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CHAPTER
Some Basic Concepts of
Chemistry
Topicwise Weightage of JEE Main 6 Years Paper (124 Sets)
•
Atomic & Molecular Masses and
Mole Concept and Molar Masses .•....
30%

Dalton's Atomic Theory ......

Percentage Composition
and Empirical & Molecular ~ Uncertaincy in Measurement
Fonnufa ..... . - and Laws of Chemical
Combinations ......

Stoichiometry & Stoichiometric

45% Calculations ......

"How's the Josh?" for these Topics: Mark your confidence level in the blank space around the topic.(Low-L, Medium-M, High-H)

foti,it•
A substance which occupies space, possesses mass and can be felt
Pure substance is classified into two types:
(I) Element (II) Compound
by any one or more of the five senses is called matter. ( I) Element: The pure substance containing only one
kind of atoms. It is classified into 3 types
Physical Classification of Matter (i) Metal ➔ Zn, Cu, Hg, Ac, Sn, Pb etc.
It is based on physica l state under ordinary · conditions o f
(ii) Non-metal ➔ N 2 , 0 2, C l2 , Br2 , Fz, P4 , S etc.
temperature and pressure. 8
(iii) Metalloids ➔ B, Si, As, Te etc.
(a) Solid: A substance is sa id to be solid if it possesses a (II) Compound: It is defined as pure substance containing
definite vo lume and a definite shape, e.g. sugar, iron, gold,
more than one kind of elements or atoms which are
wood etc. combined together in a fixed proportion by weight
(b) Liquid: A substance is said to be liquid if it possesses a and wliich can be decomposed into simpler substance
definite volume but not definite shape. They take up the
by the suitable chemical method. The properties of a
shape of the container. e.g. water, milk, oi l. mercury,
compound a~e completely different from those of its
alcohol etc. constituent element, e.g. HCl, H 20. H2 S0 4 • HC 104 ,
(c) Gas: A substance is said to be gas if it neither possesses a
HN03 etc.
definite volume nor a definite shape. This is because they fill
up the who le conta iner, e.g. Hydrogen (H z), Oxygen (Oz), (b) Mixture: A material which contain more than one type of
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) etc . substances and which are mixed in any ratio by weight
is called as mixture. The property of the mixture is the
Chemical Classification of Matter property of its components. The mixture can be separated
(a) Pure Substance: A materi al conta ining only one type of
by simple physical method.
substance. Pure Substance can not be separated into simpler
substance by physical method. Classification of Mixture
e.g.: Element Na. Mg. Ca ............ .. ..... ..... .... etc. (i) Homogeneous mixture: The mixture. in which all the
Compo und HCl. H2 0 , CO 2 , HN03 . . . . .. . ... t:tc. components are present uni fonll ly is called as homogeneous
 mixture. Components of mixture are present in a single International System (SI} of Units
phase, e.g. Water + Salt. Water + Sugar, Water + alcohol. Tahll•: SI base quantities and their units ·
Homogeneous substances are of two types: s. , 0• Ph) ~kal 111111ntit)' unit Symbol
(a) Pure substances: Substances which have definite Lcngth metre
and constant chemical c11mposition are known as pure kilogram ._
2 Mass -
substances. For example. all elements and compounds ·- second
3 Time
are pure substances.
4 Temperature kelvin
(h) Solutions: A homogenous mixture of two or more
pure substances is known as a solution. For 5 Electric current ampere
-
example. air. a mixture of NaCl and water, alcohol 6 Luminous Intensity candela
and water, etc. A solution does not have a definite Amount of substance mole mo(
7
composition.
Heterogeneous mixture: The mixture in which all the SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
components are present non-uniformly, e.g. Water + Sand,
If a number P can be expressed as
Water + Oil, blood, petrol etc.
P=A x 10'
where l ~ A < l 0, this is called Scientific Notation and x is called
Oi•V&ti~••IM•)!i,1l!t) order of magnitude of the number.
Atom: The term atom was introduced by Dalton. Atom is the SI Prefixes: The magnitudes of physical quantities vary over a
smallest particle of matter that takes part in a chemical reaction. wide range. The mass of an electron is 9. I x 10- 31 kg and that of
Atom is also defined as the smallest particle of an element that our earth is about 6 x l 024 kg. Standard prefixes for certain power
retains all the properties of an element. of 10. Table shows these prefixes:
Molecule: The term molecule was introduced by Avogadro. Pon er of 10 Prefix Symbol
Molecule is the smallest particle ofmatter that exists independently 12 tera T
and is formed by the combination of atoms. Molecule is also G
' 9
giga
defined as the smallest particle of matter that can exist and retains
6 mega M
all the properties of that substance.
3 kilo k I
Physical and Chemical Properties: 2 hecto h
(a) Physical Property: The property which can be measured 1 deca da !I
without changing the chemical composition ofthe substance
-l deci d
is known as physical property like mass, volume, density, I

refractive index etc. -2 centi C I

-3 milli m
( b) Chemical Property: The property which can be evaluated
at the cost of matter itself is known as chemical property. For --6 micro µ I
example combustible nature ofhydrogen gas can be verified by -9 nano n
burning ofhydrogen. The sweet taste ofsugar by consuming it. - 12 pico p '
- 15 femto f
Physical Quantity and their Measurements in
Chemistry
Physical Quantities t➔t~~i.iit%~iiit;¥ 1l;Jfi•);l•)t3it)
T~~ sigmficant figures (SF) in a measurement are the figures or
All quantities that can be measured are called physical quantities.
digits that are known with certainty plus one that is uncertain.
eg. time, length, mass, force, work done, etc.
Larger t?e.number ofsignificant figures obtained in a measurement.
Fundamental Quantities greater 1s its accuracy and vice versa.
I. Rules to fi nd out the number of significant figures:
A set of physical quantities which are completely independent of
each other but all other physical quantities can be expressed in terms !
Rule: ~II the non-zero digits are significant e.g. t 984 has -I SF.
1. ~ule. All the zeros between two non-zero digits ~
of these physical quantities is called set of Fundamental Quantities.
s1gmficant, e.g. •10806 has 5 SF.
Fundamental units are those units which can neither be derived from
111 ~ule: All the zeros to the left of first non-zero digit att
one another nor they can be further resolved into any other units.
not s1gmficant, e.g.00108 has 3 SF.
The Fundamental Quantities that are currently being accepted
IV Rule: If the number is less than I . zeros on the right of the
by the scientific community are mass, time, length, current,
d_eem~al pomt but to the left of the first non-zero digit are not
temperature, luminous intensity and amount of substance. stgnihcant, e.g. 0.002308 has 4 SF.
52 JEE (XI) Module-I CHEMISTRY e
11,1, 1 ~
 ------
:,::,_;

V Rule: T~e . trai_ling zeros (zeros to the right of the last Reason: Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant
non-zero digit) 111 a number with a decimal point arc provided they are on the right side of the decimal point.
significant, e.g. OJ .080 has 4 SF. In the light of the above statement, choose the correct answer from
VI Rule: The_trailing zeros in a number without a decimal the options given below:
point are not significant e.g. OIOIOO has 3 SF.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct
VU Rule: ~hen tl_ic number is expressed in exponential
explanation of Assertion.
fom1. the exponenttal tenn docs not affect the number of
s.F. For example in x = 12.3 = 1_23 x 10 , = _123 x 102 (h) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a
= 0.0123 _x !O· = 123 x 10- 1• each tenn has 3 SF only. (Note: correct explanation of Assertion.
It has 3 s1g111ficant figure in each expression.) (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
2, Rules for arith ~etical operations with significant figures: (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
I Rule: In addttton or subtraction the number of decimal Sol. (a)
places 111 th e result should be equal to the number of decimal Illustration: Assertion: All the zeros to the left of first non-zero
places of that .term in the operation which contain lesser digit are not significant.
number of decimal places, e.g. 12.587 _ 12.5 = 0.087 = 0.1
Reason: Zeros at the end or right of a non-zero digit are significant
(": second term contain lesser i.e. one decim~I place)
provided they are on the right side of the decimal point.
TI Rule: In multiplication or division the number of SF in the
In the light of the above statement, choose the correct answer from
product or quotient is same as the s~allest number of SF in
any of the factors, e.g. 5.0 x 0.125 = 0 _625 = 0 _62 the options given below:
T~ avoid the con~sion regarding the trailing zeros ofthe numbers (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct
without the d~un_al ':'°int the best way is to report every explanation of Assertion.
meas~ment ID sc1en~c notation (in the power of 10). In this (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a
notation every number 1s expressed in the form a x I(Y' where correct explanation of Assertion.
a is ~e base number between 1 and l O and b is any po;itive or (c) Assertion is true but Reason _is false.
negative exponent of l 0. The base number a is written in decimal (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
form with the decimal after the first digit. While counting the
Sol. (b)
number of SF only base number is considered (Rule Vil).
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
♦ The change in the unit of measurement of a quantity does
The law of conservation of mass (Law of Indestructibility of
not affect the number of SF. For example in 2.308 cm matter) According to this law, the mass can neither be created
= 23.08 mm= 0.02308 m =23080 µm each term has 4 SF. nor be destroyed in a balanced chemical reaction but one fonn
is changed into another fonn. In a chemical change total mass
remains conserved i.e., total mass before the reaction is always
ACCURACY AND PRECISION equal to total mass after the reaction.
The accuracy of a measurement is a measure of how close the I
H2(g) + Oi(g) ➔ Hp ( f)
measured value is to the true value of the quantity. Precision tells 2
us to what resolution or limit the quantity is measured.
1
l mole
Wustration: Assertion: If the true value for a result is 2.00 g and
a student ' A' takes two measurements and reports the results as
2 mole l mole

1.95 g and l.93 g. These values are precise as they are close to Mass before the reaction = I x 2 + _!_ x 32 = 18 gm
2
each other but are not accurate. Mass after the reaction = 1 x 18 = 18 gm
Reason: Precision refers to the closeness of various measurements [Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products + Mass of
for the same quantity. Whereas, accuracy is the agreement of a unreacted reactants]
particular value to the true value of the result.
Law of constant composition (definite proportions): All
In the tight of the above statement, choose the correct answer from chemical compounds are found to have constant composition of
the options given below: elements irrespective of their method of preparation or sources.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct E.g. In Hp, hydrogen & oxygen combine in 2 : I molar ratio.
explanation of Assertion. . this ratio remains constant whether it is tap water. river water or
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason ts not a seawater or produced by any chemical reaction.
correct explanation of Assertion. Law of Multiple Proportions: When one element combines with
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. the other element to form two or more different compounds, the
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. mass of one element, which combines with a constant mass of the
Sol (a) other bear a simple ratio to one another.
IUustration: Assertion: l 00 has only one significant figure, Nitrogen and oxygen combine to form five oxides: weights of
but 100.0 has three significant figures and I00.0 has four significant oxygen which combine with the fixed weight of nitrogen in these
figures. ox ides are calculated as under:

