Scribd
Upload
3 views

Computer Architecture Unit -1 Notes

The document provides an overview of various number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, detailing their bases, digits used, and examples of conversions between them. It explains binary arithmetic and its applications in computing, as well as the methods for converting between binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. Additionally, it highlights the significance of these number systems in digital electronics and computing.

Uploaded by

nikhilnath196
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Computer Architecture Unit -1 Notes

The document provides an overview of various number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, detailing their bases, digits used, and examples of conversions between them. It explains binary arithmetic and its applications in computing, as well as the methods for converting between binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. Additionally, it highlights the significance of these number systems in digital electronics and computing.

Uploaded by

nikhilnath196
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & ORG (UNIT -1)

A number system is a way to represent numbers using a consistent set of symbols and rules. It's
fundamental to mathematics and computing. Here are the most common number systems:

1. Decimal Number System (Base 10)

 Digits Used: 0–9


 Most commonly used system in daily life.
 Each digit's place value is a power of 10.
o Example: 245=2×102+4×101+5×100245 = 2×10^2 + 4×10^1 +
5×10^0245=2×102+4×101+5×100

2. Binary Number System (Base 2)

 Digits Used: 0, 1
 Used by computers and digital systems.
 Each digit’s place value is a power of 2.
o Example: 10112=1×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=11101011_2 = 1×2^3 + 0×2^2 + 1×2^1 +
1×2^0 = 11_{10}10112=1×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=1110

3. Octal Number System (Base 8)

 Digits Used: 0–7


 Sometimes used in computing (especially older systems).
 Each digit’s place value is a power of 8.
o Example: 178=1×81+7×80=151017_8 = 1×8^1 + 7×8^0 = 15_{10}178
=1×81+7×80=1510

4. Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16)

 Digits Used: 0–9 and A–F (A=10, B=11, ..., F=15)


 Used in computing for memory addresses, color codes, etc.
 Each digit’s place value is a power of 16.
o Example: 1A16=1×161+10×160=26101A_16 = 1×16^1 + 10×16^0 = 26_{10}1A1
6=1×161+10×160=2610
Binary Number System (Base 2)

The binary number system is one of the most important number systems in computing and digital
electronics. It uses only two digits: 0 and 1.

BASICS OF BINARY
 Base: 2
 Digits: Only 0 and 1
 Each position in a binary number represents a power of 2 (starting from right to left):

Binary Number: 11012=1×23+1×22+0×21+1×20=1310\text{Binary Number: } 1101_2 = 1×2^3 + 1×2^2 +


0×2^1 + 1×2^0 = 13_{10}Binary Number: 11012=1×23+1×22+0×21+1×20=1310

Binary to Decimal Conversion

To convert a binary number to decimal, multiply each bit by 2 raised to its position (starting from right,
index 0):

Example:

10102=1×23+0×22+1×21+0×20=8+0+2+0=10101010_2 = 1×2^3 + 0×2^2 + 1×2^1 + 0×2^0 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 =


10_{10}10102=1×23+0×22+1×21+0×20=8+0+2+0=1010

Decimal to Binary Conversion

Divide the number by 2, record the remainder, and continue dividing until the quotient is 0. Then read
the remainders from bottom to top.

Example: Convert 13 to binary

13 ÷ 2 = 6 remainder 1
6 ÷ 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1
Binary: 1101
Binary Arithmetic

1. Addition Rules
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10 (i.e., 0 carry 1)

Example: 1011 + 110

1011
+ 110
-------
10001
2. Subtraction, Multiplication, Division also follow logical rules similar to decimal, but using only 0 and 1

Where Binary Is Used

 Computers and microprocessors


 Logic circuits and digital electronics
 Networking (IP addresses)
 Data encoding (text, images, sound)

OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM (BASE 8)


The octal number system uses 8 digits: 0 to 7 and is often used as a shorthand for binary in computing
because each octal digit maps neatly to 3 binary digits.

Basics of Octal

 Base: 8
 Digits Used: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Each position represents a power of 8, starting from the right:

1258=1×82+2×81+5×80=64+16+5=8510125_8 = 1×8^2 + 2×8^1 + 5×8^0 = 64 + 16 + 5 = 85_{10}1258


=1×82+2×81+5×80=64+16+5=8510
Octal to Decimal Conversion

Multiply each digit by a power of 8 (starting from the right, exponent 0).

Example:

738=7×81+3×80=56+3=591073_8 = 7×8^1 + 3×8^0 = 56 + 3 = 59_{10}738=7×81+3×80=56+3=5910

Decimal to Octal Conversion

Use repeated division by 8, and read the remainders from bottom to top.

Example: Convert 85 to octal

85 ÷ 8 = 10 remainder 5
10 ÷ 8 = 1 remainder 2
1 ÷ 8 = 0 remainder 1
Octal: 125

Binary ↔ Octal Conversion

Why it’s easy: Every octal digit is equal to 3 binary digits (bits).

Octal Binary

0 000

1 001

2 010

3 011

4 100

5 101

6 110

7 111
✅ Binary to Octal

Group binary digits in sets of 3 from right, then convert.

Example: 1101011₂ → ?₈

1101011 → 001 101 011


→ 1 5 3
= 153₈
✅ Octal to Binary

Convert each octal digit to its 3-digit binary equivalent.

Example: 237₈ = ?₂

2 → 010
3 → 011
7 → 111
Binary: 010011111₂

Octal Arithmetic

Addition Example:
25₈
+ 13₈
-------
40₈
(Equivalent to 21 + 11 = 32 in decimal)

Where Octal Is Used

 Legacy systems (like early UNIX permissions)


 Shorter representation of binary (used in machine-level programming)
 Embedded systems and digital electronics

Hexadecimal Conversion (Base 16)

The hexadecimal (hex) number system uses 16 symbols:

Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Where: A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15
1. Hexadecimal to Decimal

Multiply each digit by powers of 16 (starting from the right).

Example: Convert 2F to decimal


2F₁₆ = (2 × 16¹) + (15 × 16⁰)
= 32 + 15 = 47₁₀

2. Decimal to Hexadecimal

Use repeated division by 16, and read remainders bottom to top.

Example: Convert 156 to hexadecimal


156 ÷ 16 = 9 remainder 12 → C
9 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder 9

So, 156 = 9C₁₆

3. Binary ↔ Hexadecimal Conversion

Each hex digit = 4 binary digits (bits), making conversion very fast.

Hex Binary

0 0000

1 0001

2 0010

3 0011

4 0100

5 0101

6 0110

7 0111
Hex Binary

8 1000

9 1001

A 1010

B 1011

C 1100

D 1101

E 1110

F 1111

✅Example: Binary to Hex

Convert 11010111₂ to hex

Group in 4s from the right:

1101 0111 → D7₁₆

✅ Example: Hex to Binary

Convert A3₁₆ to binary

A → 1010
3 → 0011
So: A3₁₆ = 10100011₂

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy