take notes of
values. them.

Finish

8
WARNINGS!

Physics I / Experiment I

FOR Vernier Calliper.

 DO NOT use the calliper if damaged.

 DO NOT use the calliper for any purpose other than for which it is designed.

 DO NOT get calliper wet or use in damp or wet locations, or areas where there is
condensation. Keep calliper clean and dry using a dry cotton cloth only.

 DO NOT dip or submerge the calliper in any type of liquid.

 DO NOT dis-assemble calliper. The calliper must be checked by qualified service

personnel only

 The calliper is a precision instrument, treat with care, avoid using force and do not
subject to knocks or shocks.

FOR Triple Beam Balance

 DO NOT place any chemicals directly onto the balance pan or platform. All chemicals,
solutions, or compounds should be weighed on a container.

 DO NOT push the triple beam balance with your hand, it can be harmfull both you and
triple beam balance.

 DO NOT try to measure more than 610 gram.

9
10
Name Surname: Group Members: 1.
Department: 2.
Lab Day/Hour: 3.
Date: 4.
Group Number: 5.

Experiment 1: BASIC MEASUREMENTS

Purpose (5 points): (with your own words)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Data Table 1 (12 points): Dimensions of the object (write units inside
parentheses)

xi Δxi = xi – xave yi Δyi = yi – yave zi Δzi = zi – zave

(……..) (...…....) (……..) (...…....) (...…....) (...…....)

Data Table 2. (15 points):

xave = ………… σx = ……………. xave ± σx = ………… ± …………

yave = ………… σy = ……………. yave ± σy = ………… ± …………

zave = ………… σz = ……………. zave ± σz = ………… ± …………

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Questions:
1.
a) What is the volume of the prism? (3 points)

b) What is the mass of the prism? (3 points)

c) What is the density (ρ) of prism? (3 points)

d) How many significant figures are there in the density result? (3 points)

2. What is the absolute error (Δρ) in density? (3 points)

……………………………………………………………………………………...
3. What is the relative error (Δρ/ρ) in density? (3 points)
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………..

Results and Discussions (20 points)

……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...

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Experiment 2: KINEMATICS OF PROJECTILE MOTION

AIM:
 Exploring the basic concepts of projectile motion.
 Understanding how gravitation and other forces are involved in projectile motion.
 Explaining and justify the independence of horizontal and vertical directions of motion.
 Using experimental data with basic kinematics equations to solve projectile problems.

DEVICES USED: Passport Digital Port (PS-2159), Photogate Head (ME 9498), Time of
Flight Accessory Kit (ME-6810), Projectile Launcher (ME-6800), Metric Measuring Tape,
30m (SE- 8712), USB Link (PS2100), Plastic Ball, Safety Goggles, Computer.

INTRODUCTION

Projectile Motion

A projectile is an object moving in two dimensions under the influence of Earth’s gravity. Its
path is a parabola. Horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other, yet coupled
by the fact that they happen at the same time. The motion in the horizontal x-direction depends
only on the velocity and acceleration in the x-direction. The motion in the vertical y-direction
depends only on the velocity and acceleration in the y-direction. This allows us to analyze the
motions in x-direction and the y-direction independently. In projectile motion, acceleration in
the y-direction is 9.8 m/s2 due to gravity, and thus, velocity in y-direction is not constant. On
the other hand, acceleration in x-direction is zero, and thus, velocity in x-direction is constant.
See the table below for the equations for projectile motion:

x (horizontal) y (vertical)
ax = 0 ay = – g

vx = constant vy  vy 0  g t
1
vx 0  v0 . cos y  y0  v y 0 t  g t 2
2
x  x0  vx0 t v y2  v y2 0  2 g ( y  y0 )

13
 Figure 1: Projectile motion.

A typical projectile motion is illustrated in Fig. 1. We can relate the initial velocity in x-
direction (vx0) and initial velocity in y-direction (vy0), to the initial launch-velocity (v0) as

𝑣𝑥0 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 , 𝑣𝑦0 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 , (1)

where θ0 is the launch-angle with respect to horizontal. When the ball returns to the height
where it was launched (usually referenced as the y = 0 point), then the speed at that point will
be equal to the initial speed. At the highest point, vy = 0 and vx = vx0.

14
SAFETY WARNING

Figure 2: Mini Launcher System.

Figure 3: Safety Goggles.

 Never look down the front of the barrel (see Fig. 2) because it may be loaded. Safety
goggles (see Fig. 3) are provided for use when operating the Mini Launcher.
 Always assume that the barrel is loaded!
 Always wear safety goggles when you are in a room where the Mini
Launcher is being used!

15
EXPERIMENT PART A

Setup

Computer Setup

 Plug the USB Link into the computer’s USB Port.

 Plug the PASPORT Photogate Ports into the USB Links.
 Plug the Photogate Heads into one of the Photogate Ports.
 Plug the Phone Jack Extender Cable into the other Photogate Port. Plug the Time of
Flight Pad into the Phone Jack Extender Cable. This will automatically launch the
PASPORTAL window.

Equipment Setup
 Choose the Data Studio configuration file entitled “03A Proj Motion Part 1
HRCF.ds”
 Clamp the base of the projectile launcher to the edge of a study table. Aim the launcher
away from the table toward center of an open area at least 3 meters away.
 Adjust the angle of the launcher to zero degrees so the plastic ball will be launched
horizontally.
 Slide the photogate mounting bracket into the T-slot on the bottom side of the projectile
launcher. Mount one Photogate to the bracket in the position closest to the end of the
launcher. Mount the other Photogate to the bracket in the other position.

Figure 4: Experimental setup.

16
Record Data
Place the ball into the barrel, push the ball down the barrel with the pushrod until the trigger
catches the piston. One audible click indicates that the piston is cocked in the shortest range
setting, two clicks indicate the medium range and three clicks set the piston on the long range
setting as shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 5: Position of the plastic ball in the projectile system.

