ECP 113 PRELIM REV Ѡ is a public data communications network used by

Data millions of people all over the world to exchange

Ѡ Information stored in digital form. business and personal information
Ѡ Varied(Processed, converted, multiplexed) internet - interconnected networks
information. Intranet
Ѡ Datum - single unit of data. (Data - plural) Ѡ privately owned network
Information Ѡ are private data communications networks used by
Ѡ Raw signal many companies to exchange information among
Ѡ Defined as knowledge or intelligence. employees and resources
Ѡ Information that has been processed, organized, Ѡ normally are used for security reasons or to satisfy
and stored is called data. specific connectivity requirements.
Communication Ѡ Company intranets are generally connected to the
Ѡ The exchanging of data or the conveying of data. public Internet through a firewall.
Ѡ Exchanging/Conveying of messages Intranet
Data Communications Ѡ converts the intranet addressing system to the
Ѡ the process of transferring digital information public Internet addressing system and provides
(usually in binary form) between two or more security functionality by filtering incoming and
points. outgoing traffic based on addressing and protocols.
Ѡ The process of transferring of information into World Wide Web (WWW)
digital information from one point to another. Ѡ is a server-based application that allows
Ѡ the transmission, reception, and processing of subscribers to access the services offered by the
digital information. Web.
Ѡ Source information can be analog (like voice or Ѡ Browsers, such as Netscape Communicator and
music) or digital (like binary codes). But the analog Microsoft Internet Explorer, are commonly used for
data should be converted to digital for transmission accessing data over the WWW.
and then back to analog at the destination.
Data communication circuit Data communications networks
Ѡ Purpose: to transfer digital information from one Ѡ Are systems that connect computers and related
place to another. equipment. These can range from a basic setup, like
Ѡ The device a personal computer connected to a printer, to two
Intro to Data comms and Networking computers linked through the public telephone
Ѡ Since the early 1970s, rapid technological advances network.
have transformed the telecommunications industry Ѡ Any group of computers connected together
into a highly dynamic field. Ѡ In essence, there is virtually no limit to the capacity
Ѡ The rise of microprocessors and computers created or size of a data communications network.
a need for faster, higher-capacity digital Ѡ used for airline and hotel reservation systems, mass
communication. media and news networks, and electronic mail
Ѡ Cause of advancement: rise of population, delivery systems.
mahirap/inefficient ang makalumang Ѡ Data communications networks are used to
communication before, ang pagkakaroon ng phone interconnect virtually all kinds of digital computing
ay requirement na in today's world. equipment, from automatic teller machines (ATMs)
Network to bank computers.
Ѡ sometimes called nodes or stations Ѡ is any system of computers, computer terminals, or
Ѡ set of devices interconnected by media links computer peripheral equipment used to transmit
(channels). and/or receive information between two or more
Ѡ Set of interconnected devices locations.
Networking History of Data Communications
Ѡ set of interconnected devices Ѡ In 1753, communication lines of 26 parallel wires
Dial-up - 56kbps (slow) was suggested.
Device/Circuit - pertains to hardware Ѡ Each line represent the letters of the alphabet but it
Devices - nodes, stations, clients was impractical/inefficient/maraming wire na
Each other - dalawa lang kailangan.
One another - network/marami Ѡ In 1833, Carl Friedrich Gauss developed an
Physical medium - coaxial, optical fiber, and copper unusual system based on a five-by-five matrix
wire representing 25 letters (I and J were combined).
Wireless medium - Free space Ѡ The idea was to send messages over a single wire
Internet by deflecting a needle to indicate a row and column.
Ѡ Public highway where we store info. It could take up to 10 deflections to convey a single
character.
Ѡ In 1832, the first successful (and practical) data Peripheral Equipments
communications system was invented by Samuel F. Ѡ has input and output
B. Morse called the telegraph. Nodes, Stations, Clients
Ѡ Morse also developed the first practical data Ѡ different components of a network. Each plays a
communications code, which he called the Morse specific role in how data is transmitted, processed,
code. and received within a telecommunications system.
Ѡ Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Cooke Ѡ Nodes is any physical device within a network that
allegedly invented the first telegraph in England, can send, receive, or forward info. (router, printers
but their contraption required six different wires for sa comshop)
a single telegraph line. Ѡ Nodes are responsible for data routing, processing,
Ѡ In 1840, Morse secured an American patent for the and ensuring that information is transmitted from
telegraph (inunahan nya yung dalawa pero di sya one part of the network to another.
una nakagawa). Ѡ Stations typically serve as an interface between the
Ѡ In 1844, the first telegraph line was established end users and the network, enabling communication
between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., with the between the network and devices like mobile
first message conveyed over this system being phones, computers, or radios. (pc sa comshop)
“What hath God wrought!” (See what God has Ѡ A client is an end device in a network that uses
done!). services provided by servers or stations.
Ѡ In 1849, the first slow-speed telegraph printer was Network architecture
invented. Ѡ outline the products and services necessary for the
Ѡ In 1850, Western Union Telegraph Company was individual components within a data
formed in Rochester, New York, for the purpose of communications network to operate together.
carrying coded messages from one person to Ѡ is a set of equipment, transmission media, and
another. procedures that ensures that a specific sequence of
Ѡ In 1860 a high-speed (15-bps) printer were events occurs in a network in the proper order to
available. produce the intended results.
Ѡ In 1874, Emile Baudot invented a telegraph Ѡ The primary goal of network architecture is to give
multiplexer, which allowed signals from up to six the users of the network the tools necessary for
different telegraph machines to be transmitted setting up the network and performing data flow
simultaneously over a single wire. control.
Ѡ In 1875, the telephone was invented by Alexander Ѡ To control data, because we need efficiency.
Graham Bell. Ѡ In data comms, attenuation and distortion =collision
Ѡ In 1899, Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in
sending radio (wireless) telegraph messages.
Ѡ In 1940, Bell Telephone Laboratories is given
credit for developing the first special purpose
computer using electromechanical relays for
performing logical operations.
Ѡ Computers uses a technique called, batch
processing which allows them to process only one
job.
Ѡ The UNIVAC computer, built in 1951 by
Remington Rand Corporation, was the first mass-
produced electronic computer.
Ѡ After the telephone's invention, AT&T quickly
emerged, offering long-distance, local phone, and
data services across the U.S. The system was
known as the "Bell System" or "Ma Bell."
Proprietary Systems
Ѡ are closed and controlled by a single company or
entity. They often use exclusive technology or Ѡ A network architecture outlines the way in which
standards that are not openly shared with other a data communications network is arranged or structured
companies. and generally includes the concept levels or layers of
Interoperability Systems functional responsibility (electrical specifications,
Ѡ refers to the ability of different systems, platforms, hardware arrangements, and software procedures.)
and software to work together and share within the architecture.
information seamlessly. Protocols - set of procedures and rules that must be
Ѡ Open-source obeyed.
Ѡ Ease of operation
Ѡ Computer networks communicate using protocols,
which define the procedures that the systems
involved in the communications process will use.
Ѡ Protocols are arrangements between people or
processes.
Ѡ Protocol is a set of customs, rules, or regulations
dealing with formality or precedence, such as
diplomatic or military protocol.
Protocol stack - The list of protocols used by a system,
which generally includes only one protocol per layer.
Layered network architectures - consist of two or
more independent levels. Each level has a specific set
of responsibilities and functions. Ѡ Pwede mag send ng Data ng ilang beses as long as di pa
Connection-oriented protocols - are like making a putol ang connection. Once mag end ang connection
phone call—they establish a secure connection first, need uli mag 3 way handshake.
ensure the data is reliably transferred, and then Ex: Pag nag send ng syn si PCA pero busy si PCB
disconnect when done.
Ѡ 3 way handshake - needs to be established before
we can send data.
Ѡ Synchronization (syn)
Ѡ Synchronization-Acknowledge (syn-ack)
Ѡ Acknowledge (ack)