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 53

 <hide Ratio 111 \\ C'11tht~ nl n1trottcn anJ o>.ygcn - - - -- - - - , -11-w-:- in-g~a=r:e ~th:c ~re:s:u~
lts:-:o;
f :a:na:I~):
10
N.O 28 16
F- 11 mnle 2: The P c or two different compoun,1. '-'
, " Of ti • sam . "" "
No two samples ic . From these results. decide v.htlli '·
28 ,12 hosphorus ao d chlorfmcm. the same or different comP<ll.!""11:-
"I :0 , P les are ro • ...,.
2R . 4X the two samp · 11. h wi ll beobeyedby lhe g1\en'>a!npl,.'.
Np, 2!1 : 64 Also state the law. w IC t of p Amount of U '·
Amoun
N:t\ 28 : 80 156 rn 3.971 gm
Compound A : ·542 !rn 5.297 gm . j
\iumher 0f pans hy weight of oxygen which combine with
Compound B . · f hosphorus and chlorine m comP<.Jl.lr
14 pans h) weight of ni trogen from the above Jre 8, 16, 24. 32
Sol. The m~~rat:o ~ 1~6:3_97 J = 0.29 1'·: I .000 ir, \
and 40 respectively Their ratio is 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5. which is a simple A, mp . . Cl f bosphorus and chlorme m compound f:
\\ hole number ratio. Hence. the law of multiple proportion is
illustrated. ~J
The. mass:~t~4 297 == 0.29 11 : 1.000
mp • mc1 · . . ame both the compounds are salllt
-«·)•vt-ni➔➔••!M@m► As the mass ratio: sthe l~w of definite proportion.
and the sam~l~s50 J of a gaseous hydrocarbon exaci1,.
Law of Reciprocal Proportion: The ratio of the masses of two 3
Exa~ple • · 1 ox gen for complete combustion anrj
elements A and B which combine separately with a fixed mass requires I 2.5mrcarbin dioxide and I 0.0 ml water vapoUr
ofthe third eternent C is either the same or some simple multiple
of the ratio of the masses in which A and B combine directly
produces 7/ e measured at the same pressure and
All the vo umSehs ar that the data illustrates Gay Lussac"1
with each other. temperature. ow . .
law of volume combmatwn. .
l..ib CH4, CO2 and ~O
S0 I. Vhydrocarbon : Yoxygeo : Ycarbon dioxide · Vwater ,apour
CH4 ➔ C : H = 12 : 4
= 2.5: 12.5 : 7.5 : 10.0 .
CO2 ➔ C :O= 12 : 32 = 1 : 5 : 3 :A (simple whole no. ratio)
liiO ➔ H : 0 = 2 : 16 Hence, the data is according to the law of volume
combination.
Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volume: Gases combine
in a simple whole number ratio of their volumes provided all
measurements should be done at the same temperature and pressure.
,.• Concept Application
H2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) ➔ 2HC1
I vol. I vol. 2 vol.
1. A sample of pure carbon dioxide, irrespective of iJs
Avogadro's hypothesis: Equal volume ofall gases have equal n~ber source contains 27.27% carbon and 72.73% oxygen.
of molecules (not atoms) at same temperature and pressure cond1t1on. The data support:
S.T.P. (Standard Temperature and Pressure) Temperature= 0°C or
(a) Law of constant composition.
273 K Pressure = I atm = 760 mm of Hg.
(b) Law of conservation of mass.
Yolu~e of one mole of gas at STP is found to be experimentally
(c) Law of reciprocal proportions.
equal to 22.4 litres which is known as molar volume.
(d) Law of multiple proportions.
2. The percentage of hydrogen in water and hydrogen
Measuring the volume is equivalent to counting the peroxide is I I.I and 5. 9 respectively. These figures
mnnber of molecules of the gas. illustrate:
(a) Law of multiple proportions.
(b) Law of conservation of mass.
(c) Law of constant proportions.
(d) Law of combining volumes.
3. 1.0 g of an oxide of A contained 0.5 g of A. 4.0 g of
Example I: A 15.9 g sample of sodium carbonate is another oxide of A contained 1.6 g of A. The data
added to a solution of acetic acid weighing 20.0 g. The indicate the law of:
two substances react, releasing carbon dioxide gas to the (a) Reciprocal proportions.
atmosphere. After reaction, the contents of the reaction (b) Constant proportions.
vessel weigh 29.3 g. Whal is the mass of carbon dioxide (c) Conservation of energy.
given off during the reaction? (d) Multiple proportions.
Sol. The total mass of reactants taken = l 5.9 + 20.0 4. Carbon is found to form two oxides which contain
= 35.9 gm. From the conservation of mass, the final 42.9% & 27.3% of carbon respectively show that these
mass of the contents of the vessel should also be figures shows the
35.9 gm. But it is only 29.3 gm. The difference is (a) Law of multiple proportion
due to the mass of released carbon dioxide gas. (b) Law of definite proportion
Hence, the mass of carbon dioxide gas released (c) Law of mass conservation
= 35.9 - 29.3 = 6,6 gm (d) All of these

54 .IEE (XI) Module-I CHEM~

tu•foi t◄0tl!J:fOneXt•1tl!i,•l b. iltf.tli)
th•e Atomic Mass: of
lllustnttlon: Naturally occurring chlorine is 75% Cl 35 which has
an atomic mass of 35 amu and 25% Cl3 7 which has a mass of
~e1• . 1c most 11nportant concept from
ton's atomic therny was that of . ,1, . , . . J7 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine:
. This. 1s. done by c . •c ,1t1ve
oa ' ic weight. .
atomic muss or relative
(a) 35.5amu (h) 36.5amu (c) 71 amu (d) 72amu
atoin xpressmg mass of one fltom with
....ct to a fi xed standard Daito,1 Sol. (a) Average atomic mass
resr-- · ' used hydrligen as the standard
(H"' I). Later on oxygen (0 = 16) replaced hydrogen as the reference.
• The present standard unit which , d . . = (% of I isotope) ,.. (its A.M) + (¾of II isotope) x (its A.M.)
' . 1961 is based<)ntl , was a optedmternattonally 100
in · • · le mass of one ca, · · atom
. •bon-12 1sotop1c
taken as exactly 12.000 u (amu). ·
7 5 x 35 ➔ 25 x 37
Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) - -- -- - = 35.5 amu
100
_ Mass of one atom of an element
- I
- x Mass of one c 12 atom
12
,\tomic Mass Unit (or amu): The ato · . . mass of one molecule of the substance
. , I th mti mass umt (amu) ts

equal to l12) of mass of one atom of carbon-12 isotope.

J_ x mass of one C 12
12
- atom

1
I amu = 12 x mass of one c1 2 isotopic atom ❖ Molecular mass = Relative molecular mass x I amu
:: mass of one nucleon in c12 atom. Mean Molar Mass or Molecular Mass
1 amu = 1.66 x 10--24 gm or 1.66 x 10-2, kg
❖ T~ay, amu _has been replaced by 'u' which is known as The average molar mass of the different substance present in the
umfied atomic mass . =~
contamer n1M1+n2M2+ .....n"M"
- ' -- - = - - ~- - - " - - - " -

❖ One amu is also called One Dalton (Da).

❖ Atomic mass = R.A.M x 1 amu Where:
Ml' M 2, M 3 ........... are molar masses.
♦ Relative atomic mass indicates the number of nucleons nl' n2, n3 .... ....... are moles of substances.
present in the atom.
Formula Mass
The formula mass of a substance is defined as the sum of the
Average / Mean Atomic Mass atomic masses of constituent atoms in an ionic compound. This is
generally used for ionic compounds which do not contain discrete
The weighted average of the isotopic masses of the element's
molecules, but ions as their constituent units.
naturally occurring isotopes. For example: Formula mass of NaCl is:
Mathematically, average atomic mass ofX (Ax) Formula mass = mass of sodium atom+ mass of chlorine atom
= alXI + a2X2 + ..... + anXn = (23 + 35.5) u = 58.5 u
100 Illustration: The molar composition of polluted air is as follows:
Where: Gas At. wt. mole percentage composition
Oxygen 16 16%
al' 32, 3:i ........... atomic mass of isotopes.
Nitrogen 14 80%
and xi' x2, x3 ........ mole¾ or % ofnatural abundance of isotopes.
Carbon dioxide 03%
Key Note Sulphur dioxide OI%
What is the average molecular weight of the given polluted air?
O Atomic weights of many elements are not whole numbers (Given, atomic weights ofC and Sare 12 and 32 respectively.
due to the presence of stable isotopes. j=n

O The number of atoms of a particular isotope present in LniMi j= n

I00 atoms of a natural sample of that element is called its

s0 I• Mavg = --,-j
j =I
=_n_ _ Here Z:nJ= 100
j =I
relative abundance which always remains constant for a L"i
j=I
given element.
0 Shortcut for% determination if average atomic weight is 16 x 32 + 80 x 28 + 44 x 3 + 64 x I
given for X having isotopes XA & XB. 100
¾ fX
oo A =
I
Average atomic weight - wt
. A
of X
u
8
I x 100 51 2+2240 + 132 + 64 2948
difterence in weight of X & X 100
WO = 29.48 Ans.

~ c Concepts of Chemistry 55
 . 6 .022 x I 0 23
0 I X4gofnrngnes ium would cnn ta in = - - -- - ,, o. ~
24 14
4 .617 / 1()21
Eiample 4 : I md the- f'{')Atnc- ntom1l ma<1<1 nl ' () ' Ato m 1111'1
·1 hc rcfo, e. 5.00 g of the g iven comrlex would co ntai n
1t~ at0m1c ma.,~ 4 61 7 ~ I oJ1 0101m of magnes ium.
Sol. ll1c- num~C'1 ,,f 1111,· knn , p1't'sc111 111 ' ( r 11111111 1<. I (1
Rclatl\ c- n1<1m1c nrn1-, ,, 1 ' t ) ' 1111,111 I (1 How Big is a Mole?
/\mount ofwat ~r in Age o f earth (<ie cond<;)
~tom1c m11!-,., R .\ .1\1 , I 1111111 Jt, ~ I amu - I t> 11mu
£.1.ampk' ~: The-\\ C'l~ht 01 ,,nc- 1111,m o f urnnrnm 1s 2J 5 amu . wo rld's ocea ns (litres )
I
I
Po pulatio n of earth
I
It,; act11RI " c1~ht m !I, ,,
Avogadro's number 602,200,000.000,000,000,000,r)<}(,
~I. :' .• ' , I f' - , IO ;,, g I
;o c; ,10 g Distance fro m ea rth to sun ( ce nti meter, 1