Horizontal Short Range

1. Put the plastic ball into the projectile launcher. Cock the launcher to the short range.
2. Test fire the ball to determine where to place the timing pad on the floor. Put the
timing pad on the floor where the ball hits, measure the horizontal distance from
launcher to floor where the ball hits.
3. Reload the ball into the projectile launcher, and cock the launcher to the short range
position. Click Start to begin recording data.
4. Shoot the ball on the short range position. After the ball hits the time of flight pad,
click Stop. Record the initial speed and time of flight.

Horizontal Middle Range

1. Reload the ball into the projectile launcher, but cock the launcher to the middle range
position. Test fire the ball to determine the new location to put the Time of flight pad.
Move the pad.
2. Reload the ball into the projectile launcher, and put the launcher to the middle range.
3. When you are ready, Click Start.
4. Shoot the ball on the middle range position. After the ball hits the time of flight pad,
click Stop. Record the initial speed and time of flight.

Horizontal Long Range

1. Reload the ball into the projectile launcher, but cock the launcher to the long range
position. Test fire the ball to determine the new location to put the Time of flight pad.
Move the pad.
2. Reload the ball into the projectile launcher, and put the launcher to the long range.
3. When you are ready, Click Start.
4. Shoot the ball on the middle range position. After the ball hits the time of flight pad,
click Stop. Record the initial speed and time of flight.

17
Horizontal with angle
1. Leave the angle of the launcher at a 10° angle above horizontal.
2. Reload the launcher and the set it to the middle range position. Test the fire the ball to
determine where it lands and move the timing pad to that spot.
3. Reload the launcher and the set it to the middle range. Click Start and shoot the ball.
4. After the ball hits the timing pad, click Stop. Record the initial speed and time of
flight.

EXPERIMENT PART B

Launch the projectile three times, each with different launch-angles (θ0) and different launch
velocities (v0). Measure the horizontal ranges (R) and flight times (t) to fill in the first three
columns of Table 2. Then,
a) use the initial velocity and the initial angle to calculate the horizontal velocity of the
ball from 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 (first way), and
b) use the horizontal range and the flight time to calculate the horizontal velocity of the
ball from 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑅/𝑡 (second way),
to fill in the last column of Table 2.

18
 EXPERIMENT #2 – KINEMATICS OF PROJECTILE MOTION
FLOWCHART
Start Wear “Safety Goggles”
for your own safety.

Open “03A Proj Motion Part Part Open “03A Proj Motion
Part A or Part1 HRCF.ds” file via Data
Part1 HRCF.ds” file via A Part B?
B
Data Studio software in Studio software in Desktop.
Desktop.

Adjust the “Angle of

Adjust the “Angle of
Launch” firstly to 5o,10o
Launch Θ”as 0o firstly for
and 15o in short range.
short range, then medium
and long ranges.

Adjust the “Timing

Pad” that the ball hits
Adjust the “Timing Pad” on its surface perfectly.
that the ball hits on its
surface perfectly.

In Data Studio, click

“Start” button to
In Data Studio, click record the related data.
“Start” button to
record the related data.

Fire the ball, and then

write down the “distance”
Fire the ball, and then
and “Time of Flight” data
write down the “distance”
from software.
and “Time of Flight” data
from software.

Fill the Table-2 with

“Horizontal Distance-Time of
Fill the Table 1 for short, Flight” data at defined angles.
medium and long ranges.

Finish

19
WARNINGS!
Physics I / Experiment 2

FOR Computer
 NEVER change the voltage of computer(110V to 220V or 220V to 110V)

 DO NOT change the data studio program settings and usual windows settings .

FOR Motion Sensor and USB link

 MAKE SURE the connection between the usb link and motion sensor cable.

 ALWAYS STOP the car before hits the end or fall

 It is very important that the track is level to get best results.

FOR LAUNCHER
 Always wear safety goggles as shown in figure when you are in a room where the
Mini Launcher is being used.

 NEVER LOOK down the front of the barrel because it may be loaded.

 Safety goggles are provided for use when operating the Mini Launcher.

 ALWAYS ASSUME that the barrel is loaded!

20
Name Surname: Group Members: 1.
Department: 2.
Lab Day/Hour: 3.
Date: 4.
Group Number: 5.
Experiment 2: KINEMATICS OF PROJECTILE MOTION
Part A
Purpose (5 points): (with your own words)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Table 1 (15 points):
(Numbers should be written significantly)

Range Time (……) Initial Velocity (……)

Step 1 Short 0°

Step 2 Medium 0°

Step 3 Long 0°

Step 4 Short at 10°

Questions:
a) Are the values of flight time the same through the Step 1 and the Step 3?
Comment on the results. (5 points)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

b) What about step 4? Is its flight time shorter or longer? Comment on the results. (5 pts)

……………………………………………………………………………………..............
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Part B

Purpose (5 points): (use your own words)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

21
Table 2 (10 points)
(Use medium range to throw the ball) (Numbers should be written significantly)

Initial Velocity* and Angle Horizontal Range Flight Time Horizontal Velocity [vx (…..)]

v0 (….) and θ0 (….) R (….) t (….) First way / Second Way

and /

and /

and /
* Initial velocity is the velocity with which the ball is thrown by the launcher and which is measured by the computer.

Calculations

a) First way: Use the initial velocity and the initial angle to calculate the horizontal
velocity of the ball from 𝑣𝑥0 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 . (5 points)

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) Second way: Use the horizontal range and the flight time to calculate the horizontal
velocity of the ball from 𝑣𝑥0 = 𝑅/𝑡. (5 points).

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Question (5 points)
Why would the flight time depend on the angle of the launch?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

Results and Discussion (10 points)

……………………………………………………………………………………..............
……………………………………………………………………………………..............
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

22
Experiment 3: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Part A: 2nd Law

AIM
 Interpreting data from a graph of velocity versus time to find acceleration.
 Grasping the relation between acceleration and mass of an object, and the net force on
it.

