HOLYCROSS

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
7/131, Vagaikulam – Srivaikuntam Express Road,
Tuticorin - 628 851
Phone: 0461- 2269344

PRACTICAL RECORD

Certified that this is the Bonafide of work done by

Mr./Ms. ………………………………………………………………… of the
………………….Year/Semester in………..Department of this college, in
…………………………………………………………………………….. during
………... in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the B.E. / B.Tech. degree
course of the ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI

STAFF IN CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

University Reg.No. ……………………..………………………………….

University Examination held on ……. ……………..……………………..

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 CAD/CAM Record Note Book

INTRODUCTION ABOUT SOLID WORKS

Solid Works Mechanical Design Automation software is a feature –based,

parametric modeling design tool that helps engineers provide competitive design
solutions to the mainstream market. The software is developed and supported by
Solid Works Corporation, headquartered in the USA.
Solid Works offers comprehensive, best-in-class solid modeling tools and 2D
drawing capabilities. It takes advantages of the easy to learn Windows graphical user
interface. In addition its unique capabilities enable the mechanical designer to
concentrate on the product design.
Solid Works enable the design engineer to:
• Work faster and more accurately
• Create enhanced design
• Create safer and better quality products
• Manage product information more effectively
• Share concepts
• Reduce the design steps
Solid Works along with the following bundle of products is a complete 3D
Product Design solution for the mechanical industry. If offers the best solutions
required for the modern design industry in a single package.
• COSMOS Works
• PDM Works
• Solid Works Routing
• Design communication tools
Modules in Solid Works
Solid Works extends design applications through full integration with best-in-
class solutions. Solid Works software is categorized into different modules to
suit the environment you are utilizing. The following are the modules available
in Solid Works software:
• Part modeling
• Assembly modeling
• 2D Drawing

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• Surfacing
Part Modeling
This module produces parts easily and rapidly by creating features such as
extrudes, revolves, thin features, lofts and sweeps, advanced shelling, feature patterns
and holes.
The 3D part is the basic building block of the Solid Works mechanical design
software. In Solid Works you design a part by sketching its component shapes and
defining their size, shape and inter relationships. By successfully creating these
shapes, called features, we can construct the part. The basic modeling process for
each part is as follows:
• Plan the part
• Create the base feature
• Create the remaining features
• Analyze the part
• Modify the features as necessary
Solid Works speeds up part modeling with unique feature level control over
multiple bodies.
Assembly modeling
Assembly design gives the user the ability to design with user controlled
associability. Solid Works builds these individual parts and subassemblies into an
assembly in a hierarchical manner. This is based on the relationships defined by the
constraints.
Solid Works assembly design reference parts directly and maintain
relationships when creating new parts. In the assembly module you can perform
physical simulation and mechanical between the parts and avoid any potential design
flaws.
2D Drawing
2D drawing module develops complete, production ready engineering
drawings without drawing the sketches, makes revisions quickly and accurately, ad
generates bills of materials and balloons automatically, easily controlling and
alignment of balloons.
Surface Model

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For design of dies, castings, or injection molds, surface modeling capability is

important. Solid Works Surface module can create complex models from freedom
shapes. You can create complex surfaces using lofts and sweeps with guide curves,
drag-handles for easy control and innovative surface features. The basic process to
create the surface model is as follows:
• Acquire the wire frame model
• Study the wire frame model
• Create and verify the required surface
• Output the surface model
Features of Solid Works
Solid Works is software developed for mechanical design engineers and
contains many features that facilitate the engineers to easily create and manage
designs. Some of the important features of Solid Works are as follows:
• Feature – based
• Parametric
• Solid modeling
• Fully associative
• Constraints

Feature – based
Just as an assembly is composed of a number of individual piece parts, a Solid
Works model is also consists of individual constituent elements. These elements are
called features.
When you create a model using the solid Works software, you work with
intelligent, easy to understand geometric features such as bosses, cuts, holes, ribs,
fillers, chamfers and draft. The features are applied directly to the work piece as soon
as they are created.
Features can be classified as either sketched or applied.
• Sketched features: These are based upon a 2D sketch. Generally that sketch is
transformed into a solid by extrusion, sweeping or lofting.
• Applied features: These are created directly on the solid model. Fillets and
Chamfers are examples of this type of feature.

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The idea behind feature-based modeling is that the designer constructs an

object composed of individual features that describe the manner in which the
geometry supports the object, if its dimension changes. The first feature is called the
base feature.
Parametric
The dimensions and relations used to create a feature are captured and stored
in the model. This enables not only to capture your design intent, but also to quickly
and easily make changes to the model.
We can see a concentric hole drilled for the base feature. If the model is not
parametric, and if there are any design changes (say, in the diameter of the hole), you
will have to edit each hole individually. In addition the base sketch will vary.
Therefore, a definite number of steps are required for the changes.
If the model is parametric and related properly, a change in one value
automatically edits the other values. For example, if the diameter of the hole and the
dimensions of the are related, a change in the diameter of the hole will automatically
edit the are radius.
Driving dimensions
Theses dimensions are used when creating a feature. They include the dimensions
associated with the sketch geometry, as well as those associated with the feature itself.
Relations
These include information, such as parallelism, tangency, and concentricity.
By capturing this in the sketch, Solid Works enables you to capture your design intent
up front, in the model.
Solid Modeling
A solid model is the most complete type of geometry model used in CAD
systems. It contains all the wire frame and surface geometry necessary to fully
describe the edges and the faces of the model.
In addition it has the information called the information called the topology
that relates the geometry together. An example of topology would be which faces
(surfaces) meet at which edge (curve). This intelligence makes operations such a
filleting as easy as selection an edge and specifying a radius.
Fully associative