In modem practice gram-atom and gram-molecule are

tenned as mole.
Concept Application
•
S. Thc- Rt"lat,, e molecular mass of ammonia is : Gram Atomic Mass: The atomic mass of an element expressed in
t o ) 1- (h) 22 (c) 28 (d) 44 gram is called gram atomic mass of the element.
atom o f sodi um is: or
6 . The mass of an
(b) 23gm It is also defined as mass of 6.022 x I 023 atoms.
ta) 23 amu
1c1 46 amu (d) 12 amu or
7. The atomic mass & molecular mass of hydrogen is: It is also defined as the mass of one mole atoms.
( a) I amu & 2amu (b) 2 amu & 4 amu Eg·
(c) 3amu & 6amu (d) 4 amu & 8 arnu R.A.M. Atomic mass Gram Atomic
Element
8. One · u · stands for the (Relative Atomic (mass of one mass/weight
(a ) mass ofan atom ofcarbon-12 atom. atom)
Mass)
(h ) l tl 2°' of mass ofcarbon-1 2.
N 14 14 amu 14gm
(c ) I '12°' of mass of hydrogen atom.
He 4 4amu 4 gm
( d) mass of one atom of any of the element.
9. Mass of I a.mu in g is equal to: C 12 12 amu 12 gm
(a) 1.66 A 1024 g (b) 1.66 x 10- 24 g For example, for oxygen atom: Atomic mass of 'O' atom = mass
(C) J.008 f! (d) 9. J X 10- 28 g of one 'O' atom= 16 amu
Gram atomic mass= mass of6.022 x 1023 ' O ' atoms
= 16 amu x 6.022 x !023
ttt•i!l{·):t3i4• 24
= ]6 X J.66 X 10- 24 g X 6.022 X 102 3 = 16 g
(': l.66 x 10- x 6.022 x 1023 ::: I)
Mole
Mole is a counting un11 m ostly used for microscopic particles and Gram Molecular Mass: The molecular mass of a compound
expressed in gram is called the gram-molecular mass of the
1s defined as follows : compound.
A ,no/e is the amount of a substance that contains as many or
entitks (atoms, molecules or other particles) as there ore atoms It is also defined as mass of 6.022 x I 0 23 molecules.
in exactly 0.012 kg (tJr 12 gm) ofthe carbon-fl isotope. or
23
From mass spectrometer we found that there are 6.022 x !0 It is also defined as the mass of one mole molecules.
atoms present in 12 gm ofC 1: isotope. For example, for '02 ' molecule: Molecular mass of ' 0 2 ' mole.:uk
The number of entities in J mo! is so important that it is given a = mass of one 'O?' molecule
i.eparate name and sy mbo l known as Avogadro constant denoted = 2 x mass of one ' O' atom = 2 x 16 amu = 32 amu
by !'\.., i.e .. on the whole ¼-e can say that I mole is the collection Gram molecular mass = mass of 6 .022 x I0 23 -o, · nwk~·ul<"
of 6 .022 _,, I 0 23 en11tic~. Here entities may represent atoms, ions, = 32 amu x 6.022 x 102 -' -
m<Jlecules or even pens, chair, paper e tc but as this number (NA) is =32 x l.(J6 x I~ 4 gin x 6.022 " 1(~3 =\' ~'111
very large therefore II is signifit:ant onl y for very micro-particles.
J.JJunration: Chlorophyll , the green colouring material of plants RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRAM AND AMU
ront.ains 3.68 % c.,f magneb1um by mass. Calculate the number of
magnesium atom m 5.00 g of the complex . I ,~
I amu = ofwt. of one C - atom.
Sof. Mass of magnesium 111 5.0 g o f complex 12
3
3 68 For carbon (C 12 ) a tom. I 1110I..-, ( • - I ~ gm = 6 .022 " 1(~ atLll11 '
"' J(J(J _,, 5.00 = tJ IX4 g
wt. of6.022 x 10n ( ' 1~ a toms - 12 g m
Atomic mass o f magne1>ium --- 24 12
24 g o f magnesium w ntain -- 6 022 , _ J0 23 atoms wt. of I a1om of'< •t ! -~ N gm

56 J E; (XI) Module-I C HEMIST~

►
(N" .-. Avogadro's num ber 6 .022 y J02' )

I f . f -11 I 12
I aniu = -12 o wt. o one { • atom - x - gm
12 N A
I Key Note
1aniu = - gm
NA
0 I gO. I g02, I g03 eachhavesameoumber ofoxygerialOOIS.
O Density ofliquid water at 4"C is I g/mL = I g/a: = 103 kg m3
METHODS OF CALCULATIONS OF MOLE
(a) If no. of particles of some species is given then no. of moles
Given no. of particles '
NA
(b) If weight of a given species is given, then no. of moles = Example 6: Total number of atoms of all elements present
Given wt. in I mole of ammonium dichromate is?
- - .- -(for atoms), (a) 14 (b) 19
Atomic wt. 23
(C) 6 X )0 (d) 114 -' J<P
Given wt.
or M (for molecules) SoL (d) (NHJFrz07 =]9x6.022x ] 023 ::: 114 -' l<P atoms.
o 1ecu1arwt. Example 7: How many atoms of oxygen are there in 16 g
ofoxygen?
(c) If volume ofa gas is given along with its temperature (n (a) 2NA (b) NA (c) 1.5:'.'i_,. (d) 4~,.
PY
and pressure (P) use n = - (assuming gas to be ideal) Sol (b) Let x atoms of oxygen are present
RT I
where R = 0.0821 lit-atm/mol- K (when Pis in atmosphere So 16 x l.66 x 10-24 x x=l6e ⇒ x= " =~
and Vis in litre.) ' - J.66 X 10--~ .-\
Y-map: Interconversion of mole - volume, mass and Enmple 8: Calculate the volume in litres of20 g hydrogen
number of particles: gas at STP.
(a) 2.24 L (b) 22.4 L
(c) 224 L (d) 4.48 L
Mass
Sol (b) No. of moles ofhydroeen gas= u ul
- - 1v,o Iec ar mass
20 em
= -- - - = 10 mol
2 gm
Volume of hydrogen gas at STP = 10 x 22.4 L
Example 9: The number of atoms contained in 11.2 L of
Ot•iMt3h) sol at S.T.P. are:
(a) 3/2 X 6.022 X 10::3 (b) 2 x 6.022 , 10:-'
It is equal to number of atoms present in one molecule. For
example atomicity of H 2, CO 2, 0 3, CCl4 , respectively. (c) 6.022 x I<P (d) 4, 6.022 , 10:-'
Sol. (a) 22.4 litre gas has = I mole
1•1UMh) I I
I litre gas has = - - x 11.2 = - mole of molecules
For Liquids and Solids, 22.4 2
(a) Absolute density
Mass
=3x
I
2 mole ofatoms = f , 6.022,
~
10::-' atoms
Absolute density = - --
Volume Example 10: 7.5 litre of the panicular gas at S.T.P. ,\ eighs
(b) Relative density 16 gram. What is the V.D. of gas?
Density of substance 7.5 16
Relative density = - -- ---''--- - - - - Sol. Moles at S.T.P. = , =-
Density of standard substance - 2 .4 M
Density of substance 48
e.g., Specific gravity = Density of H 0 at 4°C M = 48 gram; V.D. = = 24.
2 2
For Gases: Example 11: Find the vapour densi~ of C'O~(g) ,, ith
PM respect to Np(g).
Absolute density (mass / volume) = RT
Sol. V.D. = M.wt. of CO~ = 44 = 1
where P is pressure of gas, M = mot. wt. of gas, R is the gas M.wt.of N ,0 44
constant; T is the temperature.
Example 12: Find the vapour density ,,f Np,.
Vapour density: It is defi ned only for gas.
It is a density of gas with respect to H, gas a l same temperature Sol. V.D.
= Mol.wt. of N~O 5 = !OS = S-l .
& pressure. - 2 2

Some Basic Concept.s of Chemistry 57

 -1he molecular fprrnula 1~ an integrn~ multiple of the empirical fonnu~
1 c . Molcnilar formula - bnp1rtcal
formula " n
Concept Application
Molcc11lllr Fon~u~ Mass
11
\I, here 1.rnp,~ical l·orrnula Mass
10. The numhcr of clcrtt'\'11~ prl'M'lll 111 I 111111 <11 111cthn11c
mol('('ulc :ire ,.. If sum of mn~s percent of all elements is less than l()(J
( a) C1 on , 1(); , (/,) <, ()22 • 10''1
then dilTercncc is due to oxygen.
(t)6.022' 10: 1 (d) 6.022 ' I0''
11. The ma~s l,r,,11r nH,lcnilc ,1fwatcr 1s opprox1mah:ly: I~,, ~ - < 100
❖ Mass % of C
(a) J, l0 ' g
1
(Ii) IXg 44 m compound
1
(c) U , I(1 ' g
1
(d) 4.5 x IO 2· g 2 X rll11 . 0 X 100
❖ Mass % of H ~ -
12. The molar mass offctTous sulphate (FcSO4.7 Hp ) is: 18 m , ompound
(a) 15:!gm (h) 278gm
(c) l3 7 gm (d) None of these
13. The vapour density of carbon dioxide is: Train Your Brain
(a) 44 (b) 32 (c) 22 (d) 12
g/cm 3 at STP. Identify
14. The density of air is 0.001293 Example 13: Every molecule of ammonia always has formula
which of the following statement is correct? NH irrespective of method of preparation or sources. i e
3 .
(a) Vapour density is 12.72. I mole of ammonia always contams I mol ofN and 3 mole ofH.
(b) Molecular weight is 28.96. In other words 17 gm ofNH3 always contains 14 gm of N and
(c) Vapour density is 0.001293 g/cm3. 3 gm ofH. Now find out% of each element in the compound.
(d) Vapour density and molecular weight cannot be Sol. Mass % ofN in NH 3 =
detennined.
Mass of Nin I mole NH3 x !OO = _!i xl00= 82.3S %
Mass of 1 mole of NH 3 17
OUX\Uil·itHOfi1t) Mass % ofH in NH 3 =
For n mole ofa compound (C 3HP 2); 3x Mass of Hin I mole NH3 x \O0
Moles of C = 3n
Massof I mole ofNH 3
Moles ofH = 7n
Moles of O = 2n 3
= - x \00 = 17.65%
17
PERCENTAGE FORMULAE COMPOSITION Example 14: Acetylene and benzene both have the
% of element in a compound empirical formula CH. The molecular masses of acetylene
and benzene are 26 and 78 respectively. Deduce their
Atomic weight of element x Number of atom of that molecular formulae.
element in one molecule x 100 Sol. ·: Empirical Formula is CH
Total molecular weight of compound Step-1: The empirical formula of the compound is CH
:. Empirical formula mass = {I x 12) + I = 13.
Here we are going to find out the percentage of each element in
Molecular mass = 26
the compound by knowing the molecular formula of compound.
Step-2: To calculate the value of 'n'
EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA Molecular mass
n = - - -- - -- - = - = 2
26
We have j ust seen that knowing the molecular formula of the Empirical formula mass 13
compound, we can calculate percentage composition of the Step-3: To calculate the molecular formula of th,
elements. Conversely, if we know the percentage composition Compound.
of the elements initially, we can calculate the relative number of Molecular formula = n x (Empirical formula of th,
atoms of each element in the molecules of the compound. This compound) = 2 X CH = c2 H~
gives us the empirical formula of the compound. Further if the Thus the molecular formula is C2 H1
molecular mass is known then the molecular formula can easily
Similarly for benzene
be determined.
An empirical formu la represents the simplest whole number To calculate the value of · 11 •
ratio of various atoms present in a compound. Molecular mass 78
The molecular formula gives the actual number ofatoms of each n = Empirirnl formula mass = 13 = 6 ·
element in a molecule.The molecular formula shows the exact number Thus the molecular formula is 6 x CH = C~!-10
of different types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
58 JEE (XI) Modulr-1 CHEMISTRY 8
r ,
Example 15: An organic substance containing carbon Sol. (c)
hydrogen and oxygen gave the following percen
tage Simple
Element %/Atomic divide by
composition. mass smallest ratio integer ratio
C = 40.684% ; H = 5.085% and O = 54.228% 1.85
N 25 .94 = 1.85 - =! 2
The molecular weight of the compound is 118. 14 1.85
Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
(a) C4H60 4 (b) C H 0 74.06 =4.63 4.63
2 3 2 0 - = 2.5 5
(d) C H 0 16 1.85
(c) C2H40 2 4 6 8

Sol (a) Step-I: To calculate the empirical formula of the So empirical formula is Np5.
compound.

Symbol Perct'n1agc At. mus Relative- no. ~ Simplest

E~ Simplesc
of c ~ t of clcmcn of atorm ,.. ~ whok
atomic ratio no. atomic Concept Application
eon,,., (' 40.684 12 40.684 • l .390
12

15. A compound contains 25% hydrogen and 75% carbon by

H S.085 I 5.085
H~ . - "" S.085 ~l.389 -1.s J

Oxyp 0 54.228 16
54.228
1 6• 3.389 -12!!_ _1
l .389 2 mass. Determine the empirical formula ofthe compound.
(a) CH4 (b) C2H6
. . Empirical Formula is C2 H3 o2 (c) C3Hg (d) C2H2

Step-2: To calculate the empirical formula mass. 16. The empirical formula of a compound of molecular
mass 120 u is CH20. The molecular formula of the
The empirical formula mass of the compound is 12 x 2 compound is:
+ 3 x l + 16 x 2 = 59. (a) C2H40 2 (b) C4H80 4
Step-3: To calculate the value of'n' (c) C3H5C~ (d) All of these
Molecular mass 118 17. Calculate the molecular formula of compound which
=-= 2
n=
Empirical formula mass 59 contains 20% Ca and 80% Br (by wt.) if molecular
weight of compound is 200 u. (Atomic wt. Ca = 40.
Step-4: To calculate the molecular formula of the salt. Br= 80)
Molecular formula= n x (Empirical formula) (a) Ca 112Br (b) CaBr2
= 2 x c 2 H 3 0 2 = C4 H 6 0 4 (c) CaBr (d) C3iBr

Thus the molecular formula is C4 H6 0 4_

Example 16: Acetylene & butene have empirical fonnula CH &
CHi respectively. The molecular mass of acetylene and butene
ti·)~ t3 i~ IiilJ it•)~ l·)ii·)be i'i it•)~• of the
Concentration of a solution can expressed in any
are 26 & 56 respectively. Deduce their molecular fonnula following ways.
SoL (r) % by wt.: Amount of solute (in g) dissolved
in 100 gm of
Molecular mass solution.
n=--------- 4.9% ~SO 4 by wt.
Empirical formula mass
⇒ 100 gm of solution contains 4.9 gm ofH 2S04.
26 ved in
For Acetylene : n =
13 = 2 (ir) % by volume: Volume of solute (in ml) dissol
100 ml of solution.
:. Molecular formula= C2H2 x¾ H2SO 4 by volume
56 ⇒ 100 ml of solution contains x ml H2S04 .
For Butene: n= =4
14 (iir) % wt. by volume: wt. of solute (in g) presen
t in I00 ml of
:. Molecular formula= C4H8 solution.
Example 17: An oxide of nitrogen gave the following
percentage composition by mass: CONCENTRATION TERMS
ml of
N = 25.94 and O = 74.06 Molarity (M): No. of moles of solute present in 1000
solution.
Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
(d) N20 Moles of solute
(a) N02 (b) Np4 (c) N 20 5
Molarity (M) = Volume of solution (L)

1s..e n.1c Concepts of Chemistry 59

/
Molality (m): No. 1,r111ob t1fs11h1t1• pn.-s('nt i11 fl)()() ~111 c•f~olvr nt 4. Molarity Into mole fractlo~ X1 .. IOOOM/ (1~ - ~~
Moles 1,f s0lutc- Molnrity M moles solute rn I 000 ml of solution 21
Ill So, moles of Ro lute ~ M & mass of solution = d x IOOo
" t nf s11h 1•111 i11 ~ ~
wt. of solute - MM 2 & wt of solvent = I000d - MM
!\tole fraction: The m0lc '11ll'll,,n (l1 n p.u11,'11lm c,,mponcnt in 11 2
Where M2 is molar mass of solute
sol11111,n i~dcfinl'\.I n~ the 1111111hc1 1,fn,olc~ oftlml l'l'lllJ\\'11('111 per mole
(If ~,,h1110n mole frnction of solute "' I OOOM I [ I 000d - MM2]
lf11 snh1t11,n hn, n~ nH,lr ,,f 1\ ,~ "n 111,11c of H. mM 1
5. Molallty Into mole fraction X1 =
11 ,\ JOOO+mM 1
nA+ nn Molality =moles of solute in I 000 gm of solvent = m
1
moles of solvent = OOO where MI is molar mass of solv
m,~k fmrt 1nn of H (\.B) - ~ M, ~
nA + nn
\ , ... >.._B I
Parts pe-r million (ppm): mole fraction X2 = ~
1 1000+ mM 1
Mass of solute - - +m
- - - - - - xt0~ _ Mass of solute x 106 M,
\fas_~ of solvent Mass of solution md x 1000
6. Molallty into molarity M = M
I000 +m
CONVERSION OF CONCENTRATION 2
Molality = m moles of solute in 1000 gm of solvent
TERMS
mole of solute = m & weight of solute = mMi
1. Molarity and % solute by mass: Let d = density of Weight of solution = l 000 + mM2
solution 1n g/ml and let it contains x% (w/w) solute by
. lOOO+mM IOOO+mM 2
xxdxJO volume of solut10n = - - - -2 mL = L
mass. M= - - - d dxlOOO
. mxdxlOO0
moIanty = - - - -
<- Specific gravity has no units and its numerical value IOO0+ mM2
equals density in g/ml. I lity m= -MxlOOO
I . .
7. Moantymto M oa ----
lOOOd-MM2
2. Molali~• and mole fraction: Consider a binary solution M1 and M2 are molar masses of solvent and solute.
c-0nsisting of two components A (Solute) and B (Solvent). Molarity = M mole of solute in l 000 ml of solution
Let X.., & X8 are the mole fraction ofA & B respectively. moles of solute = M & weight of solute = MMi
weight of solution = l OOOd
nA ns
x... = -~- X8 = mass of solvent = IOO0d - MM2
nA+ ns nA+ns
. MxlOOO
1f molality of solution be m then: moIa1tty= - - - - -
1000d- MM2
0
m= A xl000 = nA x!000
mass of solvent n8 xM8 on simplifying d = M[_!__+ M2 ]
where M8 is the molecular wt. of the solvent B. m 1000

XA I000
m =- x -- ⇒ m =
mole fraction of A I000
- - - -- - x- -
DILUTION & MIXING OF TWO LIQUIDS
X8 Ma mole fraction ofB M 8 ❖ Upon dilution no. of moles of solute remains constant. If a
mole fraction of solute 1000 particular solution having volume V 1 mL and molarity M1 is
m = - - - - -- - - x - - - -- - - - 1 diluted upto volume V2 mL.
mole fraction of solvent molecular wt. of solvent
M1V1 =M 2V2
3. Mole fraction of solute into molarity of solution M2 : final molarity
M= X2d x JOOO ❖ If a solution having volume V and molarity M is mixed with
I 1
XIMI +M2X2 another solution of same solute having volume V1 & molarity
Mule fraction of solvent and solute are X1 and Xi so X 1 +Xi= I M2 then MIV 1 + M2V2 = MR (V + V )
1 2
•

Suppose total mole of solution is = I then mole of solute and MR = Resultant molarity = M, V, +M 1 Yi
solute and solvent are X2 & X1 respectively v, +v1
wei~t of solute = X2M2, weight of solvent = X I M1
Key Note
& total wt of solution = X1M1 + X2 M
2

volume of S-Olution = X1M , + X2M2 ml = X,M, + X2M2 L 0 Molality is the most convenient method to express the
d d x l000 concentration because it involves the mass of liquids
rather than their vohunes. It is also independent of the
molarity(M) ~ Xi xd x JO00
variation in temperature.
XI MI + X2M2

60 JEE (XI) Module-I CHEMISTRY e

,,------ ---- ---- ---- --~71
On ,..-- No. ofn101cs of solute
~~ 0
M,,lan ty " v(llunl!' nf solut ion (in I .) •~umple 21: 11 7 g NaC l is di5solvcd in 500 ml aqueous
< No. of mill imo lcs of :.o l111 c Molm it y ' " nlumc n l ,•~ (Jl11t1'An
,, _1: incl the mol11rit y of the so lution.
0
solution (in ml } ll 7 / 'i 8 S ~ M
Sol. M11l arit y 4
0 I mole - 1000 n11lli111olc 'i 00 / 1000
, ) All those concl' nlrat1 0 n term ~ w h1d1 dnc~ 1101 111 voln • Ex Ample 22: <'al cul ate the resultant m0 larity of fo ll owi ng:
vc,lumc tcm1s e.g .. ppm . mai;~ 0 0. 11w lal11, . mok r, a di1111
are independe nt of tcmpcr:i11w,• 1) f th <' ~,,l11t1P11 .
(a) 200 ml l M 11('I f 1()() ml waler

0 For dilue aqueous s,1lt1IJ()1J. 1111,):111(~ 111,,Jaltty (h) 1500 m l I M II CI 1 18.25 g II U

,J Conccntratinn o f ~,, hd1- or pure ltquid~ ,s cnnstant. (c ) 200 ml IM I-IC I + 100 ml 0.5 M 1-11S0 4
(( - n 'V ~ d 'M )
(d) 200 ml IM I-IC I + 100 ml 0.5 M HC I

200 x l +O
Sol. (a) Fi nal molarity = - -- - = 0.4M .
200 + 300
18.25 x l000
1500 x I +
Example 18: O.~ mole o f HCI and 0 .1 mole of barium ----~ 3_6 ._
5_ = 1.33 M
(b) Final molarity =
chloride were dissolved in 0.5 L of water to produce 1500
soluti0n . The mnlarity of the c 1- ions is: _ . +- 200 x l + l00 x 0.5 x 2 = IM
(c) FmalmolantyofH - +
(a) 0.06 M (h) 0.09 M 200 100
(c) 0. 12 M (d) 0.80 M 200x I+ IOO x0. 5
Sol. (d) HC I ---► CI- (d) Final molarity = - - - - - - = 0.83M.
200+ 100
0.2 mole
Example 23: 518 g of an aqueous solution contains 18 g
BaCI , ---► 2 C J-
of glucose (mol.wt. = 180). What is the molality of the
2 X 0.} = 0.2
w x tOOO solution?
Total moles of C J- = 0.4 ⇒ M = ---
m xv Sol. wt. of solvent = 518 - 18 = 500 g.
0.4 X )000
Molarity = = 0.8 ⇒
. _
So molanty-
I 8 /180 = O·2 M
500 500 11000
Example 19: 149 g of potassium chloride (KC!) is dissolved
Example 24: 0.25 g of a substance is dissolved in 6.25 g of
in IO L of an aqueous solution. Determine the molarity of
a solvent. Calculate the percentage amount of the substance
the solution . (K = 39, Cl= 35 .5)
in the solution.
(a) 0.2 M (b) 0.4 M (c) 0.5 M (d) 2.2 M
Sol. Wt. of solution = 0.25 + 6.25 = 6.50
Sol (a) Molecular mass of KCI = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 g
149g 0 25
Moles of KCI = - - = 2 So% (w/w) = · x 100 = 3.8%
74.5g 6.50
. 2
Molarity of the solut10n = - = 0.2M
10 Example 25: An aqueous solution is 1.3 3 molal in methanol.
Example 20: 255 g of an aqueous solution contains 5 g of Determine the mole fraction of methanol & H 0 .
2
urea. What is the concentration of the solution in terms of
Sol. Molality
molality? (Mol. wt. of urea = 60)
Mole fraction of solute
(a) 0 .222 m (b) 0 .333 m - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - x lOOO
Mole fraction of solvent x mol. wt. of solvent
(c) 2 .22 m (d) 3.33 m
Sol (b) Mass of urea = 5 g XA 1.33 x 18 XA 23.94 XA
1.33 Xn x Mn x 1000 ; 1000 = XB ; 1000 = Xs
Molec ular mass of urea = 60
5
Number of moles of urea = - = 0.083 ⇒
60 xA = 0 .02394 X 8 , xA + xll = I ⇒ t. 023Q4 X 8 = t
Mass of solvent = (255 - 5) = 250 g
: . Molality of the solution
Xu = I = 0.98, XA - 0.02
1.02394
= Number of moles of solu te x
1000 2nd Method: Ll:ll wt. llf solvent ~ I 000 gm,
Mass of solvent in gram
molalit y -= 1.33 means 1.33 mules of solute are pres~nt
0 083 in I000 g solvent
= · x I 000 = 0 .332 m
250