DEVICES USED: PASPORT Motion Sensor (PS-2103), USB Link (PS-2100), Mass and
Hanger Set (ME-9348), 1.2 m PAScar Dynamics System (ME-6955), Balance (SE-8723), 1 m
Braided Physics String (SE-8050), Super Pulley with Clamp (ME-9448).

INTRODUCTION

Newton’ s 2nd Law

As long as a net force acts on a body, the velocity of the body changes, in other words, it
accelerates. If a larger force acts on the body, it will have a greater acceleration (see Eq. 1).

𝑎 ∝ 𝐹net (1)
1
𝑎∝ (2)
𝑚
𝐹net
𝑎= (3)
𝑚
In Newton's 2nd Law, the net force is one of two factors that determine the acceleration. The
other is the mass of the object. Newton's 2nd Law states that for a given net force, the
magnitude of the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass (see Eq. 2). Twice the mass
means one-half the acceleration, if the same net force acts on the body. Thus, Newton's 2nd
Law describes how the acceleration depends on both the net force and the mass, as in Eq. 3.

Figure 1: The bobsled accelerates because the team exerts a net force on it.

23
Part B: 3rd Law

AIM
 Comparison of the forces exerted on two colliding objects.
 Quantitative understanding of Newton's 3rd Law by applying it to a collision problem.

DEVICES USED
Equipment Needed Qty Equipment Needed Qty
PASPORT Force Sensor (PS-2104) 2 1.2 m Dynamics Track (ME-6955) 1
USB Link (PS-2100) 2 Compact Cart Mass (ME-6755) 2

INTRODUCTION

Newton’s 3rd Law

Two bodies are said to interact when they push or pull on each other, that is, when a force acts
on one body due to the other body. For example, suppose that you position a book B so it leans
against a crate C (see Fig. 2). Then the book and crate interact: There is a horizontal force ⃗𝑭𝐵𝐶
on the book from the crate (or due to the crate) and a horizontal force ⃗𝑭𝐶𝐵 on the crate from the
book (or due to the book). This pair of forces is shown in Fig. 3. Newton’s 3rd Law describes
the relation between such force pairs, like those in Fig. 3.

Figure 2: The forces between the objects. Figure 3 The pair of forces.
.

Newton’s Third Law: When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from each other are
always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
For the book and crate, we can write this law as the scalar relation
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶𝐵 , (4)
or, as the vector relation
⃗𝑭𝐵𝐶 = −𝑭
⃗ 𝐶𝐵 , (5)
where the minus sign means that these two forces are in opposite directions.

24
EXPERIMENT

Setup for Part A

Computer Setup

1. Plug the USB Link into the computer’s USB port.

2. Plug the PASPORT Motion Sensor into the USB Link. This will automatically launch the
PASPORTAL window.
3. Choose the Data Studio configuration file entitled 04B Newton’s 2nd Part 2 HR CF.ds
and proceed with the following instructions.

Equipment Setup

Figure 4: Equipment setup for Part A.

In this setup (see Fig. 4), the weight of the hanger is transferred by the tension in string as a
force acting on the cart, pulling it towards the pulley. We examine Newton's 2nd Law for the
system of cart plus hanger.

Record Data
 You will take three runs of data. For Run #1, use the arrangement shown in Fig. 4 (one
20-g mass on the mass hanger).
 For the second and third runs, add mass to the tray on the cart.
 For Run #2, add one 250-g mass bar to the tray of the cart before you record data. The
total mass of the system is increased, but the net force is the same.
 For Run #3, add a second 250-g mass bar to the tray of the cart before you record data.
As in Run #2, the total mass of the system is increased, but the net force is kept constant.
Note: Catch the cart before it hits the pulley or you could damage the pulley.
1. Click Start. Release the cart. Stop the cart before it hits the pulley and click Stop.
Note: The analyze section describes how to determine the acceleration.
2. For Run #2, add a 250-g mass to the cart. Record the total mass of the cart plus the extra
mass. Record data as before.
3. For Run #3, add a second 250-g mass to the cart. Record the total mass of the cart plus
the two extra masses. Record data as before.

25
Analyze (Examine the Graph)

1. Click the Scale to Fit button if needed. Highlight the linear region of the velocity plot
that shows the motion of the cart.

2. Click the Fit menu and select Linear Fit.

Note: The slope (m) of the best-fit line is the acceleration.

3. After recording the acceleration for Run #1, use the Data menu to select the next run.
Note: Figure 5 shows the highlighted area and the Linear Fit information box.

4. Select Run #2. Repeat the process to find the acceleration. After recording the value, use
the Data menu to select Run #3. Repeat the process.

Figure 5: Analysis of the graph for Part A.

Calculations: Increasing Mass, Constant Net Force

1. Calculate the theoretical acceleration when mass increases and net force stays the same.
2. The acceleration is the ratio of the net force acting on the system divided by its total
mass:
𝑚𝐻 . 𝑔
𝑎= (6)
𝑚𝐻 + 𝑚𝐶

3. For runs #1, #2, and #3, the total mass of the system (mass of the cart plus mass of the
hanger) increases and the net force remains constant.
4. Assuming no friction, the net force acting on the cart+hanger system is the weight of the
hanger (mass of hanger × 9.8 N/kg).
5. Find the percent difference between the theoretical acceleration and the experimental
acceleration.

26
Setup for Part B

In this part, we investigate Newton’s 3rd Law for the system of two colliding carts.

Computer Setup
1. Plug the USB Links into the computer’s USB port.
2. Plug the PASPORT Force Sensors into the USB Link. This will automatically launch the
PASPORTAL window.
3. Choose the Data Studio configuration file entitled 05A Newton’s 3rd Part 1 HR CF.ds
and proceed with the following instructions.

Equipment Setup

Figure 6: Equipment setup for Part B.