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A Solid Works model is fully associative with the drawings and the assemblies
that reference it. Changes to the model are automatically reflected in the associated
drawings and assemblies. Similarly, you can make changes in the drawing or
assembly, and those changes will be reflected in the model.
Constraints
Geometric relationships such as parallel, perpendicular, horizontal, vertical,
concentric, and coincident are some of the constraints supported in Solid Works.
In addition, equations can be used to establish mathematical relationships among
parameters. By using constraints and equations, you can guarantee that design
concepts, such as, through holes or equal radii are captured and maintained.

Design Intent
Design intent is your plan about how the model should behave when it is
changed. For example, if you model a boss with a blind hole in it, the hole
should move when the boss is moved.
To use the parametric modeler Solid Works efficiently, you must consider the
design intent before modeling. Several factors contribute to how you capture
your design intent:
• Automatic relations
• Equations
• Added relations
• Dimensioning

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1. SLEEVE & COTTER JOINT

Aim:
To draw & assemble the sleeve and cotter joint

System Configuration Required:

CPU -- Pentium D 3.40 GHz
Ram – 2 GB
HDD – 80GB

Software Required:
SolidWorks2008

Procedure

Start

Programs

Solid Works 2008

Solid Works 2008 SP0.0

Solid Works 2008 SP0.0

File

New


To Draw the Sleeve

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Part

OK

Extruded Boss/Base

Select Right Sketch Plane
(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Fillet

Manual

Constant Radius

Assign Fillet Radius Value

Select edges to Fillet

OK

Extrude Cut

Select front Sketch plane

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
(Draw the cotter Groove in the sleeve part Left side & right side Groove)

Exit Sketch

End Condition:Mid Plane

Assign the depth Value

OK

Save

File - Close

New - Part

Extrude Boss / Base

Select right sketch plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch
End Condition : Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Extrude Boss / Base


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Select the right faces of the last drawn object


(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition : Blind

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Fillet

Manual

Constant Radius

Assign Fillet Radius Value

Select edges to Fillet

OK

Chamfer

Angle distance

Assign angle and distance value

Select edges to chamfer


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OK

Extrude Cut

Select front plane

(Draw the cotter Groove in the Rod part)

Exit Sketch

Mid Plane

Assign the depth dimension

OK

Save

File - Close

New - Part

Extrude Boss / Base

Select front sketch plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition : Mid Plane
Assign Depth Value

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
Ok

Dome

Assign Dome Distance Value

Select the dome faces

OK & Save

New- Assembly

Ok

Browse

Select Sleeve

OK

Insert Components

Select Rod

Open

OK

Mate

Select Coincident

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
Select the cotter groove straight faces of Sleeve & Rod

OK

Select temporary Axis of Sleeve and Rod

OK

Select Top plane of sleeve and Rod

OK

Repeat the above procedure for Assemble the other end of the rod

Insert components

Cotter

Open

OK

Mate

Select the stright spaces cotter & Sleeve

Select the Top plane of sleeve and Cotter

OK

Save

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Result:
Thus the sleeve and cotter joints are drawn and assembled by using solid
works software.

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2.GIB AND COTTER JOINT

Aim:
To draw & assemble the Gib and Cotter joint

System Configuration Required:

CPU -- Pentium D 3.40 GHz
Ram – 2 GB
HDD – 80GB

Software Required:
SolidWorks2008

Procedure

Start

Programs

Solid Works 2008

Solid Works 2008 SP0.0

Solid Works 2008 SP0.0

File

New

Part -Fork End

OK


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Extruded Boss/Base

Select Front Sketch Plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Fillet

Manual

Constant Radius

Assign Fillet Radius Value

Select edges to Fillet

OK

Extrude Cut

Select Top Faces of the Object

Draw the sketch as per dimension


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Exit Sketch

End Condition:Through All

OK

Save

File - Close

New - Part

Extrude Boss / Base

Select front sketch plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch
End Condition : Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Save

Close
New

Part –Gib


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Extrude Boss / Base


Select the Front sketch Plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition : Mid plane

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Fillet

Manual

Constant Radius

Assign Fillet Radius Value

Select edges to Fillet

OK

Save

New – Part Cotter

Extrude Boss / Base


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Select front sketch plane


(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Dome

Assign Dome Distance Value

Select the dome faces

OK

Save

New- Assembly

Ok

Browse

Select Fork

OK


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Insert Components

Select Rod

Open

OK

Mate

Select Coincident

Select the top face of Rod and top inner face of fork

OK

Select rght face of rod and inner right side face of fork
OK

Select Front plane of Fork and Rod

OK

Insert components

Browse

Gib

Open

Mate

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
Select the inner vertical Gib face and inner Groove face of the Fork

Select the inner Face of GIB and Top face of Fork

select the side face of Gib and inner side face of the fork Groove

OK
Insert components

Browse

Cotter

Open

Mate

Select the tapper face of cotter and Gib

Select side Face of Cotter and inner Groove face in the Fork

select the Top plane in the cotter and Rod

OK

Save

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Result:
Thus the Gibb and cotter joint are drawn and assembled by using solid works
software.

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3. UNIVERSAL COUPLING
Aim :
To draw & assemble the Universal Coupling.

System Configuration Required:

CPU -- Pentium D 3.40 GHz
Ram – 2 GB
HDD – 80GB

Software Required:
SolidWorks2008

Procedure

Start

Programs

Solid Works 2008

Solid Works 2008 SP0.0

Solid Works 2008 SP0.0

File

New

Part -Fork

OK

Extruded Boss/Base

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
Select Front Sketch Plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)


Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Extrude Boss / Base

Select Top Face OF the object

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition : Blind

Assign Depth Value

Ok
Mirror

Select Top Skech Plane

Select the object to be Mirror


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Ok

Extrude Boss / Base

Select the Left Face of the Square object

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition : Blind

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Extruded Cut

Select Left End Circular Face


(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Blind

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Save


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File

Close

New – Part – Centre Block

Extrude Boss / Base

Select Top sketch plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)


Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value

Ok

Extrude Boss / Base

Select Front sketch plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value


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Ok

Extruded Cut

Select Sketch Plane as shown in sketch

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Through All

Ok

Extruded Cut

Select Sketch Plane as shown in sketch

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Through All

Ok

Save

File

Close


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New – Part – Collar Pin


Revolve

Select Front sketch plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

Revolve Type 1

Angle :360

Ok

Extruded Cut

Select Top Sketch Plane


(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Ok

Save

File


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Close

New – Part – Collar

Extrude Boss / Base

Select Top Sketch Plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value
Ok

Extruded Cut

Select Front Sketch Plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value:50

Ok

Save

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
File

Close

New – Part – Collar Key

Extrude Boss / Base

Select Top Sketch Plane

(Draw the sketch as per dimension – ref sketch)

Exit Sketch

End Condition: Mid Plane

Assign Depth Value
Ok

Save

File

Close

New- Assembly

Ok
Now Using Assembly Constraints assemble all the drawn object as per given sketch
Save


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File

Close

Exit

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Result:
Thus the UNIVERSAL COUPLING are drawn and assembled by using solid works
software.

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Introduction

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer-based software

tools that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product
components. CAM is a programming tool that makes it possible to manufacture
physical models using computer-aided design (CAD) programs. CAM creates real life
versions of components designed within a software package. CAM was first used in
1971 for car body design and tooling

Traditionally, CAM has been considered as a numerical control (NC)

programming tool wherein three-dimensional (3D) models of components generated
in CAD software are used to generate CNC code to drive numerically controlled
machine tools.

Although this remains the most common CAM function, CAM functions have
expanded to integrate CAM more fully with CAD/CAM/CAE PLM solutions.

As with other “Computer-Aided” technologies, CAM does not eliminate the

need for skilled professionals such as Manufacturing Engineers and NC Programmers.
CAM, in fact, both leverages the value of the most skilled manufacturing
professionals through advanced productivity tools, while building the skills of new
professionals through visualization, simulation and optimization tools.

CNC MACHINE

Numerical control (NC) refers to the automation of machine tools that are
operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as
opposed to manually controlled via handwheels or levers or mechanically automated
via cams alone. The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 50s, based on
existing tools that were modified with motors that moved the controls to follow points
fed into the system on paper tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly

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augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern computer
numerical controlled (CNC) machine tools that have revolutionized the design
process.

In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated

using CAD/CAM programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted
to extract the commands needed to operate a particular machine, and then loaded into
the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component might require the
use of a number of different tools - drills, saws, etc. - modern machines often combine
multiple tools into a single "cell". In other cases, a number of different machines are
used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the
component from machine to machine. In either case the complex series of steps
needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely
matches the original CAD design.

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CNC Manufacturing Process - Diagram

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Composition of a Part Program.

A Part Program is a list of coded instructions which describes how the

designed component, or part, will be manufactured.
These coded instructions are called data - a series of letters and numbers. The part
program includes all the geometrical and technological data to perform the required
machine functions and movements to manufacture the part.
The part program can be further broken down into separate lines of data, each line
describing a particular set of machining operations. These lines, which run in
sequence, are called blocks.

A block of data contains words, sometimes called codes. Each word refers to a
specific cutting/movement command or machine function. The programming
language recognized by the CNC, the machine controller, is an I.S.O. code, which
includes the G and M code groups.
Each program word is composed from a letter, called the address, along with a
number.

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Main Program Structure

The part program can contain a number of separate programs, which together
describe all the operations required to manufacture the part.
The Main Program is the controlling program, ie, the program first read, or accessed,
when the entire part program sequence is run. This controlling program can then call a
number of smaller programs into operation. These smaller programs, called Sub
Programs, are generally used to perform repeat tasks, before returning control back to
the main program.

Normally, the controller operates according to one program. In this case the
main program is also the part program.

Main Programs are written using I.S.O. address codes listed below:
Addresses -
N refers to the block number.
G refers to the G code (Preparatory function).
X refers to the absolute distance traveled by the slide tool in the X axis direction.
U refers to the incremental distance traveled by the slide tool in the X axis
direction.

Z refers to the absolute distance traveled by the slide tool in the Z axis direction.
W refers to the incremental distance traveled by the slide tool in the Z axis
direction.
F refers to the feed rate.
M refers to the M code (Miscellaneous function).
S refers to the spindle speed.
T refers to the tooling management.

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Each block, or program line, contains addresses which appear in this order:
N , G , X (or U) , Z (or W) , F , M , S , T ;

This order should be maintained throughout every block in the program,

although individual blocks may not necessarily contain all these addresses.
The organisation of blocks of data within the program follows a layout. Again, it is
recommended that the programmer keeps to this program layout.

Sub Program Repeat Command

A call command can be set to call a sub program repeatedly. This call can
specify upto 999 repetitions of a sub program.

A sub program repeat command is written in the following format:

M98 PØØØ ØØØØ

where,
M98 is the call command.
PØØØ is the number of times the sub program is to be repeated.
ØØØØ is the sub program number.

For example,
M98 P1ØØØØ1;
This command is read call the sub program number ØØØ1 ten times.
When the repetition is omitted, the sub program will be called once only.
Program Numbering and Saving.
The program numbering relies on the programmer saving the program to disk
or computer hard drive at the time of writing.
Writing the program on an offline system with a qwerty keyboard allows the
programmer to save the program using letters and/or numbers.

A FANUC compatible program number line is written in the following format:

O ØØØØ
where,

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O is the Address Code.

ØØØØ is the four digit program number.

Note 1

Sub program numbers must be saved between the ranges ØØØ1 to 9999, ie, using a
four digit number. It is recommended that all programs saved have filenames also
between these numbers.

Note 2

Before saving a program to disk or hard drive, check that the program name you wish
to use has not been used on another file. If the program is saved using a name
identical to an old program file, the old program file will be overwritten.

Note 3

Programs that need to be used at a later date on genuine FANUC controls must have
their program number stated on the first program block.

Program Block Numbering

A program is composed of several commands, each command instructing the machine

to carry out a particular operation. Each command is a separate line of data within the
program, called a Block.
One block is separated from another block using an end of block code, ie, effectively
signifying the end of a program line. The Fanuc programming system uses a
semicolon ( ; ) as the end of block (EOB) code.
A four digit sequence number can be specified (ØØØ1 - 9999) following the address
code N, at the start of each block. The order of these block numbers is arbitrary and
need not be consecutive. Block numbers can be specified for every program line, or
just on program lines requiring them.

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Note 1

The block number must be written at the start of a program line when used.

Note 2
It is recommended that all blocks are numbered using a four digit number
which rises between each block in steps of 1Ø. This allows the program to be edited
at a later date, ie, new blocks can be inserted or deleted as required.

For example,
N ØØ1Ø ....
N ØØ2Ø ....
N ØØ3Ø ....
N ØØ4Ø ....
etc....

Note 3
Even when block numbering is not a priority, it is useful to insert block
numbers at important points in the program, such as tool change commands. This will
help if a program search is used in the future.

G Codes (Preparatory Functions)

Preparatory functions, called G codes, are used to determine the geometry of
tool movements and operating state of the machine controller; functions such as linear
cutting movements, drilling operations and specifying the units of measurement.
They are normally programmed at the start of a block.

A G code is defined using the following format:

G ØØ
where,
G is the address letter.

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ØØ is the two digit number defining the G code.

M Codes (Miscellaneous Functions)

Miscellaneous functions, called M codes, are used by the CNC to command
on/off signals to the machine functions. ie, MØ3 - spindle forward (CW), MØ5 -
spindle stop, etc.....
The functions allocated to lower M code numbers are constant in most CNC
controls, although the higher M code number functions can vary from one make of
controller to the next.

An M code is defined using the following format:

M ØØ
where,
M is the address letter.
ØØ is the two digit number defining the M code.

Tool Movement.

The tool moves along straight lines and arcs forming the work piece shape:

a) Tool Movement along a Straight Line.

b) Tool Movement along a Taper.

c) Tool Movement along an Arc.

The function of moving the tool along straight lines and arcs is called the
Interpolation.
Symbols of the programmed commands GØ1, GØ2 and GØ3 are called the
Preparatory functions and specify the type of interpolation conducted in the control
unit.

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Tool Movement along a Straight Line

Tool Movement along a Taper

Program command format:

GØ1 X _ _ _ _ Z _ _ _ _ ; (P1 - P2)

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Tool Movement along an Arc

Program command format:
GØ2 X _ _ _ _ Z _ _ _ _ R _ _ _ _ ; (P1 - P2)
or
GØ3 X _ _ _ _ Z _ _ _ _ R _ _ _ _ ; (P1 - P2)

Absolute and Incremental Co-ordinates

The addresses X and Z, within a program, relate to a co-ordinate position from

the workpiece datum (the zero position).

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The addresses U and W, within a program, relate to the individual axis movements
required to reach the new position, from the last position reached by the tool. The
address U refers to the X axis and the address W refers to the Z axis.

The example above shows four different ways that can be used to write a block within
a program that defines a taper:

Absolute/Absolute
GØ1 X3Ø Z-5Ø FØ.15 ;
Incremental/Incremental
GØ1 U1Ø W-52 FØ.15 ;
Absolute/Incremental
GØ1 X3Ø W-52 FØ.15 ;
GØ1 U1Ø Z-5Ø FØ.15 ;
Incremental/Absolut

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G00 Rapid Positioning Traverse

G01 Linear Interpolation
G02-G03 Circular Interpolation
G04 Dwell
G20-G21 Imperial metric data input
G28 Reference Point Return
G40-G41-G42 Cutter Compensation
G43 Z Length Compensation
G50/51 Scaling
G54 Datum Shift
G68-G69 Rotation
G73 High Speed Peck Drilling
G73-G89 Canned Cycles
G74 Counter Tapping
G76 Fine Boring
G80 Canned Cycle Cancel
G81 Drilling-Spot Boring
G83 Deep Hole Peek Drilling
G82 Drilling Counter Boring
G84 Taping
G85 Boring

G86 Boring

G87 Back Boring

G89 Boring

G90 Absolute Zero Command

G91 Incremental Command

G94 Feed Per Minute

G95 Feed Per Revolution

G98 Return to Initial Level

G99 Return to R-point Level

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M00 Program Stop

M01 Optional Stop

M02 Program Reset

M03 Spindle Forward

M04 Spindle Reverse

M05 Spindle Stop

M06 Automatic Tool Change

M08 Coolant ON

M09 Coolant OFF

M10 Vice Open

M11 Vice Close

M13 Spindle Forward and Coolant ON

M14 Spindle Reverse and Coolant ON
M19 Spindle Orientation
M20 ATC Arm IN

M21 ATC Arm OUT

M22 ATC Arm DOWN

M23 ATC Arm UP

M24 ATC Drawbar Unclamp
M25 ATC Drawbar Clamp
M27 Reset Carousel to Pocket One
M30 Program Reset and Rewind

M32 Carousel CW

M33 Carousel CCW

M38 Door Open

M39 Door Close

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M70 Mirror in X ON

M71 Mirror in Y ON

M80 Mirror in X OFF

M81 Mirror in Y OFF

M98 Sub Program Call

M99 Sub Program Call and Recall

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TURNING PROGRAM CYCLES

G71 Canned Cycle

Where,
R = Rapid Traverse
F = Feed
U1 = Depth of cut in X axis
U2 = Finishing allowance in X axis
W = Finishing allowance in Z axis
. The G71 code commands a multiple repetitive cycle, sometimes referred to as
a canned cycle. The G71 cycle is similar to the G72 cycle except that the cut is
applied in the X axis.
Canned cycles are used within a CNC program to simplify programming,
since only the dimensions describing the required component profile are required. The
CNC control will then generate the roughing cuts needed to make this component
profile, from within its own memory.
. A G71 command is written in the following format :
G71 U (1) R ;
G71 P ns Q nf U (2) W F ;
Where,
U (1) is the depth of cut in the X axis (Radius value).

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R is the escaping amount (Retract).

ns is the sequence number of the first block of the programmed finished shape.
nf is the sequence number of the last block of the programmed finished shape.
U (2) is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in the X axis
(Diameter value).

W is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in the Z axis.

F is the feedrate for Roughing.

Move commands are specified between program block numbers ns to nf, as shown
below:
N ns ........ ;
........ ;
F ...... ;
S ...... ;
........ ;
N nf ........ ;

G72 (Stock Removal in Facing).

The G72 code commands a multiple repetitive cycle, sometimes referred to as

a canned cycle. The G72 cycle is similar to the G71 cycle except that the cut is
applied in the Z axis.
Canned cycles are used within a CNC program to simplify programming,
since only the dimensions describing the required component profile are required. The

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CNC control will then generate the roughing cuts needed to make this component
profile, from within its own memory.
A G72 command is written in the following format:
G72 W (1) R ;
G72 P ns Q nf U W (2) F ;
Where,
W (1) is the depth of cut in the Z axis.
R is the escaping amount (Retract).
ns is the sequence number of the first block of the programmed finished shape.
nf is the sequence number of the last block of the programmed finished shape.
U is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in the X axis.
W (2) is the distance and direction of the finishing allowance in the Z axis.
F is the feedrate for Roughing.
G73 (High Speed Peck Drilling)

A G73 (High Speed Peck Drilling) command is written in the following

format:
(G9Ø or G91) (G98 or G99) G73 X.... Y.... Z.... Q.... F.... ;
Click here to show the Variable Definitions.

