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IT Chapter Three Number System

Chapter Three discusses data representation and number systems used by computers, emphasizing the binary system as the fundamental method for encoding information with 0s and 1s. It covers various number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, along with conversion methods between these systems. Additionally, it explains the concepts of bits and bytes, and how data storage is measured in larger units like KB, MB, and GB.

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5 views

IT Chapter Three Number System

Chapter Three discusses data representation and number systems used by computers, emphasizing the binary system as the fundamental method for encoding information with 0s and 1s. It covers various number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, along with conversion methods between these systems. Additionally, it explains the concepts of bits and bytes, and how data storage is measured in larger units like KB, MB, and GB.

Uploaded by

zelalem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Three

Data representation and Number System


Computers only identify each letter or number, symbol etc in the form of digital signals, which
represent either a HIGH voltage state “ON”, or a LOW voltage state “OFF”.

The ON and OFF states are commonly labeled with states 1 and 0 respectively. This two state
system is called binary number system. Therefore; each letter, number, or symbol that we enter
from the keyboard in our information processing activity, should be uniquely represented by the
combinations of 0s and 1s before it can be used by the computer.

Number Systems
 Binary Number System
 Octal Number System
 Decimal Number System
 Hexadecimal Number System

 The Decimal Number System (base 10)


The Decimal number system is based on the ten different digits (or symbols) 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
We say it is a base ten number system. Though it is widely used, it is inconvenient for computer
to represent data. So we need another number system.
 The decimal number 135 may be expanded as:
(135) 10 = 1*102 + 3*101 + 5*100

 The Binary number system (base 2)


Binary number system is based on the two different digits; 0 and 1; It is important to note that
every decimal number system has its equivalent binary number; Conversion from binary to its
equivalent decimal and from decimal to its equivalent binary is possible;
B denotes binary prefix.

 The binary number can be expanded as follows:


Examples:
1) (1101)2 = 1101B
= 1 * 23 +1 * 22 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 20
= (1*8) + (1*4) + (0*2) + (1*1)
=8+4+0+1
= 1310
2) (10101)2 = 10101B
= 1×24 + 0×23 + 1×22 + 0×21 + 1×20
= 16 + 4 + 1
= 2110
3) (100011)2 = 100011B
= 1×25 + 0×24 + 0×23 + 0×22 + 1×21 + 1×20
=32 + 2 + 1
= 3510
 Octal number System (base 8) (Oct)
It uses 8 symbols 0-7 to represent numbers;
Examples:
1) 278
= 2×81 + 7×80
= 16 + 7
= 23
2) 308
= 3×81 + 0×80
= 24
3) 43078
= 4×83 + 3×82 + 0×81 + 7×80
= 2247
 Hexadecimal number system (base 16) (hex)
It uses 16 symbols to represent numbers. These symbols are 0, 1, …, 9, A,B,C,D,E,F.
H denotes hex prefix.

Examples:

1) 2816 = 28H
= 2×161 + 8×160
= 4010

2) 2F16 = 2FH
= 2×161 + 15×160
= 4710

3) BC1216 = BC12H
= 11×163+12×162+1×161+2×160
= 45056 + 3072 + 16 + 2

= 48146
Conversion from one Base to Another
• Decimal to Binary conversion
You can convert decimal number to its equivalent binary form using repeated
division by 2. Finally, Reading the remainders from the bottom to the first
top.

Example: Find the binary equivalent of 29.

Step OperationResult
Remainder

Step1. 29/2 14 1

Step2. 14/2 7 0

Step3. 7/2 3 1

Step4. 3/2 1 1

• Conversion from binary (base2) to Octal (base 8)


• To convert a number in binary to octal group three binary digits together
starting from the last digit (right) and if there are no enough digits add zeros
to the front end (left) and find the corresponding Octal of each group.

Example. 1) Convert 1001001 to octal


1001001 =001,001,001
= 1118
2) Convert 101101001 to octal
101101001 =101,101,001
=5518

• Conversion from binary (base2) to hexadecimal (base16)


• To convert binary to hexadecimal group four binary digits together starting
from right and if there are no enough digits add zeros at the left.
EX. Convert 111100100 to hexadecimal
111100100 =0001 1110 0100
=1 14 4
=1 E 4
= 1E416
Convert 111001111 to Hexadecimal
111001111 =0001 1100 1111
=1 12 15
=1 B F
= (1BF)16
• To convert from Octal to binary, convert each octal digit to its equivalent
3 bit binary starting from right.
EX. Convert (675) eight to binary
675eight =110 111 101
=110111101two
Convert 231eight to binary
231eight = 010 011 001
=010011001two
• To convert from Hexadecimal to binary, convert each hex Digit to its
equivalent 4-bit binary starting from right.
Ex. Convert 23416 to binary
23416 =0010 0011 0100
=0010001101002
Convert 2AC16 to binary
2AC16 =0010 1010 1100
=10101011002

• Conversion from Octal to hexadecimal and Vise versa


To convert from Octal to hexadecimal, first we have to convert to binary and the
binary to hexadecimal. To convert from hexadecimal to Octal, first we have to
convert to binary and then the binary to Octal.
EX.1. Convert 2358 to hexadecimal
2358 =010 011 101
=0000 1001 1101
= 0 9 13
=9D16
Convert 1A to Octal
1A=0001 1010
=000 011 010
=0 3 2
=328
Bits, Bytes, KB, MB, GB, TB
 A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data; it represents one binary digit (0
or 1). However, computers usually do not operate on single bits, rather they store
and manipulate a fixed number of bits. Most often, the smallest unit or number of bits a
computer works with is eight bits. These eight bits make up a byte.
 The memory size can be measured in Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes
(GB), etc.
The common units are shown in the following table:

􀀢 Storage space (disks, CDs, memory, etc.) is measured using the above units.

Numeral systems conversion table


Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal 24 11000 30 18
25 11001 31 19
Base-10 Base-2 Base-8 Base-16 26 11010 32 1A
0 0 0 0 27 11011 33 1B
1 1 1 1 28 11100 34 1C
2 10 2 2 29 11101 35 1D
3 11 3 3 30 11110 36 1E
4 100 4 4 31 11111 37 1F
5 101 5 5 32 100000 40 20
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17

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