1. Use the thumbscrew to mount the sensor onto the accessory tray of each cart.
2. Remove the hooks from the Force Sensors.
3. Attach the cylindrical rubber bumper to the front of each sensor.
Note: It is very important that the track is level to get the best results.
4. The idea is to push the two carts together so they will collide. The Force Sensors will
measure the forces exerted on each cart during the collision.
5. After you measure the forces during a collision for carts of equal mass, add 250 g of mass to
one cart and then repeat the collision.
6. The graph of force versus time is set up so that the measurements from the two sensors will
be plotted on opposite sides of the X-axis. (One sensor is "Force, push right" and the other
sensor is "Force, push left".)
Note: It is important to zero both of the Force Sensors prior to each data run.
When the equipment is ready, press the Zero button on top of each sensor.

27
Record Data (Collision: Equal Mass)
1. Zero the sensors. Click Start. Push the carts and let both of them roll towards each other.
Click Stop after the collision.
Note: The analyze section shows how to interpret your force data.
2. For Run #2, add two 250-gram mass bars to one of the carts.
3. Zero the sensors. Click Start. Repeat the data recording procedure again, but allow the
lighter cart to remain stationary and push only the heavier cart. Click Stop after the
collision.

Analyze (Examine the Graph)

1. Click the Scale to Fit button if needed.
2. Use the Zoom Select tool to highlight both peaks.
Note: The Legend box shows the minimum (Min.) and maximum (Max.) for both sensors.
3. Record the Min. value for "Force, push left" and the Max. value for "Force, push right"
for Run #1.
4. Use the Data menu to select Run #2 for both sensors. Repeat the procedure to find the
values for "Force, push right" and for "Force, push left". Record the forces for each
sensor for Run #2.

Figure 7: Analysis of the graph for Part B.

28
 EXPERIMENT #3 – NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
FLOWCHART
Start

Open “04B Newton’s 2nd Part Open “05A Newton’s 3rd Part
Part A Part A or Part B
2 HR CF.ds” file via Data 1 HR CF.ds” file via Data
Studio software in Desktop. Part B? Studio software in Desktop.

Place a 20-g-mass Zero the force sensors

to the hanger. in no loading case.

In Data Studio, click In Data Studio, click

“Start” button to record “Start” button and
the related data. release the carts.

Click “Stop” button Click “Stop” button after

before the cart hits. the collision of the carts.

Highlight the linear Write down the forces

region of your before and after collision
“Velocity-Time” graph. from “Data Studio”.

Click “Fit” button and Repeat the experiment with

then select “Linear Fit” one extra mass of 250 g to
from the graph. the cart first, then with two
Repeat the experiment with
extra masses.
one extra mass of 250 g to
the cart first, then with two
extra masses.
Write down the obtained Finish
data from “Data Studio”.

29
WARNINGS!

Physics I / Experiment 3

FOR Computer

 NEVER change the voltage of computer(110V to 220V or 220V to 110V)

 DO NOT change the data studio program settings and usual windows settings .

FOR Motion Sensor, USB link and Car

 MAKE SURE the connection between the usb link and motion sensor cable.

 ALWAYS STOP the car before hits the end or fall

 It is very important that the track is level to get best results.

FOR Force Sensor

 MAKE SURE the connection between the usb link and force sensor cable.

 It is important to Zero both of the Force Sensors prior to each data run.
When the equipment is ready, press the Zero button on top of each sensor.

30
Name Surname: Group Members: 1.
Department: 2.
Lab Day/Hour: 3.
Date: 4.
Group Number: 5.

Experiment 3: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Part A
Purpose (5 points): (with your own words)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Table 1 (10 points )
(Numbers should be written significantly) (Mass of cart =257.5 gr, Mass of Hanger = 5.5 gr )
Mass of Mass of Total Mass Acceleation Acceleration
%
Run Cart Hanger (Cart + Hanger) from Theory from Experiment
difference
(…..) (…..) (…..) (.….) (.….)
#1
#2
#3

Questions (each 2.5 points):

a) For each run, calculate acceleration theoretically from Eq. 6.
………………………………………………………………………………………
b) For each run, determine acceleration experimentally from velocity-time graphs.
……………………………………………………………………………………...
c) Calculate the percent differences between two accelerations for each run.
……………………………………………………………………………………...
d) What is the net force acting on the cart + hanger system?
………………………………………………………………………………………
Results and Discussion for Part A (10 points)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

31
 Part B
Purpose (5 points): (with your own words)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Data Table 2 (5 points ):
(Numbers should be written significantly)

Run Force, push left (N) Force, push right (N)

#1
#2

Questions (each 5 points):

1. What was the independent variable in this activity (what did you change)?
…………………………………………………………………………………….........

2. What did you observe about the shape of the graphs of force versus time for each sensor?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. What happened to the shape of the graphs of force from Run #2 when the heavier cart
collided with the lighter cart?
……..………………………………………………………………………………………
Results and Discussion (10 points)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

32
Experiment 4: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

AIM: Qualitative understanding and experimental validation of the conservations of linear

momentum and energy.

Part A: Inelastic Collision

DEVICES USED: PASPORT Motion Sensor (PS-2103), USB Link (PS-2100), 1.2 m PAScar
Dynamics System (ME-6955), Balance (SE-8723).

INTRODUCTION
Inelastic Collision

Fig. 1 shows two bodies before and after they have a one-dimensional collision (meaning that
the motions before and after the collision are along a single axis). The velocities before the
collision (subscript i ) and after the collision (subscript f ) are indicated. Bodies are identified as
1 and 2. The two bodies form a system, which is closed and isolated.

Figure 1: Two colliding particles before and after a general one-dimensional collision.

We can write the law of conservation of linear momentum for this two-body system as follows:
total momentum before the collision = total momentum after the collision,
which can be symbolized as:
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 . (1)

If we know values for, say, the masses, the initial velocities, and one of the final velocities, we
can find the other final velocity from Eq.1.