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 61

 Example:
mole fraction of s0l11te When potass ium chlorate (KClO ) is heated it gives
3 Pota .
chloride (KCI) and oxygen (0 ) .
moles of solute 2 ss1%.
moles of solute -+ 11111lcs of S<'lvcnt KCIO 1 ~ KCI + 0 2 (unbalanced chemical equati
on)
m 1.33 2KCIO 1 - ~ 2KCI + 30 2 (balanced chemical equation)
=--- =-- -
m+ 1000 IJ .\ + (1000 /18 ) Attributes of a balanced chemical equation:
IR (a) It contains an equal number of atoms of
each elernen
Mole fraction of solute = 11.02 both SI(. Ies o f equatwn
. . t (►,
Mole fraction of solvent = l - 0.02 = 0. 98 (b) It should follow law of charge conservatio
n on either .
S!dt
(c) Physical states of all the reagents should
be included
Concept Application brackets. 1
'

(d) All reagents should be written in their stand

ard molecu (q
18. If 500 ml of I M solution of glucose is mixed forms (not as atoms)
with
500 ml of I M solution of glucose, final molarity of (e) The coefficients give the relative molar
ratios of eac1,
solution will be: reagent.
(a) 1 M (b) 0.5 M (c) 2 M (d) 1.5 M
Balancing a Chemical Equation
19. The volume of water that must be added to a mixtu
re Many chemical equations can be balanced by trial
of250 ml of0.6 M HCl and 750 ml of0.2 M HCl to and error. ~
obtain 0.25 M solution ofHCl is: us take the reactions of a few metals and non-metals
with oxyger,
(a) 750 ml (b) 100 ml (c) 200 ml (d) to give oxides
300ml
20. The molarity of Cr in an aqueous solution which was For Example:
(w/v) 2% NaCl, 4% CaC1 and 6% NH Cl will be: Combustion reaction of C H : C H + 0 ➔ CO
2 4 2 6 2 6 2 2 + ~O
(a) 0.342 (b) 0.721 (c) 1.12 (d) 2.18 (skeleton equationi
21. 2M of 100 ml N~SO is mixed with 3M of 100 Balance carbon atoms: C H + 0 ➔ 2CO + H
4 ml 2 6 2 2 2O
NaCl solution and 1 M of 200 ml CaCl solution. Then Now balance hydrogen atoms: C H + 0 ➔ 2CO
2 + 3Hp
2
the ratio of the concentration of cation and anion . 2 6 2
(a) 1/2 (b) 2 (c) 1.5 (d) I Now balance oxygen atoms: C H + 7 0 ➔ 2CO2 + 3H20
22. Equal moles ofH O and NaCl are present in a soluti
2 6 2
2
2 on. Always remember that subscripts in formula of
Hence, molality of NaCl solution is : reactants a.nil
products cannot be changed to balance an equation.
(a) 0.55 (b) 55 .5 (c) 1.00 (d) 0.18 One of the most important aspects of a chemical
23. Mole fraction of A in H O is 0.2. The molality of equat ion 1s
2 A in that when it is written in the balanced form, it gives
H20 is: quantitative
relationships between the various reactants and produ
(a) 13.9
cts in terms
(b) 15.5 (c) 14.5 (d) 16.8 of moles, masses, molecules and volumes.
24. What is the molarity of H SO solution that Mole - Mole Analysis
2 4 has a
density of 1.84 glee and contains 98% by mass of This analysis is very much important for quantitativ
H2SO4? (Given atomic mass ofS = 32) . Of . e analysis
. pomt view. I
(a) 4.18 M (b) 8.14M (c) 18.4 M (d)
18 M Consider the decomposition ofKC lO .
2S. The molarity of the solution containing 2.8% (mass 3 \
/ 2KCIO 3 ~ 2KCI + 30
volume) solution of KOH is: (Given atomic mass of 2
K = 39) is : ln very first step of mole-mole analysis you should read
the balanc..J
chemical equation like 2 moles KCIO on decompositi
(a) 0.1 M (b) 0.5 M (c) 0.2 M (d) IM 3 on givfl.
you 2 moles KCI and 3 moles 0 and from the
2 stoichiometry 01
reaction we can write

STOICHIOMETRY BASED CONCEPT Moles of KC1O 3 Moles ofKC I Moles of 0 :

cPROBLEMS BASED ON CHEMICAL 2 2 3
Now for any general balanced chemical equation like
REACTION)
aA + bB ~cC + dD
All chemical reaction are represented by chemical equat you can write.
using chemical fonnulae of reactants and products. Quali ions by
chemical equation simply describes what the reactants tatively a Moles of A reacted Moles of B reacted
are. However, a balanced chemi cal equation givesand products a
us
quantitative infonnation ~ai~ly the molar ratio in "'.hich a lot of b
reactants Moles of C produced Moles ofD produced
combine and the molar ratio m which produ cts are lorme
d. C d
62 JEE (XI) Module-I CHE MIS TR~

l J
further, a balanced chemical c~ualion along with the quantit11tive Illustration: What amount of silver chloride is formed by the
information conveyed by it is given 1'clow: action of .'UISO g of sodium chloride on an excess of silvernitrate?
0 2HC'I - t
caCO, f'aC'l 1 , H 0 1 ( o
1 1 Sol. Writing the halanced equat ion for the reaction
t Mok :i l\·tolc I Mnlc I Mok I Mole
40+ I 2➔ ,1, I t, :'( I 1 3 5 ~ l 40 1 2, , ~ , 2. t , tr, 12, 2, 1<, NaCl l\gN01 - AgCI + NaN03
~ 100 g - ?'I p, - 111 11 - t !l p, 44 g"r 22 4 I I mol I mol I mol I mol

Thus. 11
_ Weight = 5.85 ,, O. I mol
(i) I mole of .-akium carb<,nale rc11cts wi th 2 moles N•C I Mw 58 . 5
of hydrochlori(· al.'id to give I mole of calcium
chloride. I mole of water and 1 mole of carbon dioxide. mole(NaCI) I
----=-
(ii) 100 g of _cakium carbonate react with 73 g hydrochloric
mole(AgCI) I
acid to give 111 g of calcium chloride, 18 g of water and Weight Weight
⇒ mole (AgC I) = 0. 1 = - - = - -
44 g (0r 22 .4 litre.<; at STP) of carbon dioxide. Mw 143.5
Stoichiometry: ⇒ weight = 0.1 x 143.5 g = 14.35 g.
N. + 3H 2 Illustration: How much iron can be theoretically obtained in the
➔ 2NH 3
1 mole reduction of I kg of Fe2O 3?
3 mole 2 mole
22.4 litre 3 X 22 ,4 litre 2 x 22.4 litre (at STP) Sol. Writing the balanced equation for the decomposition
1 litre 3 litre 3
2 litre reaction. Fe 2O 3 ➔ 2Fe+ O2
1000ml 3000 ml 2000ml
2
I ml 3 mL 2 ml n =Weight= 1000 mo!
28 gm 6 gm 34 g Fe20 i M w
160

____Qaw of conservation of mass is followed). mole(Fep 3 )

mole(Fe) 2
.o, Mass can not be represented by stoichiometry. ' 2xl000
♦ The quantitative information conveyed by a chemical ⇒ moles of Fe= =12.5 mo!
160
equation helps in a number of calculations. The
problems involving these calculations may be classified
into the following different types:
I Weight
----''---=
Atomic weight
Weight
56
' Weight of iron obtained = 12.5 x 56 g = 700 g
Type (I) Mass - Mass Relationships i.e . mass of one of the Type (II) Mass - Volume Relationships i.e. mass/volume of one
reactants or products is given and the mass of some other reactant of the reactants or products is given and the volume/mass of the
or product is to be calculated. other is to be calculated.
Mass - Mass Analysis 2KCIO 3 ~ 2KCI + 302
Consider the reaction 2 KCIO3 ➔ 2KCI + 302 Mass volume ratio =
According to stoichiometry of the reaction 2 x 122.5 g : 2 x 74.5 g: 3 x 22.4 Lat STP
mass-mass ratio =2 x 122.5 : 2 x 74.5 : 3 x 32 we can use two relation for volume of oxygen

or MassofKCIO3 = 2 x t22.5 Mass of KClO 3 2 x I 22.5 g

.. . (i)
Mass of KC! 2 x 74.5 Volume ofO 2 at STP 3 x 22.4l

MassofKCJO 2 x 122.5 Mass ofKCI 2x74.5g

a n d - - - -- - --
- - - - - " - -3= Volume of 0 2 at STP 3x22.4l
.. .(ii)
MassofO 2 3 x 32
Illustration: How much marble of 90.5% purity would be
Illustration: Calculate the weight of iron which will be converted
required to prepare 10 litres of CO 2 at STP when the marble is
into its oxide by the action of 36 g of steam.
acted upon by dilute HCI?
(Given : 3Fe + 4Hp ~ Fe 3O 4 + H2) Sol. CaCO3 + 2HCI ~ CaCl 2 + H2O + CO2
Sol Mole ratio of reaction suggests, I00 g 22.4litre
Mole of Fe 3 22.4 L of CO 2 at STPwill be obtained from 100 g ofCaCO 3
- - - -- =
Mole of H 2 O 4 :. 10 l of CO 2 at STP will b e obtained from pure
3 3 36 3 100
:. Mole of Fe = x mol of H 2O = - x - CaCO 3 = - x \0 = 44.64g
4 4 18 2 22.4
3 100
wt. of Fe = x 56 = 84 g :. Impure marble required = x 44.64 = 49.326 g
2 905

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 63

 Illustration: At I00°C for complete combustion of 3g ethane the Step-I: Calculation of volume of CO2 from x litre ofPro~
required volume ofO 2 & produced volume of CO2 al STP will be? C3HR + 502 --➔ 3CO2 + 4Hp
Sol. 2C 2H~ + 7O2<gl ➔ 4CO 2(gl + 6Hp(gl
x litre 3x litre
2 7 4 6
Weight 3 I Step-II: Calculation of volume of CO 2 from (3 - x) litre
nc 11 = -- - = - = - = 0.1 mot ~
butane. The combustion equation ,or butanc 1.s:
. r
~ • MW 30 IO
7 13
:. RequiredmolesofO2 =
2x0.l=0.35mol. c4HJO + -2 o2 --➔ 4CO2 + 5Hp
Required Volume ofO2 at STP = 0.35 x 22.4 = 7.84 L. (3-x) litre 4(3- x) litre
4
And produced moles of CO2 = 0.1 = 0.2 mot. Step-III: Calculation of composition of the mixture.
2x
Volume of CO2 obtained at STP = 0.2 x 22.4 = 4.48 L. Total volume of CO2 formed in the step (I) and step
111
Illustration: In the following reaction, if 10 g of H2 is reacted = [3x + 4(3 - x)] litre
with N 2, what will be the volume ofNH3 produced at STP?
But the volume of CO2 actually formed = IO litre
N2 + 3H2 - , 2NH3
Sol. N2 + 3H2 - , 2NH 3x + 4(3 - x) = 10
3
Weight 10 or 3x + 12 - 4x = l 0 or x = 2 litre
n 11 , = - - - = - = 5mol.
MW 2 :. Volume of propane = x litre = 2 litre

2 IO :. Volume of butane= (3 - x) litre = (3 - 2) = I litre

Produced moles ofNH3 = - x 5 = - .
3 3
10
Volume ofNH 3 produced at STP = x22.4 = 74.67 L
3
Type (III) Volume - Volume Relationships i.e. volume of one of Example 26: Write a balanced chemical equation for the
the reactants or the products is given and the volume of the other following reaction:
is to be calculated. When ammonia (NH 3) decompose into nitrogen (N2) gas &
Illustration: At 100°C for complete combustion of 1.12 litre of hydrogen (H 2) gas.
butane (C4Hw), the produced volume of Hp(g) & CO2 at STP I 3
Sol. NH 3 ➔ N 2 + H2 or 2NH 3 ➔ N2 + 3H2
will be. 2 2
Example 27: When 170 g NH 3 (M =17) decomposes, how
Sol. I I½ 4 5
many grams ofN2 & H2 is produced?
C4H10(g) + I½ O2(g) ➔ 4CO2<sJ + 5H2O<sl I 3
Sol. NH 3 ➔ -N 2 +-H 2
1.12 litre 2 2
moles of NH 3 moles of N2 molesof H2
Volume of HiOcs> at STP = 5 x 1.12 = 5.6 litre =
I 1/2 3/ 2
Volume of CO2(g) at STP = 4 x 1.12 = 4.48 litre
l 170
Illustration: At 25°C for complete combustion of 5 mole propane So, moles ofN2 = - x - = 5
2 17
(C3H8) , the required volume ofO2 at STP will be? So, wt. ofN 2 = 5 x 28 = 140 g
Sol. For C3H8 , the combustion reaction is . .1arIy moIes ofH = 3 170
S1m1 2 - x - = 15
C3H8(gl + 5O2(g)- , 3CO2<sl + 4H 2O<s> 2 17
So, wt. of H2 = 15 x 2 = 30 g.
5 mo!
Example 28: When 340 g NH 3 (M = 17) decomposes, how
Required moles of 0 2 = 5 x 5 = 25 mo! = _y_ . many litres of nitrogen gas is produced at STP?
22.4 (a) 2.24 L (b) 22.4 L (c) 224 L (d) None
Volume ofO2 gas at STP (V) = 25 x 22.4 = 560 L.
I 3
Illustration: 3 litre ofmixture of propane (C 3H8) & butane (C HJO) Sol. (c) NH 3 ➔ - N 2 +-H 2
4 2 2
on complete combustion give IO litre CO2• Find the composition
340
of the mixture. Moles ofNH3 = - = 20
17
Sol Let the volume of propane in the mixture x litre, = I
:. The volume of butane in the mixture= (3 - x) litre So moles ofN 2 = -x 20 = 10
2
Now let us calculate the volume of CO evolved with the :. Vol. ofN 2 at STP = 10 x 22.4 = 224 L.
2
help of chemical equation.
64 JEE {XJ) Module-I CHEMISTRY e
 7
PERCENTAGE YIELD
Concept Appllcatlon The pcrccnlagc y ield of produc t

/\d ua l yield
- x lOO
26. If 1.5 moles 0f dioxygcn l'llmbinc wi th A l to fonn theorclica l maxi mum yield
Al.-(\. the weigh! nfAI used in lhc reaction is:
(a) 27 g (h) 40.S g ( <') 54 g lf/) 81 g The ac tual amount or
a ny li miting reagent co nsumed is given by

27. Hl)W t\1 3 11) lil rcs,,r co,

nt STP will be formed when (%, y ie ld ,., g iven mol of' limitin g reagent ).
es

0.0 1 nwl nf H"Sl\ reacts with excess ofNa2 CO 3?

NaFO 1 ~ ll ~SO4 - - t Na SO4 + CO 2 + H 2O
2
22.4 l
(11) (/>) 2.24 L (c) 0.224 L (d) 1.1 2L
28. How many moles of potassium chlorate need to be
heated to produce 11.2 litre oxygen at S.T.P.?
3 Example 29: A + 58 ~ C+JD . in this reaction
KC lO 3 ~ KC l +-O 2 IOmnlc IOmC'l lc
2 which is a L.R.?
I I
(a) - mot (b) - mot Sol. For A For B
2 3
I 2 .!.Q = 2
(c) - mo t (d) -mot
4 3 5
2 < 10 So, Bis L.R.
I . bo
LIMITING REAGENT Cl.R.J CONCEPT Example 30: H 2 (g) + - 0 2 (g) ~ H p(g) ; m the a ve
4g 2
Quite often one of the reactants is present in larger amount than the
32g

other as required according to the balanced equation. The amount reaction, what is the volume of water vapour produced at
STP?
of the product fom1ed then depends upon the reactant which has
(a) 4.48 L (b) 44.8 L
reacted completely. This reactant is called the limiting reactant.
(c) 2.24 L (cf) ll.2 L
The excess of the other is left umeacted.
I
Limiting Reagent (L.R.): The reactant which is completely Sol. (b) , O(g)
consumed in a reaction is called as L.R.
H~~g) +
2O , (g)~H
32g
Calculation of Limiting Reagent: For H2 ForO 2
(a) By calculating the required amount by the equation and 4 32
comparing it with given amount. [Useful when only two n =- = 2mol n= - = lmol
2 32
reactant are there]
2 I
(b) By calculating amount of any one product obtained taking For L.R. - =2 11 = 2 mo t
I
each reactant one by one irrespective of other reactants. The V
one giving least product is limiting reagent. . Moles of H20(g) produced = 2 mol = - ?-
2_.4
(c) Divide given moles of each reactant by their stoichiome tric Both H2 & 0 2 are L.R.
coefficient, the one with least ratio is limiting reagent. [Useful
Volume of Hp(g) produced at STP = 22.4 x 2
when number ofreactant s are more than two.]
= 44.8 litre
EL A + 2B - - - t C + 20
Given moles 3 9 0 0 Example 31: At STP, In a container I 00 ml N, and I00 ml
3- 3 9- 6 of H, are mixed together. Then find out the produced
3 3 6 volume ofNH 3.
0
(a) 6.66 ml (b) 66.6 ml
AisL.R.
Formula for checking L.R. = (c) 3.33 ml (d) 5.55 ml
Given value (moles, volume, or molecules) Sol. (b) Balanced equation will be N 2 + 3H~-► ~NH ,.

Stoichiome try C oefficient Given I OOmL I 00ml

For determinatio n of Limiting reagent. Divide the
Least value indicate the L.R.
given quantities by stoichio nwtry coctfa·ients
Ex. A B
100 100 ..
9 - = 100 - = :rt.1 llim11111g reagent )
I=3 -= 4.5
2 I J
I
3 < 4.5 So, A is L.R
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 65
 ----t·)•NMt3AA•i!=U;l~ll~t♦--
In this reaction H ~ is limiting reagent so reaction
will proceed according to H 2. SEQUENTIAL REACTION
Htre, we solve problems in which the pr~ucts of one reaction are
According to stoichiometry from 3 ml of H 1
used up in one or more subsequent reactions. In order to attcrn
produced volume of NH, - 2 ml
such problems the following solving strategy has to be used. Pt
That is from 100 ml of H 2 produced volume of
(i) The balanced and molecular equatio ns are written for all
2
3"
N H1 = 100 = 66.6 ml reactions involved separately.
(ii) Later the equations are multiplied, as a whole, by suita~I
Example 32: Number of moles ofNH 3 produced if 140 gm factors, so that products of one reaction whi ch are ut,!i 7 c:
of N 2 reacts with 40 gm 0f di -hydrogen . (Given% yield of · in subsequent reactions are cancelled out.
reaction is 501'/o) (iii) The final reaction obtained is used to find out the required
(a) l 2 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 6 quantities.
Sol. (c) N, + 3H 2 50¾
2NH 3 Illustration: How many kilograms of pure H2SO4 could
140gm
be obtained from one kilogram of pure iron pyrites (FeS2J
40gm
according to the following reactions?
or 5 mo\ 20 mol
4FeS2 + t I 0 2 --➔ 2Fep3 + 8SO2
:. Number of moles of NH 3 produced = 5x2x0.5
= 5 mole 2SO2 + 0 2 --➔ 2SO3
SO2 + Hp --➔ H2SO4
(a) 0.184kg (b) 1.633kg
(c) 2.643kg (d) 3 .234kg

Concept Application Sol. Gram molecular weight ofFeS2 = 120g

Gram molecular weight ofH2SO4 = 98 g
29. 4 mole of MgCO3 is reacted with 6 moles of HCl Let us multiply the equations with suitable factors.
sol ution. Find the volume of CO2 gas (in litres) 4FeS2 + 11 0 2 --➔ 2Fe 2O 3 + 8 SO2
produced at STP, the reaction is:
2SO2 + 0 2 --➔ 2SO3 x 4
MgCO3 + 2HCI ➔ MgC½ + CO2 + Hp.
(a) 11.2 (b) 22.4 SO3 + H2O --➔ H2SO4 X 8
(c) 67.2 (d) 44.8 4FeS2 + 1102 --➔ 2Fe 2 ?3 +~
30. For a reaction, Nz(g) + 3Hz(g) ➔ 2NHig); which of
the following reaction mixtures has dihydrogen (H2) ~+402--➔~
{
as a limiting reagent, : ~ +8H 2 O--➔ 8H 2 SO4
~I~~~+~~~ W3~~~+~~~
(c) 28gofN2 +6gof~ (d) 56gofN2 + IOgofHi
31. The percent yield for the following reaction carried From the above, it is clear that, 4 moles of F eS 2 produces
out in carbon tetrachloride (CCI.J solution is 801'/o. 8 moles ofH2SO4 (or)
Br2 + Cl2 ~ 2BrCI
1 mole ofFeS produces 2 moles ofH 2SO4
How many moles ofBrCI is formed from the reaction 2
of0.025 mo! Br2 and 0.025 mo! C1i? 120g (1 mole) ofFeS2 produces 2 x 98 g (2 moles) of
(a) 0.04 (b) 0.08] 1¾SO4
(c) 0.02 (d) 0.01 I000x2 x98
1OOOg Okg) ofFeS2 produces 120 = 1633.33g
32. If 240 g of carbon is taken in a container to convert it
completely to CO2 but in industry it has been found or 1.633 kg ofH2SO4
that 280 g of CO was also formed along with CO2. Therefore, 1.633 kg of H 2SO4 is produced from I kg of
Find the mole percentage yield of CO2. The reactions iron pyrites.
occurring are: Illustration: 20 g of KC1O3 on beating give enough oxygen
I to react completely with hydrogen produced by the actiou
C+ O 2 --➔ CO 2 ;C+-O 2 --➔ CO
2 of dil. 1¾SO4 on zinc. Find the weight of z inc required tor
(a) 25 (b) 50 (c) 75 (d) 35 the purpose. The reactions are as follows: (K = 39, Z n "" 65,
Cl "" 35.5)

68 ,JE E (XI) Module- I CHF.I\IISTR\ e

►

(i) 2KCI0 3 ---+ 2KCI 1 30~

(ii) Zn + H 2SO,i ~ ZnSOA t 11 2
Illustration: 0.32 mo le of LiAIH 4 in ether solution was placed
in II flask and 74 g ( 1 moles) oft-butyl alcohol was added. The
product is LiAIHC 12 11 27 O 3• Find the weight o f the product if
-:7
(iii) Hl ➔ 0 , - . HlO lithium atoms are conserved.
(a) l.t84g (b) 2 1.48@ lLi - 7, A1= 27, II - 1, C = 12, 0 = 16]
(c"} 3 I .84g. (d) 43.48@ Sol. Applying PO AC for lith ium atoms,
Sol, Gram molecular weight of KCI0 3 "' I 22 .5 g I x moles o f LiAIH 4 = 1x mo les o f LiAIH C 12 H2p 3
Grstn atomic weight ohinc "' 65 g _ = I x weight of LiAIH C12 H 27 O 3
0 32
Let us multiply the equations with suitable factors. 254

:!KCIO_, --+ 2KC1+ 302 1 wt. ofLiAIH C 12H 27 O 3 = 81.28 g.

Illustration: 27 .6 g K 2 CO 3 was treated by a series of reagents so
Zn + H 2SO 4 --+ ZnSO 4 + H2 x 6
as to convert all of its carbon to K.iZn 3 [Fe(CN)6Ji. Calculate the
H2 + ½0 2 ~ H20 X 6
weight of the product.

2KC IO 3 ~ 2KC1 + ~ [mo!. wt. of K2CO 3 = 138 and mo!. wt. of K 2Zn 3 [Fe(CN) 6] 2
= 698]
6Zn+6H 2S04 ~6ZnSO4 + ~
Sol. Here we have not knowledge about series of chem ical
~ + Y i~6H 20 reactions but we known about initial reactant and final
product accordingly
2KC1O3 +6Zn+6H 2SO4 ~2KCl+ 6ZnSO 4 +6H 2O
Several
KiCO3 Steps KiZn3 [Fe(CN)6h
From the above, it is clear that, 2 moles ofKCIO3 requires
6 moles of Zn (or) Since C atoms are conserved, applying POAC for C atoms,
I mole of KCI03 requires > 3 moles of Zn moles ofC in KiCO3 = moles ofC in KiZn3 [Fe(CN)J 2
122.5 g (l mole) ofKCIO3 requires ) 3x 65 g (3 moles) of 1 x moles ofKiCO3 = 12 x moles ofKiZn3 [Fe(CN) 6)z
Zn wt.ofK 2 CO3 = x wt.of the product
12
requires
20x3x65 = 31.84 ofZn mo!. wt.of K 2CO 3 mot. wt.of product
20 g ofKCIO 3
122.5 g
27.6 698
wt. ofKiZn3 [Fe(CN)6]z =
Therefore, 31 .84 gofZn is required for the given purpose.
138
x
12 = 11.6 g

i4•t9
POAC is based upon law of conservation of mass. Atoms are
STRENGTH cLABELLINGJ OF OLEUM
Oleum is SO3 dissolved in 100% H2SO4. Sometimes, oleum is
conserved, hence moles of atoms shall also be conserved in a reported as more than 100% by weight, say y% (where y > 100).
chemical reaction (but not in nuclear reactions.)
This means that (y - l 00) grams of water, when added to I00 g
Consider the reaction: of given oleum sample, will combine with all the free SO 3 in the
KCIOi s)-+ KCl(s) + O i(g) (unbalanced chemical reaction)
oleum to give 100% sulphuric acid. Hence,
Apply POAC for K atoms. weight % of free SO3 in oleum = 80 (y- 100)/ 18.
Moles of K atoms in reactant (KC IO 3) = moles of K atoms in
Example: If in a sample of oleum, mole fraction of SO3 is 0.5.
product (KC!)
Label the oleum sample.
Moles of K atoms in KCIO 3 = I x moles of KCIO 3
Sol. Total moles = I
and moles of K atoms in KC! = I x moles of KC!.
Moles ofSO3 = mole ofH 2SO4 = 0.5
:. moles of KCIO 3 = mo les o f KC I
wt. of KC lO 3 in g wt. of KC ) in g Total Mass of SO 3 & H2SO4 = 40 + 49 = 89 gm
or - - - - ~- - - -- -- --
mot. wt. of KCIO 3 mol. wt. of KC I SO3 + H 2O ~ H 2SO4
Again, applyi ng the POAC for O atoms, 0.5 0.5
moles of O in KCIO 3 = 3 x moles of KC IO 3 Mass of HzO required = 0.5 x 18 = 9 gm
moles of O in 0 2 = 2 / moles of 0 2 89 gm require 9 gm H~O
:. 3 x moles of KC1O 3 = 2 x moles of O 2 9
100 gm require, = - x 100 = 10. 11 gm
8()
Or 3 Xwt. of KClO ~ ~ 2 x _
- - -- ~ 3
of_
vol._ 2 at_
0 ..__ STP
_
mol. wt. of KClO 3 22.4 L % Labelling = (100 + 10. 11 ) = 110. 11 %

67
Some Basic Concepts of C hemistry
 II Aarambh ( Solved Examples)
I. I .XO g 1>f 11 1'1'1 t:1111 111ctnl h11111t 111 1,., ygcn gave .l.O g or its
Sol. ·: IHO gm glucose has NA molecules
o,idc. 1.50 !-1. ,,fthc s11111c 111ct11I hcnt,d i11 stc11111 gave 2.50 g
,if its ,,,i,k. rl1c lim sh1111111 hy ah,1\'t' d:1111 is: 5.23 x6.O22 x 1021
(al I aw 1,f' 1'1111stnnt )ll'0)1<111ion
:. 5.23 gm glucose has
180
(h) Lnw (If multiple proportion = 1.75 x t0 22 molccules
(t') I a\\ of rcciprocnl proportion Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
(d) All of th1• above
5• A sample of (C 2 H6) ethane has the same mass a~ Ir,
Sol. In the first sample ofoxide, molecules of methane . How many C/16 molecules d<ie,n
Weight of metal ~ 1.80 g: sample contain?
Weight of oxygen = (.3 .0 (a) 5.34 x I 06 (b) 1.26 /. 108
I .HO) g - 1.2 g
(c) 4.26 >< 106 (d) 6.022 x I 06
wt of metril 1.8Og
- - - - = - - = l.S
wt of oxygen 1.2g I 07
Sol. Moles ofCH 4 = N
In the second sample of the oxide. A

Weight of metal = 1.50 g; l07 '

Mass of CH = - x 16 = mass of C2 H,.
4 NA
Weight of oxygen = (2.50 - 1.50) g = I g
I0 7 x l6
wt of metal = I .5 So Moles ofC 2H6 = _N_A_x--
wt of oxygen 3O