Ѡ Maiignore si PCA, then magsesend lang ng paulit ulit si

PCA until di na busy si PCB.
Ex: Nawalan ng kuryente si PCB in the middle of connection

Ѡ Pag walang mali sa data received, mag sesend si PCB ng

positive acknowledgement (ack).

Ѡ Walang response na marereceive si PCA, sesendan nya

uli ng sesendan si PCB until bumalik si PCB.
Ѡ Sesendan nya lang uli si PCB after the waiting time.
Ѡ Mag titime out pag wala paring response.
Ѡ Time out - can be set
Ѡ After mag time out, send data uli, no need na to do the
Ѡ To end the connection, PCA sends finishing bit (FIN) 3 way handshake.
Ex: Pag may mali sa data received Ex: 49 sec current time

Ѡ Pag may mali sa data received, PCB sends negative

acknowledgement (NACK).
Ѡ Mag sesend uli sya ng NACK until tumama na yung data.
Ex: 3 emails (data) ang need I-transmit.
Ѡ Since 49 sec na lumipas,bawal pa mag send ng data si Ѡ With point-to-point networks, data are often
PCA. transmitted in long, continuous messages, some
Ѡ If may PCC na gusto mag send kay PCB ng data, times requiring several hours to send.
maiignore sya ni PCB dahil connected pa sya kay PCA. Point to Point -1Tx to 1Rx
Connection-less protocols - send data without setting Multipoint - 1Tx to multiple specific Rx
up a connection first, like dropping a letter in the mail Unicasting - 1Tx to 1Rx (Private messages)
without telling the recipient it's coming. There's no Multicasting - 1Tx to intended/specific subscribers, ex.
guarantee it will arrive, but the process is fast. These Nagmention sa gc, pwede mabasa ng lahat ng kasali
protocols prioritize speed over reliability, similar to kahit hindi para sakanila yung message.
mailing a letter and hoping it reaches its destination. Ѡ Sending data to intended/specific subscribers
Broadcasting - 1Tx to All Rx (All subscribers only). It
is also considered Broadcasting if multiple Tx to 1Rx.
Point to Point Multipoint
Unicasting Multicasting
Broadcasting

Connection-oriented Protcl Connectionless Protocol

Requires 3-way handshake No 3-way handshake
Retransmission No retransmission
Data Comms Protocol Network architecture Error detection&correction No Error D and C
are sets of rules governing is a set of layers and Time consuming Efficient
the orderly exchange of protocols that govern the Reliable Not reliable
data within the network or operation of the network. Emails, websites, etc. online games,vidstreaming
a portion of the network
Syntax - Structure or format of the data (Proper
Networks and network protocols fall into three structure or proper formatting).
general classifications: Ѡ Ex: need maayos na parenthesis sa calculator
Ѡ Current (now) networks include the most modern Semantics - Giving meaning to each section of data.
and sophisticated networks and protocols available. Ѡ Ex: 1/2, the ‘/’ means division
Ѡ If a network or protocol becomes a legacy (before Ex: Give 4 bits of data
now), no one really wants to use it, but for some Ѡ 0101, The syntax is the 4 bits of data and the
reason it just will not go away. (still usable but it is semantics is assigning the msb and lsb in the data.
a downgrade) Fundamental Composition
Ѡ When an antiquated network or protocol finally Source - The information source generates data. (laptop,
disappears, it becomes legendary (History). human voice)
Ѡ Ex: sim mode modem (may sim na modem na Transmitter - Source data is seldom in a form suitable
niloloadan) is current and most people uses it. to propagate through the transmission medium. Tx
Fiber/AdsL is Legacy since it is outdated but some encodes the source information and converts it to a
people still uses it due to their home being located different form. (Encoder)
in a shadow zone (no signal) and sim mode modem Transmission medium - The transmission medium
might not work there. Dial up is legendary because carries the encoded signals from the transmitter to the
it is considered slow and super outdated. receiver. (Free-space, etc)
Computer networks can be classified in two different Receiver - The receiver converts the encoded signals
ways: broadcasting (multipoint according to engr.) received from the transmission medium back to their
and point to point original form. (Decodes)
Ѡ Data are propagated through the network in Destination - Like the source, the destination could be a
relatively short messages sometimes called frames, mainframe computer, personal computer, workstation,
blocks, or packets. or virtually any other piece of digital equipment.
Broadcast networks - all stations and devices on the Serial transmission - transmits 1 bit at a time (1 wire)
network share a single communications channel.
Ѡ When messages are intended for all subscribers on
the network, it is called broadcasting.
Ѡ Broadcasting - sending data to all subscriber
Ѡ Hindi lahat makaka sagap sa broadcasting.
Ѡ Multicasting - when messages are intended for a
specific group of subscribers.
Ѡ Point-to-point networks have only two stations.
Ѡ no addresses are needed, all transmissions from one
station are intended for and received by the other
station.
Ѡ At t1, 0 was transmitted Scalability Ability to expand
Ѡ At t2, 1 was transmitted Security Although you can never be 100% secured,
Ѡ At t3, 0 was transmitted and everyone is vulnerable, it is still an
Ѡ At t4, 1 was transmitted important element to consider.
Parallel Transmission - uses multiple wires and sends
all the bits of data in one time slot.
Ѡ AKA: Parallel by bit & Serial by character