When machining, the drill is positioned at the co-ordinate point of the first hole,
for the X and Y axes and at the initial level, for the Z axis. The G73 command is then
read into the machine controller and the cycle begins.
The drill will rapid traverse to the R point level and begin to feed in, until a cut-in
distance of Q is attained. At this point, the drill will retract a small distance (set within
the machine controller). A cut-in distance of Q at the same feedrate will begin again,
followed by a similar retraction. These movements will continue until the total Z
depth has been reached.

The drill will rapid traverse out to the Initial level, if a G98 code is
programmed within the cycle, or to the R point level, if a G99 code is programmed
within the cycle. At this point the next block is read into the machine controller. If this

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block contains an X, Y or X and Y co-ordinate the drill will position itself at that
point and the high speed peck drilling cycle will begin again.

Canned Cycle Variable Definitions.

G.... is defined as the canned cycle.

X.... Y.... is defined as the hole position, in absolute or incremental value.
Z.... is defined as the distance from the R point to the bottom of the hole in
incremental mode, or the position of the hole bottom in absolute mode.
R.... is defined as the distance from the initial level to the R point level in
incremental mode, or the position of the Z datum in relation to the R point
level in absolute mode.
P.... is defined as the dwell time to be performed at the bottom of the hole (see
the GØ4 code for more details).

Q.... is defined as the cut-in distance value or shift value (Note - this is always
specified as an incremental value).
K.... is defined as the number of repeats, for a series of holes. When not
specified, K=1.
F.... is defined as the feedrate for machining.

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G74 (End Face Peck Drilling Cycle).

The G74 code instructs the machine to perform a peck drilling cycle. The
centerline of the drill runs parallel to the Z axis, ie, the drill will make holes in the
face end of the billet.
Peck drilling refers to the method used for removing the material, ie, the the
drill will move a set amount into the material, then withdraw to allow swarf and scrap
drop out, before cutting further into the material.
The G74 code allows two different methods of drilling:
1) A tipped U-drill can drill into a billet, then move along the X axis and repeat the
operation several times if required, ie, it can be used to drill holes off-centre.
2) A standard drill can also be used. If the words X ,P and R are omitted from
the G74 command, a hole will be generated by pecking in stages (each stage
measuring a depth of Q ) to a total depth of Z .
A G74 command is written in the following format :
G74 R (1);
G74 X (U) Z (W) P Q R (2) F ;
Where,
R(1) is the peck return amount.
X (U) is the diameter of the bore if stopover is used (i.e., stepping along the X
axis to repeat the peck cycle).
Z (W) is the depth of the bore.
P is the stopover in the X axis measured in micron's (without sign).
Q is the pecking depth in the Z axis measured in micron's (without sign).

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F is the feedrate.

G75 Grooving Cycle).

The G75 command permits drilling and grooving in the X axis.

A chip break cycle is also possible - chip breaking is the same as drilling in
pecking stages to limit swarf size.

A G75 command is written in the following format :

G75 R (1) ;
G75 X (U) Z (W) P Q R (2) F ;
where,
The definitions of R (1) , X (U) , Z (W) , P ,Q , R (2) and F are the same
as G74.
Where,
R(1) is the peck return amount.
X (U) is the diameter of the bore if step over is used (i.e., stepping along the X
axis to repeat the peck cycle).
Z (W) is the depth of the bore.
P is the stopover in the X axis measured in micron's (without sign).
Q is the pecking depth in the Z axis measured in micron's (without sign).
R (2) is the retract move at the base of the groove.
F is the feedrate.

G76 (Multiple Thread Cutting Cycle).

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The G76 command contains, within two blocks, all the information required to
generate a standard thread form and pitch.
A G76 uses one edge cutting to reduce the load on the tool tip.

A G76 command is written in the following format:

G76 P (A) / (B) / (C) Q (Min) R ;
G76 X(U) Z(W) P (DEP) Q (1st) F ;
where,
P (A) is the number of thread finishing passes (1 to 99).
P (B) is the chamfer amount. This is the angle at which the tool leaves the
billet, at the end of the thread cutting cycle.
P (C) is the angle of the tool tip (8Ø°, 6Ø°, 55°, 3Ø°, 29° and Ø°). Note -
(A), (B) and (C) are all specified at the same time by the address P, eg,
PØ36Ø6Ø = number of cuts is Ø3, chamfer amount of 6Ø and tool angle of
6Ø°.
Q (Min) is the minimum cutting depth (in microns). When the depth of the cut
calculated by the CNC control becomes less than this limit, the cutting
depth is clamped at this minimum value.
R is the finishing allowance. This is the final, or finishing, cuts applied
to the thread. The number of stages to complete this finishing allowance is
determined by the value of P(A), ie, the value of R divided by the P(A)
number of finishing passes equals the value of each finishing allowance stage.
X(U) is the end position of the thread in the X axis (the core diameter).