Thus, in both samples of the oxide, the proportions of the JO 7 X 16

So no. of molecules of C2H6 NA x x NA= 5.34Y I06.
weights of the metal and oxygen are fixed . Hence the results 30
follow the law of constant proportion. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 6. From 160 g of so2 (g) sample, 1.2046 X I024 molecules
2. Calculate the total charge present on 4.2 gm ofN 3- . of S02 are removed then find out the volume of left over
(a) 8.67 x 104 C (b) 9.05 x 104 C S02 (g) at STP.
(c) 8.67 x 103 (' (d) 7.67 x 104 C (a) 11.2 L
(b) 12.5 L
wt.in gm 4.2 (c) 9.5 L (d) IO.8L
Sol. Mole = . = - = 0.3
Jome wt. 14 Sol. Given moles = 160 = 2.5.
Total no. of ions = 0.3 x NA ions. 64
Total charge = 0.3 NA x 3 x 1.6 x 10- 19 C 1.2046 x 1024
Removed moles = = 2.
= 0.3 X 6.022 X 1023 X 3 X 1.6 X 10- 19 = 8.67 X 104 C 6.O22xlO 23
So left moles = 0.5.
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
3. How many carbon atoms are present in 0.35 mol ofC H P ? Volume left at STP = 0.5 x 22.4 = 11.2 L.
6 1 6
(a) 6.022 x I023 carbon atoms. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
7. 14 g ofNitrogen gas and 22 g of CO gas are mixed together
(b) 1.26 x I023 carbon atoms.
Find the volume of gaseous mixture2 at STP.
(c) 1.26 x I024 carbon atoms.
(a) 1O.2L (b) 12.2 L
(d) 6.022 x I024 carbon atoms.
(c) 15.5 L (d) 22.4 L
Sol. ·: I mol ofC6 H1p has 6 NA atoms ofC 14
6
Sol. Moles ofN = =0.5.
2
:. 0.35 mol ofC6H1p 6 has 6 x 0.35 NA atoms ofC 28
= 2. 1 NAatoms = 2.1 22
x 6.022 x I023 = 1.26 x I 024 carbon Moles of CO2 = - = 0.5.
atoms. 44
So total moles = 0.5 + 0.5 = I.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
So vol. at STP = I x 22.4 = 22.4 L.
4. How many molecules are present in 5.23 gm of glucose
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
(C6H1206)?
8. How many years it would take to spend Avogadro's number
(a) 1.65 x I022 (b) 1.75 of rupees at the rate of I million rupees per second?
x 1022
(c) 1.75 x I0 21 (a) 19.098 x I0 19 years (b) 19.098 years
(d) None of these
9
(c) 19.098 x 10 years (d) None of these
68
JEE (XI) Module-I CHEMISTRY f
I 6
Sol. ·: 10 rupees23are
spent in 1 sec.
:. 6.022 x I0 rupees are spent in
23
(a) CO 2 40%, CO 60%
(c) CO 2 25%, CO 75%
(b) CO 2 60%, CO 40%
(d) CO 2 30%, CO 70%
Sol. On passing through charcoal only CO2 reduces to CO.
I X 6.022 X I 0
sec CO + C -➔ No reaction
10<•
Volume a
I X 6.022 X 1 o2·1 CO 2 + C -➔ 2CO
or 10" x 60 x 60 x 24 x 365 years "" 19.098 x 109years b 0
Volume before reaction
Therefore. option (c) is the correct answer. Volume after reaction 0 2b
9. The density of 0 2 at STP is I .429g/litre. Calculate the As given a + b = I and a + 2b == 1.4
standard molar volume of gas. 0.4
: . b = 0.4 litre :. %ofb = - x 100 = 40%
(a) 22.4 lit. (b) 11.2 lit (c) 33.6 lit (d) 5.6 lit. I
Sol. ·: 1.429 gm ofO2 gas occupies volume= I litre. : . a= 0.6 litre .-. % ofa =
06
· x I 00 = 60 %
I
:. 32 gm of 0 2 gas occupies = I .~~ = 22.4 litre/moI.
9 Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 13. Calculate the molarity of H+ ' ion in the resulting solution
JO. Calculate the weight of lime (CaO) obtained by heating when 200 ml 0.5M HCI is mixed with 200 ml 0.5M H2SO4
200 kg of95% pure lime stone (CaCO ). 3 Sol. nw = 0.1 (from HCI) & ntt. = 0.2 (from H2SOJ
MlM.4 ~ WIM.4 ~
Tota!W= nw (fiomHCI)+ nw (fiom~S OJ=0.I +0.2=0.3
(c) 212.8 kg (d) 106.4 kg Total volume = 200 + 200 = 400 mL = 0.4 L
Sol. ·: I 00 kg impure sample has pure
CaCO3 = 95 kg MR= Resultant molarity= ~ = 0.3 = 0.75 M Ans.
V,olution O.4
:. 200 kg impure sample has pure CaCO 3 Therefore, [0.75] is the correct answer.
95x200 14. What are the final concentra tion of all the ions when
JOO = 190 kg.
following are mixed 50 ml of0.12 M Fe(NO3) 3 + 100 ml
CaCO3 ➔ Cao + CO2 of0.l M FeCl3 + 100 ml of0.26 M Mg(NO3) 2.
l 00 kg CaCO 3 gives Cao = 56 kg. Sol. [NO-]= 50x0.12x 3+100x0 .26x2 = 18+52 = 70 =0_28
3 250 250
. 56xl90 250
190 kg CaCO3 gives CaO = = 106.4 kg. 3
100 [Ct-]= 0.12 M; [Mg++]= 0. lM M; [Fe +] = 0.064 M
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. Therefore, [0.064] is the correct answer.
1S. A sample of 3 g containing N3iCO3 and NaHCO3 loses
11. A compoun d containin g beryllium has the following
0.248 g when heated to 300°C, the temperature at which
composit ion, Be= 6.1%, N = 37.8%, C1=48%, H = 8.1%.
NaHCO3 decomposes to N3iCO3, CO2 and H2O. What is
One mole of the compoun d has mass of 148g and average the percentage ofN3iCO3 in the given mixture?
atomic mass ofberylli um is 9. The molecular formula ofthe Sol. The loss in weight is due to removal of CO2 and H2O which
compoun d is: escape out on heating.
(a) BeN4 H 12Cl2 (b) BeN2H 10Cl wt. ofN3iCO3 in the product= 3.00 - 0.248 = 2.752 g
Let wt. ofN3iCO3 in the mixture be x g
(c) BeN4H 2Cl3 (d) Be2N 4H 10Cl2
:. wt. ofNaHCO3 = (3.00 - x) g
Sol. Element % %/A Simplest ratio
Since N3iCO3 in the products contains x g of unchanged
Be 6.1 6.1/9 = 0.677 1
reactant N3iCO 3 and rest produced from NaHCOy
N 37.8 37.8/14 = 2.7 4
The wt. ofN3iCO produced by NaHCO3 = (2.752 - x)g
3
Cl 48 48/35.5 = 1.35 2
NaHCO3 ~ N3iCO 3 + (H2O + CO2)t
H 8.1 8.1/1 = 8.1 12
(3.0 - x) (2.752 - x)
Empirical formula= BeN4Cl2H 12
Applying POAC for Na atom
= 9 + 56 + 71 + 12
I x moles ofNaHCO3 = 2 x moles ofN3iCO3
= 148 ⇒ n = I
⇒ (3-x) = 2 x (2.752-x )
Molecula r formula = BeN4Cl2H 12
84 106
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. .". X = 2.328 g
12. One litre ofa mixture of CO and CO2 is passed through red 2.328
hot charcoal in tube. The new volume becomes 1.4 litre. Find :. % ofN3iCO 3 = - - x 100 = 77.6 %
3
out% composition of mixture by volume. All measurements
Therefore, [77 .6] is the correct answer.
are made at same P and T.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistr y 69

 School Level Problems
(1i: tb! 1:t•)iJii 141 b~ 1 \•l tii t•):t,40 R. /\ gnseous hydrocarbons gives upon combustion, IJ
II
of w11lcr and 1.0X g of CO2. The empirical formuJ ·72~
1. 6.02 ' I0~11 1111,lccuk~ 11f ur\'11 m-c prrscnt III I00 ml of its a (Jf IL1
hydrocarbon i~: 1~
solutilln 171e c11ncc11tmt11111 ,,fthc ~,,l11tion 1s
(a) c/,11 1 (h) C7HK
(a) 0.0~ M t h) 0.01 M
(c) 0.001 M (c) Cil4 (d) C/14
(d} 0.1 M
2. IO mol ofln re11ct with IO mol nfHCI. Calculate the number 9. Assertion: No. of moles of 1--1 2 in 0.224 L of hydrrigen
1
0.0 1 mole. '
of moles of H~produced.
Reason: 22.4 L of H2 at STP contain 6.022 / I fl-21 rnr
(a) ~ mol (h) 10 mol 1e, >

lC) 20 mol (d) 2.5 mol (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Rea~on
1
correct explanation of Assertion.
3. One mole of any substance contains 6.022 x I 023 atoms/
molecules. Number of molecules of H2SO present in (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason 1•, nr,,
4
100 ml of0.02M H2SO4 Solution is a correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) 12.044 x 1020 molecules (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(b) 6.022 x 1023 molecules (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(c) 1 x 1023
molecules 10. Assertion: The empirical mass of ethene is half of iti
(d} 12.044 x I 023 molecules molecular mass.
4. What is the mass percent of carbon in carbon dioxide? Reason: The empirical fonnula represents the whole number
(a) 0.034% (b) 27.27% ratio of various atoms present in a compound.
(c) 3.4% (d) 28.7% (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
correct explanation of Assertion.
5. Which of the following statements about a compound is
incorrect? (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not
a correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) A molecule of a compound has atoms of different
elements. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(b) A compound cannot be separated into its constituent (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
elements by physical methods of separation.
(c) A compound retains the physical properties of its
MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS
constituent elements. 11. Match the following:
(d) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound
is fixed.
(i) Molarity p. For very dilute solution
6. Which of the following statements is correct aoout the
reaction given below: (ii) Molality q. No units
4Fe(s) + 3Oi(g)-+ 2Feplg)
(iii) mole fraction r. Mol L- 1
(a) Total mass of iron and oxygen in reactants = total mass
of iron and oxygen in product therefore it follows law (iv) ppm s. independent of temperature
of conservation of mass.
12. Match the following:
(b) Total mass of reactants = total mass of product;
therefore, law of multiple proportions is followed.
(c) Amount of Fe2O3 can be increased by taking any one (i) 88 g of CO2 p. 0.25 mol
of the reactants (iron or oxygen) in excess.
6.022 X}0 23
(d) Amount offe/ ) 3 produced will decrease if the amount (ii) q. 2 mol
molecules ofH 0
of any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen) is taken in
5.6 litres of 0 , at
excess. (iii) r. I mol
STP
7. NumberofatomsofHein IOOuofHe( Atomic mass of He is4 u)
(iv) 96 g of02 I, 6.022 x I023 molecules
~) 25 (~ W
(c) I 00 (d) 400 (v) I nwl of any gas 3 mol
----
70 JEE (XI) Module-I CHEMISTRY ,
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
n. Abox contains some identical red coloured balls, labelled as A,
each weighing 2 grams. Another box contains identical
Volume ofa solution changes with change in temperature. hulc coloured balls, labelled as B, each weighing 5 grams.
then. will be molalit y 1lf the solution he affcdcd by Consider the combinations AB. AB 2, A2B and A2B3 and
tempera ture.,. G'1vc reason for your answer. show that law of multiple.
t4. If 4 g of NaOH diss1llves in 36 g of H,0, calculatc the
mole fraction of each component in th~ solution. Also, CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
determine the molarity of solution (speci fie gravity of 24. The ideas underlying our modern understanding of
solution is lg ml 1). thennodynami<.:s and kinetic theory were developed during
tS. A solution is prepared by adding 2g of a substance A to 18 g the nineteenth century. Central to these developments was
the discovery that matter reacting chemically does not do
of water. Calculate the mass per cent of the solute. so simply between equal masses of the samples involved.
16. How many atoms and molecules are present in 124 gm of We now call the study of this phenomenon 'stoichiometry',
phosphorus (P4) . defined as: 'the relationship between the amounts ofsubstance
that react together, and the products that are formed'.
17. The cost of table salt ( NaCl ) is Rs. IO per Kg. Calculate Another development during the nineteenth century that was
its cost per mole. (Molar mass of NaCl is 58.5 g mol- 1) central to our modem understanding of the chemical nature of
18. Calculate 'the mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal matter was the observatron by Avogadro that 'equal volumes
aqueous solution. of ideal or perfect gases, at the same temperature and pressure,
contain the same number of particles, or molecules'. This is
now known as Avogadro's law. It provides the motivation to
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS formulate expressions for the quantity of a sample that reacts
with another sample. The most notable example of such a
19. A vessel contains 1.6 g of dioxygen at STP (273.15 K, I atm formulation is the gram-molecule, which has been used to
pressure). The gas is now transferred to another vessel at refer to both a unit and a quantity.
constant temperature, where pressure becomes half of the The following questions are multiple choice questions.
original pressure. Calculate Choose the most appropriate answer:
(a) volume of the new vessel. I. The concept of stoichiometry mentioned in the study is based
(b) number of molecules of di oxygen. on the
(a) formation of chemical bonds.
20. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCI to give CaCI 2 (b) amount of reactant and product involved in a chemical
and CO2 according to the reaction given below: reaction.
CaCOis) + 2HCl(aq)-+ CaCli(aq) + CO 2(g) + H2O(1) (cJ idea of temperature and pressure required for the
reaction to occur.
What mass of CaCl 2 will be formed when 250 mL of 0.76
(d) oxidation states of reactant and product involved.
M HCI reacts with I000 g of CaCO3? Name the limiting
11. How much gram-molecules of H20 are produced on
reagent. Calculate the number of moles of CaCl 2 formed in combustion of 32 g of methane in excess oxygen?
the reaction. (a) 72 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 36
21. ln a compound C,Hp,, the mass% ofC and His 6 : 1 and III. When an antacid tablet is used, Ca(OH)2 reacts with HCI
the amount of oxygen present is equal to the half of the in the stomach to form inert CaCI 2 and Hp. If the molar
oxygen required to react completely CxHy. Find the empirical mass ofCa(OH)2 is 75 g/mol, how many moles ofHCI are
formula of the compound .. required to fully react with 150 g of Ca(OH)2?
(a) 4 (b) I (c) 8 (d) 2
22. An LPG cylinder weighs 14.8 Kg when empty. When
full, it weighs 29.0 kg and shows a pressure of 2.5 atm. IV. What must be held constant when applying Avogadro ·s law?
In the course of use at 27°C, the weight of cylindec is (a) pressure and temperature
reduced to 23.2 Kg. Find the volume ofn-butane in cubic (b) volume and temperature
meters used up at 27°C and I atm (Molecular weight of (c) moles and temperature
(d) pressure and volume
n-butane = 58).

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 71