Network Models - Computer networks can be

represented with two basic network models: peer-to-peer
client/server and dedicated client/server.
Peer to pear client/server network - all computers
share their resources, such as hard drives, printers, and
Ѡ At t1, 4 bits was sent so on, with all the other computers on the network.
Serial trans. Parallel Trans.
Inexpensive (uses 1 wire) Expensive (uses multiple
wires)
Inefficient (slow) Efficient (fast)

4 modes of transmission
Data transmission is
unidirectional; in
Simplex (SX) formation can be sent in only one
direction. 1 way comms. (ex:
radio broadcasting)
Data transmission is possible in
Half duplex (HDX) both directions but not at the same
time. (ex: citizens band radio)
Transmissions are possible in
both directions simultaneously,
Full duplex (FDX) but they must be between the
same two stations.
Transmission is possible in both
directions at the same time but not Ѡ All the clients are equal (pwede mag hingian)
between the same two stations Ѡ If C1 is looking for File 1, C1 sends request in the
Full/full duplex (i.e., one station is transmitting to hub, then hub sends the request to C2, C3, C4.
(F/FDX) a second station and receiving Ѡ If C4 has it, both C2 and C3 rejects the request.
from a third station at the same Ѡ C4 then sends File 1 to hub, hub sends File 1 to C1,
time). C2, C3. C2 and C3 both rejects it and C1 accepts.

Sneaker net -manual technique of moving data on

disks.
Designing of networking - elements to consider
Cost You need to consider the budget
Speed You need to know the diff. between:
BW - max capacity
Throughput - actual speed of the line
(Ideal vs actual speed)
Reliability The network should be reliable.
(robustness of the network)
Availability Open all the time (online lagi). Measured
�� − ����
in percentage. Formula: �� �100,
to = time online, toff = time offline
Dedicated client/server network (Hierarchy) - one Campus backbone Interconnects building
computer is designated the server, and the rest of the LAN’s.
computers are clients. Interconnects many or all
Enterprise network of the above. Maraming
building pati nasa ibang
lugar.
Interconnects memory
PAN cards carried by people and
(personal area network) in computers
that are in close proximity
to each other
Virtually no limit on how
many computers it can
interconnect and covers an
PLAN (power line area area limited only by the
network) availability of power
distribution lines.
(Pinapadaan ang network
thru AC line)

Connects all the network

Network Connecting Devices devices. Eg: Hub,
Switch, Router

(Made of copper). Used to

connect different types of
Ѡ C1 is looking for File 1, C1 sends request to hub. Straight through cable devices, such as a computer to
Ѡ Hub sends the request to C2,C3,fs,ps,ms. a switch or a router.
Ѡ All rejects the request except fs (designated server) Used to connect similar devices
Ѡ Fs searches for the file location in its serverto know Cross over cable directly, like two computers,
who has it. After finding it. two switches, or two routers.
Ѡ Fs sends the file location to hub. Hub sends another Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - is a
request (the request sent is about the file location) network protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses
to everyone except fs. and other network configuration settings to devices on a
Ѡ Everyone rejects the request except C3 (C3 has the network. This allows devices to join the network without
file) needing manual configuration.
Ѡ C3 sends the file to hub, hub sends req to everyone Hub - connects multiple devices in a local area network
except C3. Only fs accepted the request. (LAN) and allows them to communicate. Unlike a
Ѡ Fs then sends hub another request addressed to C1 switch, a hub simply broadcasts data to all devices
Ѡ Hub sends yet again another req to everyone. connected to it, regardless of the destination.
Ѡ All rejects it except C1. Switch - is a device that connects multiple devices (like
Ѡ This means in hierarchy or dedicated, dumadaan computers, printers, and servers) within a local area
lagi kay hub at sa designated server which is fs. network (LAN) and allows them to communicate with
Primary Network Types each other. Forwards data only to the intended device
Interconnects computer using MAC addresses.
LAN users within a department, Ѡ Inaalam ng switch kung ano ang MAC address ng
(local area network) company, or group. (within receiver.
your range) Ѡ Mas secured sa hub
MAN Interconnects computers in Ѡ Unicasting, Multicasting, & broadcasting
(metropolitan area and around a large city Router - connects multiple networks and directs data
network) between them. E.g., your LAN to the Internet.
Interconnects computers in Hub Connects multiple devices in a LAN by
WAN (wide area network) and around an entire broadcasting data to all devices.
country/continent. Switch Connects devices in a LAN and forwards data
GAN Interconnects computers to specific devices based on MAC addresses.
(global area network) from around the entire Connects different networks (e.g., LAN to the
globe. Router internet) and directs data between them using
Building backbone Interconnects LAN’s IP addresses.
within a building
Network Topologies - describes the layout or logically connected to a single
appearance of a network—that is, how the computers, transmission line called a bus.
cables, and other components within a data Ѡ The two ends of the transmission line
communications network are interconnected, both never touch to form a complete loop.
physically and logically. A pathway of how the data will Ѡ Sometimes called multidrop or linear
flow. bus or horizontal bus or backbone.
Ѡ Physical topology describes how the network is Ѡ Bidirectional
actually laid out. Ѡ All stations share a common
Ѡ Logical topology describes how data actually flow transmission medium.
through the network. Ѡ Data networks using the bus topology
Ѡ Topology is a major consideration for capacity, cost, generally involve one centrally located
and reliability when designing a data host computer that controls data flow to
communications network. and from the other stations.
Ѡ The most basic topologies are point to point and Terminator - used in bus topology, to
multipoint. prevent signal reflection. Since data signals
Point-to-point topology connects two devices, like travel along a shared communication line.
mainframe computers, for high-speed data transfer. It’s Bus Without a terminator, the signal would
direct and efficient for communication between just two topology bounce back (reflect) when it reaches the end
stations. of the cable, causing interference and data
corruption.
Ѡ Ina-absorb yung mga reflected signal.
Ѡ Pag ‘di na-absorb ng terminator,
magkakaron ng collision (high amp).

Multipoint topology connects three or more stations

through a single transmission medium. Examples of
multipoint topologies are star, bus, ring, mesh, and
hybrid.
Multipoint Topologies Examples
Ѡ Remote stations are connected by cable Ѡ All stations are interconnected in tandem
segments directly to a centrally located (series) to form a closed loop or circle.
computer called a hub. Ѡ sometimes called a loop.
Ѡ Remote stations cannot communicate Ѡ Each station in the loop is joined by point
directly with one another, so they must to-point links to two other stations.
relay information through the hub. Hubs Ѡ Transceiver (can receive and transmit)
also have store-and-forward Ѡ Transmissions are unidirectional and must
capabilities, enabling them to handle propagate through all the stations in the
more than one message at a time. loop.
Star Ѡ Pag nasira isang pc gagana parin yung Ѡ Similar to the bus and star topologies, as it
topology natira, pag nasira hub, wala na. generally involves one centrally located
host computer that controls data flow to
Ring
and from the other stations.
topology
Ѡ Pag nasira isang pc, mapuputol na ang
connection.

Ѡ Makes it relatively simple to control

data flow between and among the
Bus computers because this configuration
topology allows all stations to receive every
transmission over the network.
Ѡ All the remote stations are physically or
 Ѡ every station has a direct two-point
communications link to every other station
on the circuit.
Ѡ sometimes called fully connected.
Ѡ A disadvantage of a mesh topology is a fully
connected circuit requires n(n-1)/2 physical
transmission paths to interconnect n
stations and each station must have n-1
input/output ports.
Ѡ Advantages are: reduced traffic problems,
increased reliability, and enhanced security.
Ѡ Each node is connected to all other nodes
Ѡ Offers redundancy (Pag may nasira na
switch, may iba pang dadaanan)
2 Types:
Full Mesh Topology - Every node is connected
directly to every other device in the network.
(Redundant and Costly)
Partial Mesh Topology - Some devices are
connected to multiple other devices, but not all.
It’s a less connected version of full mesh, where
Mesh only certain devices are fully interconnected.
topology (Balanced Redundancy and cost)If links are less
than the value [when mababa ang # of links
(paths)].

Hybrid Ѡ Simply combining two or more of the

topology traditional topologies to form a larger,
more complex topology.
Ѡ Sometimes called mixed topologies
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
College of Engineering

NAME: James Kenneth Gonzales DATE: September 15, 2024

SECTION: 4ECE-A INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Janus Perez, ECT, ECE
SUBJECT: ECP113 – DATA COMMUNICATIONS

LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1
___________________________________________________________________
*Please read the directions carefully.
*Nodes should be named after your Full Name. (Ex. PEREZ, JANUS PC1)
(NO OR LATE SUBMISSION: AUTO ZERO | NO PARTIAL POINTS)

1. Create a star topology with 5 nodes and a switch. (25 pts.)

a. Attach a screenshot of your network.

b. What happens when a node wants to communicate with another node?

- When a node wants to communicate with another node, they don’t actually
communicate directly. If a node wants to communicate with another node, the node
needs to relay the information to the switch in the center (hub) first.
c. What happens to the network when one of the nodes is removed from the topology?
- When this happens the removed node wouldn’t be able to send or receive data
because it has been disconnected. The rest of the nodes still connected would not be
affected as they are still part of the network.
d. What happens to the network when the switch is no longer working?
- Since the nodes rely on the switch, when the switch stops working, all the nodes
connected will lose their communication with each other.
e. Write a conclusion on why the central controller, switch, is important in the star topology.
- In a star topology, the switch is important because all the nodes rely on this central
controller. When the switch stops working then the nodes that are part of the network
would not be able to communicate with each other.
2. Create a bus topology with 5 nodes and 5 switches. (25 pts.)
a. Attach a screenshot of your network.

b. What happens when a node wants to communicate with another node?

- When a node wants to communicate with another node, a node would send the data
to the bus where all the nodes are connected. All the nodes would receive the data and
if the data is not for them they reject it.

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College of Engineering

c. What is the purpose of the backbone in this type of topology?

- The purpose of the backbone in bus topology is it makes the network simple and it
allows the nodes to broadcast data through it and allow everyone to receive, since the
bus connects all nodes together.
d. What happens to the network when there is a breakage in the backbone?
- Since the nodes are dependent on the bus, when the backbone breaks, the nodes
would lose their connectivity and would not be able to communicate with each other.
e. What is the purpose of the terminator?
- In a bus topology, all the nodes share a communication medium, when there are more
than one node that wants to send data, it will cause collision. The purpose of the
terminator is also to reduce those collision and keep the network stable.
3. Create a ring topology with 5 nodes and 5 switches. (25 pts.)
a. Attach a screenshot of your network.

b. What happens when a node wants to communicate with another node?

- If node 1 wants to send data to node 3, node 1 would send the data to switch 1. Switch
1 sends this data to switch 2, but since node 2 is not the one, switch 2 would redirect
the data to switch 3 and since it is addressed to node 3 switch 3 sends it to node 3.
c. What happens to the network when there is a link breakage in the topology?
- ring topology is unidirectional, which means that when a link breakage happens the
nodes would not be able to send data on the other node that was on the other side of
the breakage.
d. What happens to the network when one of the nodes is not working?
- when one of the nodes stop working, the connection is affected. A node not working
causes a connection problem in the network.
e. Write one or several disadvantages of ring topology.
- In a ring topology, one of its disadvantage is when the a link breakage occurs the whole
network connectivity is disrupted.

4. Create a full mesh topology with 5 nodes and 5 switches. (25 pts.)
a. Attach a screenshot of your network.

b. What happens when a node wants to communicate with another node?

- In Full mesh topology, when a node wants to communicate the node sends data into
the switch directly connected to it. Since all the switches are connected directly with
each other, the switch can just send the data into the right switch and after receiving it
that switch can send the data to the node directly connected to it.

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College of Engineering
c. What happens to the network when one of the links is removed or broken?
- when one of the links is removed or broken, the network would still be working since
there are a lot of paths for the data to take. The breaking of one of the links does not
make the communication stop in the mesh topology.
d. Write one or several advantages of mesh topology?
- one of the advantages of mesh topology is, it’s not very susceptible to the disruption of
the communication when one of its links is removed/broken.
e. Write one or several disadvantages of mesh topology?
- one of the disadvantages of mesh topology is, it’s very costly when it comes to creating
it. The mesh topology has many links that gives it an advantage which is also a downside since it
is costly.

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