33
 Figure 2: Two bodies before and after a completely inelastic collision.

Fig. 2 shows two bodies before and after they have a completely inelastic collision (meaning
they stick together after the collision). The body with mass m2 happens to be initially at rest (v2i
= 0). We can refer to that body-at-rest as the target, and the incoming body as the projectile.
After the collision, the stuck-together-bodies move with the common velocity V. For this
situation, we can rewrite Eq. (1) as Eq. (2), from which Eq. (3) can be deduced:
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑉 , (2)
𝑚1
𝑉= 𝑣 .
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 1𝑖 (3)

Part B: Elastic Collision

DEVICES USED
Equipment Qty Equipment Qty
PASPORT Motion Sensor (PS-2103) 2 1.2 m PAScar Dynamics System (ME-6955) 1
USB Link (PS-2100) 2 Balance (SE-8723) 1

INTRODUCTION
Elastic Collision
Now that we have examined the inelastic collision of a projectile and a stationary target, let us
examine the situation in which both bodies are moving before they undergo an elastic collision.
In an elastic collision, in addition to linear momentum, energy is also conserved. Assuming the
potential energies of the bodies do not change during the collision, conservation of energy
requires conservation of the total kinetic energy of the colliding bodies.

34
 Figure 3: Two bodies before and after a one-dimensional elastic collision.

For the situation shown in Fig. 3, the conservation of linear momentum is written as in Eq. (4)
[same as Eq. (1) above], and the conservation of kinetic energy is written as in Eq. (5):
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 , (4)

1 1 1 1
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 2 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 2 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 2 . (5)
2 2 2 2
To solve these two equations [Eqs. (4) and (5)] simultaneously for the final velocities v1f and
v2f , we first rewrite Eq. (4) as Eq. (6), and Eq. (5) as Eq. (7):

𝑚1 (𝑣1𝑖 − 𝑣1𝑓 ) = −𝑚2 (𝑣2𝑖 − 𝑣2𝑓 ) , (6)

𝑚1 (𝑣1𝑖 − 𝑣1𝑓 )(𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑣1𝑓 ) = −𝑚2 (𝑣2𝑖 − 𝑣2𝑓 )(𝑣2𝑖 + 𝑣2𝑓 ) . (7)

After dividing Eq. (7) by Eq. (6) and doing some more algebra, we obtain Eqs. (8) and (9):

𝑚1 − 𝑚2 2𝑚2
𝑣1𝑓 = 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑣 ,
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝟐𝒊 (8)

2𝑚1 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑣2𝑓 = 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑣 .
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝟐𝒊 (9)

Note that the assignment of subscripts 1 and 2 to the bodies is arbitrary. Note also that body-2
becomes a stationary target if we set v2i = 0 (as in Part A).

35
EXPERIMENT

Setup for Inelastic Collision

Computer Setup

 Plug the USB Link into the computer's USB port.

 Plug the sensor into the USB Link to automatically launch the PASPORTAL window.
 Choose the Data Studio configuration file 10A Conserve Momentum Pt 1 HR CF.ds
and proceed with the following instructions.

Equipment Setup

Figure 4: Equipment setup for inelastic collision.

Record Data

1. Click Start. Gently push Cart 1 so it rolls toward and collides with Cart 2.
2. Continue collecting data until the carts have stopped moving.
3. Click Stop. The next section describes how to analyze your data.

Analyze
Examine the Graph: Find the Change in Velocity for Each Cart
1. Find the velocity v1i of Cart 1 just before the impact and the common velocity V of Cart 1
and Cart 2 after they collide.
2. Click the Smart Tool button and use it to find the velocities of Cart 1 and Cart 2 just
before the collision as shown in Fig. 5, and the common velocity of the two carts just
after the collision as shown in Fig. 6.

Figure 5: Velocity for Cart 1. Figure 6: Velocity for Cart 2.

36
Setup for Elastic Collision

Computer Setup

 Label one PASPORT Motion Sensor as “Sensor 1”. Plug this sensor into one of the USB
Links. Plug this link into the computer’s USB port. This will automatically launch the
PASPORTAL window.
 Plug the other PASPORT Motion Sensor into the other link and plug the link into USB
port.
 Choose the Data Studio configuration file 10B Conserve Momentum Part 2 HRCF.ds
and proceed with the following instructions.

Equipment Setup

Figure 7: Equipment setup for elastic collision.

1. You can use the same setup for both Part 1 and Part 2 of Conservation of Linear
Momentum.
2. Make sure that magnets are installed in one end of each cart so the carts can repel each other
during the collision. Label one cart "Cart 1" and label the other "Cart 2".
3. Set the first Motion Sensor on the left end of the track. Put the second Motion Sensor to the
right end of the track. (The first Motion Sensor is the first one you connected to the
computer's USB port.)
4. Adjust each sensor so it can measure the motion of a cart as it moves from the end of the
track to the middle and back again. Put the Range Setting on the sensors to 'Cart'.
Note: Usually, motion away from the sensor is positive and motion toward the sensor is
negative. For this exploration, a calculation is done on the data from Sensor 2 to
reverse the directions. For both sensors, motion to the right is positive and motion to the
left is negative.

Record Data
1. Position each cart 15 cm from the Motion Sensors.
2. Click Start. Gently push the carts and let them roll toward each other.
3. Continue collecting data until the carts have collided and returned to the ends of the track.
4. Click Stop. The next section describes how to analyze your data.

37
Analyze
Examine the Graph: Find the Change in Velocity for Each Cart
 Find the change of velocity from just before the collision to just after the collision.
1. Select "V Cart 1 Run #1" in the Legend box. Click the Smart Tool button.
2. Move the Smart Tool to a point on the curve where the collision begins. Move the
cursor to the lower right corner of the Smart Tool until the "delta" appears.
3. Drag the "delta" Smart Tool to the point where the collision ends. Note the Delta X and
the Delta Y (0.2000 and -0.65008 in the example shown in Fig. 8).
4. Select "V Cart 2 Run #1" in the Legend box. Click the Smart Tool again. Repeat the
process to find Delta X and Delta Y (0.2000 and 0.65017 in the example shown in Fig.
8).

Figure 8: Analysis of the graph for elastic collision.

38
 EXPERIMENT #4 – CONSERVATION OF LINEAR
MOMENTUM FLOWCHART

Start

Open “10A Conserve Open “10B Conserve Momentum

Part Part A or Part
Momentum Pt 1 HR CF.ds” Part 2 HRCF.ds” file via Data
A Part B? B
file via Data Studio software Studio software in Desktop.
in Desktop.

Place two carts in which one Place the carts 15 cm away

of them is gently pushed, from the motion sensor.
whereas the other one is
stationary.

In Data Studio, click

Click “Start” button and “Start” button and
gently push the cart. gently push the carts.

Click “Smart Tool” button Click “Stop” button

to define velocities before after 1 sec of the
and after collision. collision of the carts.

Fill the Table 1 on the lab Click “Smart Tool” to define

sheet with obtained velocity velocities before and after the
data. collision of the carts.

Write down the velocity

Finish values before and after the
collisions of the carts and fill
the Table 2 with your data.

39
WARNINGS!

Physics I / Experiment 4

FOR Computer

 NEVER CHANGE the voltage of computer(110V to 220V or 220V to 110V)

 DO NOT CHANGE the data studio program settings and usual windows settings .

FOR Motion Sensor, USB link and Car

 MAKE SURE the connection between the usb link and motion sensor cable.

 ALWAYS STOP the car before hits the end or fall

 It is very important that the track is level to get best results.

40
Name Surname: Group Members: 1.
Department: 2.
Lab Day/Hour: 3.
Date: 4.
Group Number: 5.

Experiment 4: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

Purpose (5 points) : (with your own words)
………………………………………………………………………………………...................
.....................……………………………………………………………………………………
Briefly explain the experimental procedure (5 points): (with your own words)
………………………………………………………………………………………...................
.....................……………………………………………………………………………………
…........................................……………………………………………………………………

Table 1 (5 points)

Part A m1 v1i m2 v2i mf vf

Values (…......…) (…......…) (…......…) (…......…) (…......…) (…......…)

1 1 1
Part A m1 v1i + m2 v2i (m1 + m2) V 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 2 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑉 2 Loss of KE 
2 2 2
Results (…......…) (…......…) (…......…) (…......…)
(…......…)

Calculations for Part A (Each 3 points):

1) m1v1i  m2 v2i = ……………………………………………………………………………..………………..

2) (m1 + m2) V = …………………………………………………………………………………....................

1 1
3) 2 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 2 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 2 =……………………...…….………………………………………..….
1
4) 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑉 2 =……………..………………….…………………………………….............

5) Loss of KE  =…………………………………………………………………………………

41
Table 2 (5 points)

Part B m1 v1i m2 v2i v1f v2f

Values (…......…) (…......…) (…......…) (…......…) (…......…) (…......…)

1
𝑚 𝑣 2
2 1 1𝑖 1 1
Part B m1 v1i + m2 v2i m1 v1f + m2 v2f 𝑚 𝑣 2 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 2 Loss of KE 
1 2 1 1𝑓 2
+ 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 2
Results (…......…) (…......…) 2
(…......…) (…......…)
(…......…)

Calculations for Part B (Each 3 points):

1) m1 v1i + m2 v2i = ……………………………………………………………………………..…

2) m1 v1f + m2 v2f = ………………………………………………………………………………

3) 12 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 2 + 12 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 2 = ………………………….………………………………………………

4) 12 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 2 + 12 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 2 = ……………..…………………….……………………………….........

5) Loss of KE  = ……………………………………………………………………………..

Questions (Each 5 points):

1) How do momenta & kinetic energies before an inelastic collision compare to the momenta
& kinetic energies after the collision?
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) How does the total momentum before an elastic collision compare to the total momentum
after the collision?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Results and Discussion (10 points)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………..………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

42
Experiment 5: ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

AIM:
 Qualitative and experimental determination of the moment of inertia.
 Understanding the similarities between rotational kinematics and translational
kinematics.

DEVICES USED: PASPORT Rotary Motion Sensor (PS-2120), Large Rod Base (ME-8735),
Timer, Mass and Hanger Set (ME-9348), Rod, 45 cm (18”) Plated, ½” dia (ME-8736), Vernier
calipers.

INTRODUCTION

A system of particles, in which the distance between any two particles does not change
regardless of the forces acting on it, is called a rigid body. A displacement of a rigid body is a
change from one position to another. If during all displacement, all points of the body on some
line remain fixed, the displacement is called a rotation about the line. If all points of the rigid
body move in lines parallel to each other during a displacement, the displacement is called a
translation.

Some of the similarities between the quantities describing the translational and rotational
motions are presented in Table 1.

Table.1 Analogies between translational and rotational motions.

Translational Rotational

Mass, m Moment of Inertia, I

Position, 𝐫⃗ Angular position, ⃗⃗

𝛉

Linear acceleration, 𝐚⃗⃗ = 𝑑 2 𝐫⃗/𝑑𝑡 2 Angular acceleration, ⃗⃗ = 𝑑 2 ⃗𝛉⃗/𝑑𝑡 2

𝛂

Force, 𝐅⃗ = 𝑚𝐚⃗⃗ Torque, 𝛕 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ = 𝐼𝛂

In translational dynamics, a quantity of mass m resists against the translational motion.

Similarly; the moment of inertia is a quantity for describing the motion of rigid bodies, which
resist against the rotational motion. The moment of inertia of a particle of mass m rotating at a
radius R about an axis is defined as

I = m R2 (1)

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The moment of inertia of a system of particles, with masses m1, m2, m3,….mN about a line or
axis is defined as
𝑁

𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑅𝑖2 , (2)
𝑖=1

where R1, R2, R3, ... RN are the distances of particles from the axis of rotation. The moment of
inertia of a continuous mass distribution, such as a solid rigid body is given by

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑅 2 𝑑𝑚 , (3)

where R is the distance of the element of mass dm, from the instantaneous axis of rotation, and
the integration is taken over the whole mass. As introduced above, moment of inertia of the
rotational dynamics is the analog of the mass of translational dynamics: they both resist against
the motion.

Another analogy is between the torque of rotational dynamics and the force of translational
dynamics. As like a force 𝐅⃗ causes a translational acceleration, similarly a torque 𝛕
⃗⃗ is the cause
of a rotational acceleration. Relation between the torque and the force acting on a particle is
given as

⃗⃗ = 𝐫⃗ × 𝐅⃗ ,
𝛕 (4)

where 𝐫⃗ is the distance of the particle to the rotation axis.

The angular acceleration 𝛂⃗⃗ = 𝑑2 ⃗𝛉⃗/𝑑𝑡 2 is the analog of the linear acceleration 𝐚⃗⃗ = 𝑑 2 𝐫⃗/𝑑𝑡 2 .
These quantities of rotational dynamics satisfy the equation of motion 𝛕 ⃗⃗, which is the
⃗⃗ = 𝐼 𝛂
nd ⃗
analog of Newton's 2 law, 𝐅 = 𝑚𝐚⃗⃗.

In the experiment, a rod and axle with a small hub will be caused to rotate about its central axis
by application of a torque caused by the weight of a mass m on a string wrapped around the
hub as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.

44
 Figure 1: Rotational inertia apparatus.

Figure 2: Motion of mass m as it moves linearly by y and rotates a rod.

The mass m moves linearly downward as the rod rotates about its fixed axis. The two forces
acting on the mass m are the weight mg and the tension T in the string. Applying Newton’s 2nd
law to the linear motion of the mass gives

𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎 . (5)

The rod of moment of inertia I rotates due to the torque applied on the hub by the tension in the
string T. The definition of torque is the product of an applied force through a perpendicular
lever arm. For the torque τ due to the tension T, we have

𝜏 = 𝑟𝑇 , (6)

where R is the radius of the hub.

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When the mass m is released from rest, it accelerates for a distance y, and then strikes the floor
as shown in Fig. 2. It takes some time t to move this distance y. The acceleration a can be
determined from rearranging the relationship y = gt 2/2 into

𝑎 = 2𝑦/𝑡 2 . (7)

Since a point, which the masses attached away from the instantaneous axis of rotation, must
travel the same linear distance that mass m travels as it moves the distance y, the angular
coordinate, velocity and acceleration are related to the linear coordinate, velocity and
acceleration by the ratio of the radius of the rod. In particular, the linear and angular
acceleration are related by

𝛼 = 𝑎/𝑟 , (8)

where r is the distance that the masses are attached away from the axis of rotation.

EXPERIMENT

1. The moment of inertia accessory for a centripetal force apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. Using
the vernier calipers, measure the diameter of the vertical shaft and record the radius r in data
Table 2 and Table 3.

2. Record the mass of a single slotted weight. Set up the apparatus with slotted weights on the
vertical rod centered on the horizontal shaft.

3. Secure the weights with the wing nuts, making certain that they are equidistant from the
shaft.

4. Measure the distance R from the center of the vertical shaft to the center of mass of one of
the slotted weights and record.

5. Secure one end of a length of string to the screw in the vertical shaft and the other end to a
weight hanger. The string should be long enough to allow the weight hanger to reach the floor.
Twisting the shaft, wind the string evenly around it, so that the weight hanger is near the base
of the apparatus at a convenient distance y of the bottom of the weight hanger from the floor.
6. Add mass to the weight hanger so that it accelerates at a moderate rate as it descends (e.g.,
add sufficient mass to make the total m including the mass of the weight hanger). Record this
mass in the data table.

7. Rewind the string around the shaft so the bottom of the weight hanger, measure the time t
that it takes to descend to the floor and record. Repeat the timing procedure twice for the same
distance of descent in order to get an average.

46
8. Remove the two weights from the vertical arm, leaving the wings nuts on the arm. Repeat
the timing procedures with no weights on the horizontal arm.

9. Compute the moments of inertia of the rotating system with the masses on the arm (I ) and
without them (Io). The moment of inertia I of the rotating system with the masses can be
considered the sum of the two parts,

𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼o , (9)

where I1 is the moment of inertia of the two mass system. Subtract the results to obtain the
moment of inertia I1 of the two mass system alone:

𝐼1 = 𝐼 − 𝐼o . (10)

10. Repeat procedures 2 through 5 for various values of R with constant M. Repeat procedures
2 through 5 for various values of M with the same constant R.

11. Considering the slotted weights to be point masses (that is, their masses concentrated at
their centers of mass), the moment of inertia of the two-mass system is given theoretically by
I1 = 2MR2. Using this relationship, compute the moment of inertia I1 for each combination of
M and R, and record in the data table. Comment on any noticeable similarities or differences.

47
 EXPERIMENT #5 – ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
FLOWCHART

Start
Add mass(es) to the hanger so it
accelerates at a moderate rateas it
descends, and write the masses
down to Table 1 and Table 2.
Measure the diameter of the
vertical shaft and record the
radius “r” in data Table 1 and
Table 2 via Vernier Callipers.
Release the system and
measure the time “t”,
that it takes to descend
Record the mass of a to the floor and record.
single slotted weight.

Repeat the experiment twice and

take the averages of the time.
Secure the weights with
the wing nuts so that
they are equidistant from
the rotating shaft.
Repeat the experiment with no
weights onto the rotating shaft.

Measure the distance “R” from the

center of vertical shaft to the
center of mass of one of the Compute the moments of
slotted weights and record it. inertia of the rotating system
both with the masses on the
arm and without them.

Repeat procedures for

various values of “R” with
Finish constant “M” firstly, then for
various values of “M” with
the same constant “R”.

48
WARNINGS!

Physics I / Experiment 5

FOR Computer

 NEVER CHANGE the voltage of computer(110V to 220V or 220V to 110V).

 DO NOT CHANGE the data studio program settings and usual windows settings .

 MAKE SURE the all parts of rotation sensor and rod is fully connect each other.

49
50
Name Surname: Group Members: 1.
Department: 2.
Lab Day/Hour: 3.
Date: 4.
Group Number: 5.

Experiment 5: ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

Purpose (5 points): (with your own words)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Calculation of the moment of inertia theoretically (only for I1) (See Table 3)

I1 = 2MR2 = .…………………………………………………………………………………...

Calculation percentage error for only one I1 (5 points)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Results and Discussion (10 points)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Calculations

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Table 2: Experimental parameters (15 points)
m (………..)
Hub radius, r (……)
Height, y (……..)
1.
2.
Time of descent, t (…...)
3.
Av.

 gt 2 
I 0  mr  2
 1(........)
 2 y 
Table 3: Experimental parameters (35 points)
Constant mass, M Constant distance, R
m (………..)
(…….…) (………..)

R1 = R2 = M1 = M2 =

Hub radius, r (……)

Height, y (……..)

1.

2.
Time of descent, t (…...)
3.

Av.

 gt 2 
I  mr 
2
 1(........)
 2y 

Io (…..)

I1 = I – Io
(………….)
I1 = 2MR2
(………….)

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APPENDIX A. Graphical Analysis

1. Names and units of axes

The names and units of the axes must be written on the axes clearly.

2. Scaling the axes

It is very important to scale the axes of a graph according to data obtained in the experiment.
This is because the slope of the graph will be more precise, when the data spread on a larger
area of the millimetric paper. After placing the axis so that the whole paper is being used, the
coordinates of the starting point is named (tsmall, xsmall). The mass axis is scaled equally
between xsmall and xbig values. Similarly, the volume axis is scaled equally between tsmall and tbig
values. The scales of the axes should not be expected to be the same.

53
 3. Marking data obtained in the experiment

 The data obtained in the experiment must be marked on the graph clearly.
Never write and mark the values of the data on the axes. Don’t write the values
around the data points which you marked on the graph. Don’t draw lines
between the data points on the graph.

 If you have very large or very small numbers, you can multiply the axes with
the powers of 10.

Reference: Pasco web page: http://www.pasco.com/physhigh/experiments/

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APPENDIX B. Physical quantities and multiplies in SI system

SI multiples for metre (m)

Submultiples Multiples

Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name

10−1 m dm decimetre 101 m dam decametre

10−2 m cm centimetre 102 m hm hectometre

10−3 m mm millimetre 103 m km kilometre

10−6 m µm micrometre 106 m Mm megametre

10−9 m nm nanometre 109 m Gm gigametre

10−12 m pm picometre 1012 m Tm terametre

10−15 m fm femtometre 1015 m Pm petametre

10−18 m am attometre 1018 m Em exametre

10−21 m zm zeptometre 1021 m Zm zettametre

10−24 m ym yoctometre 1024 m Ym yottametre

Base Quantities of Physics

Symbol for
Base quantity Symbol Description SI unit
dimension

Length l The one-dimensional extent of an object. metre (m) L

Mass m The amount of matter in an object. kilogram (kg) M

Time t The duration of an event. second (s) T

55
 Derived Quantities of Physics
Derived quantity Symbol Description SI units Dimension Comments

The two-dimensional
Area A m2 L2
extent of an object.

The three dimensional

Volume V m3 L3 extensive
extent of an object.

Amount of gravitation
newton (N =
Weight w force exerted on an M L T−2
kg m s−2)
object.

(Mass) The amount of mass per

Density(volume ρ unit volume of a three- kg m−3 M L−3 intensive
density) dimensional object.

Speed of an object in a
Velocity 𝑣⃗ m s−1 L T−1 vector
chosen direction.

→ Rate of change of the

Speed 𝑣 m s−1 L T−1 scalar
position of an object.

Rate of change of the

Acceleration → speed or velocity of an m s−2 L T−2 vector
𝑎

object.

The cause of
→ newton (N =
Force 𝐹 acceleration, acting on M L T−2 vector
kg m s−2)
an object.

→ Product of an object's
Momentum 𝑝 Ns M L T−1 vector, extensive
mass and velocity.

The cause of a change in

→ momentum, acting on an kg m s−1 M L T−1 vector
Impulse 𝑝

object.

extensive, scalar,
The capacity of a body joule (J = kg
Energy E M L2 T−2 conserved quantity
or system to do work. m2 s−2)

Energy dissipated by a
joule (J = kg
Work W force moving over a M L2 T−2 scalar
m2 s−2)
distance, scalar product

56
 Derived quantity Symbol Description SI units Dimension Comments

of the force and the

movement vector.

Measure of a change in
Plane angle θ radian (rad) 1
direction or orientation.

Inertia of an object with

Moment of inertia I respect to angular kg m2 M L2 tensor
acceleration.

Rate of change in
Angular acceleration α angular speed or rad s−2 T−2
velocity.

The angle incremented

Angular speed in a plane by a segment scalar or
ω rad s−1 T−1
(or angular velocity) connecting an object and pseudovector
a reference point.

Measure of the extent

conserved
and direction and object
Angular momentum L kg m2 s−1 M L2 T−1 quantity,
rotates about a reference
pseudovector
point.

Product of a force and

the perpendicular
Torque τ distance of the force Nm M L2 T−2 pseudovector
from the point about
which it is exerted.

Amount of force per unit pascal (Pa =

Pressure p M L−1 T−2 intensive
area. kg m−1 s−2)

57
58