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Z(W) is the end position of the thread in the Z axis.

P (DEP) is the depth of the thread as a radius value (in microns).
Q (1st) is the depth of the first pass as a radius value (in microns).
F is the size of the thread pitch.

G9Ø Straight Line Cutting.

The command G9Ø performs a one pass cutting cycle, where the cut is applied
in the X axis. Also, by using the command R __ within the G9Ø block, tapers can be
generated.
If the one pass move needs to be repeated, only the values that change (ie,
movement dimensions) need to be entered in the next block.

A G9Ø command for straight line cutting is written in the following format:
G9Ø X (U) __ Z (W) __ F __ ;

Where,
F __ is the feedrate.
Note 1.
When programming using incremental dimensions (U, W), the direction of the
tool movement along paths "P1" and "P2" will define the signs of U and W (plus or
minus). In the above program, both U and W are minus.
Note 2.
The G9Ø straight cut command can be used for both internal and external
cutting operations.

G9Ø Taper Cutting.

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A G9Ø command for taper cutting is written in the following format:

G9Ø X (U) __ Z (W) __ R __ F __ ;
Where,
R __ is the dimension defining taper angle.
F __ is the feedrate.

Note 1.
The sign of R depends on the cutting direction of path "P1" - in the above
program, R is entered as a minus value.
Note 2.
When programming using incremental dimensions (U, W), the direction of the
tool movement along paths "P1" and "P2" will define the signs of U and W (plus or
minus). In the above program, both U and W are minus.
Note 3.
The G9Ø taper cut command can be used for both internal and external cutting
operations.

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MILLING PROGRAM CYCLES

G8Ø (Canned Cycle, Cancel).

Some of the addresses used within a canned cycle are modal (Z, P, Q and R), so their
respective values are retained in the machine controller memory after the cycle has
finished. The canned cycle must be cancelled, automatically removing these modal
values, before the next canned cycle can be programmed into the machine controller.
This is achieved by programming a G8Ø code, following the last block of the canned
cycle within the part program.
Note 1.
The G8Ø code is active when:
1) the machine power is first switched on.
2) the reset button on the CRT/MDI controller panel is pressed.
3) the Emergency Stop button is pressed.
G81 (Drilling - Spot Boring).
A G81 (Drilling - Spot Boring) command is written in the following format:
(G9Ø or G91) (G98 or G99) G81 X.... Y.... Z.... R.... F.... ;

G.... is defined as the canned cycle.

X.... Y.... is defined as the hole position, in absolute or incremental value.
Z.... is defined as the distance from the R point to the bottom of the hole in
incremental mode, or the position of the hole bottom in absolute mode.

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R.... is defined as the distance from the initial level to the R point level in
incremental mode, or the position of the Z datum in relation to the R point
level in absolute mode.
P.... is defined as the dwell time to be performed at the bottom of the hole (see
the GØ4 code for more details).
Q.... is defined as the cut-in distance value or shift value (Note - this is always
specified as an incremental value).
K.... is defined as the number of repeats, for a series of holes. When not
specified, K=1.
F.... is defined as the feed rate for machining.
Sequence of moves:
Op 1) Rapid position to X, Y and Z (the Initial level).
Op 2) Rapid traverse to R point level.
Op 3) Feed to Z depth.
Op 4) Rapid traverse to Initial level (G98) or R point level (G99).

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CAM EXERCISE

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TOOL PATH DIAGRAM

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Turning cycle using G71

Aim:-
(i)To write a part program for the given job
(ii) To simulate the part program using simulation software
(iii)To make the job using CNC LATHE

Program:-

Codes Explanation

N1 G21 Metric data input

N2 G98 Feed per minute
N3 M06 T02 Auto tool change
N4 M03 S1500 Spindle ON(Forward) at speed 1500
N5 G00 X25 Z0 Positioning the tool to 1
N6 G71 U0.5 R0.5 Canned Turning cycle start
N7 G71 P8 Q15 U0.5 W0.5 F200
N8 G01 X0 Z0 Tool positioning in straight cut 1 to 2
N9 G03 X10 Z-5 R5 Circular inter-polation Counter clock wise 2 to 3
N10 G01 X10 Z-15 Tool positioning in straight cut 3 to 4
N11 G01 X15 Z -17.5 Tool positioning in straight cut 4 to 5
N12 G01 X15 Z -27.5 Tool positioning in straight cut 5 to 6
N13 G02 X20 Z -30 R 2.5
Circular inter-polation clock wise 6 to 7
N14 G01 X20 Z -40
N15 G03 X25 Z -42.5 R2.5 Tool positioning in straight cut 7 to 8
Circular inter-polation Counter clock wise 8 to 9
N16 G70 P8 Q15 U0.05 W0.05 S2000 Finishing cycle
F100
N17 G28 U0 W0 Move tool to reference point
N18 M05 Spindle stop
N19 M30 Program stop

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Result:-

(i)The part program for the given job was completed

(ii) The part program was simulated by using
simulation software
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(iii)The required shape of the job was made by using CNC LATHE

TOOL PATH DIAGRAM

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Facing cycle using G72

Aim:-
(i)To write a part program for the given job
(ii) To simulate the part program using simulation software
(iii)To make the job using CNC LATHE

Program:-

Codes Explanation
N1 G21 Metric data input
N2 G98 Feed per minute
N3 M03 S1500 Spindle ON(Forward) at speed 1500R.P.M
N4 M06 T02 Auto tool change
N5 G00 X25 Z0 Positioning the tool at 1
N6 G72 U0.5 R0.5 Canned Facing cycle
N7 G72 P8 Q15 U0.5 W0.5 F200
N8 G01 X25 Z-42.5 Linear interpolation 1 to 2
N9 G02 X20 Z-40 R2.5 Circular inter-polation clock wise 2 to 3
N10 G01 X20 Z-30 Linear interpolation 3 to 4
Circular inter-polation counter clock wise 4 to 5
N11 G03 X15 Z-27.5 R2.5
Linear interpolation 5 to 6
N12 G01 X15 Z-17.5
Linear interpolation 6 to 7
N13 G01 X10 Z-15
Linear interpolation 7 to 8
N14 G01 X10 Z-5
N15 G02 X0 Z0 R5 Circular inter-polation clock wise 8 to 9
N16 G70 P8 Q15 U0.05 W0.05 Finishing Cycle
S2000 F100
N17 G28 U0 W0 Reference position point
N18 M05 Spindle stop
N19 M30 Program stop

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Result:-
(i)The part program for the given job was written
(ii) The part program was simulated by using simulation software
(iii)The given shape of the job was made by using CNC LATHE

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Peck Drilling, Thread Cutting and Grooving cycles

Aim:-
(i)To write a part program for the given job
(ii) To simulate the part program using simulation software
(iii)To make the job using CNC LATHE
.

Program:-

Codes Explanation
N1 G21 Metric data input
N2 G98 Feed per minute
N3 M06 T02 Auto tool change (tool no. 2)
N4 M03 S1500 Spindle ON(Forward) at speed 1500R.P.M
N6 G00 X0 Z10 Positioning(rapid travel)
N7 G74 R5 Drilling cycle
N8 G74 X0 Z-30 Q1000 F20
N9 G28 U0 W0 Reference position point
N10 M06 T03 Auto Tool change (tool no. 3)
N11 G00 X30 Z-60 Rapid positioning
N12 G75 R5 Grooving cycle
N13 G75 X15 Z-60 P1000 Q1000 R1
F1.5
N14 G28 U0 W0 Reference position
N15 M06 T04 Auto tool change((tool no. 4)
N16 G00 X30 Z0 Rapid positioning
N17 G76 P30 4545 Q1000 R1000 Thread cutting cycle
N18 G76 X21 Z-50 P1000 Q1500.F2
N19 G28 U0 W0 Reference positioning
N20 M05 Spindle OFF
N21 M30 Program end

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Result:-
(i) The part program for the given job was written
(ii) The part program was simulated by using simulation software
(iii)The given shape of the job was made by using CNC LATHE

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Grooving and Facing Cycle

AIM:-
(i)To write a part program for the given job
(ii) To simulate the part program using simulation software
(iii)To make the job using CNC LATHE

PROGRAM:-

CODES EXPLANATION

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N1 G21 Metric data input

N2 G98 Feed per minute
N3 M06 T01 Auto tool change
N3 M03 S1500 Spindle on(forward)
N4 G00 X25 Z0 Positioning(rapid)
N5 G72 U0.1 R1 Facing cycle
N6 G72 P7 Q9 U0.01 W0.01 F1
N7 G01 X25 Z-40 Linear interpolation 1 to 2
N8 G01 X10 Z-20 Linear interpolation 2 to 3
N9 G01 X10 Z0 Linear interpolation 3 to 4
N10 G28 U0 W0 Reference point position 4 to 5
N11 M06 T02 Auto tool change
N12 G00 X30 Z-60 Rapid positioning 5 to 6
N13 G75 R5 Grooving cycle
N14 G75 X15 Z-60 P1000 Q1000
R1 F1.5
N15 G28 U0 W0 Reference position point
N16 M05 Spindle off
N17 M30 Program end

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RESULT :-
(i)The part program for the given job was written
(ii) The part program was simulated by using simulation software
(iii)The given shape of the job was made by using CNC LATHE

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End Milling
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Aim:-
(i)To write a part program for the given job
(ii) To simulate the part program using simulation software
(iii)To make the job using CNC milling Machine

Program:-

Codes Explanation
N1 G21 Metric data input
N2 G98 Feed per minute
N3 G90 Absolute programming
N4 M03 S1500 Spindle ON(Forward) at speed 1500R.P.M
N5 M06 T01 Auto tool change
N6 G00 X30 Y10 Z3 Rapid positioning
N7 G01 X30 Y10 Z-0.25 F100 Linear interpolation to 1
N9 G01 X60 Linear interpolation 1 to 2
N10 G01 X80 Y30 Linear interpolation 2 to 3
N11 G01 Y60 Linear interpolation 3 to 4
N12 G02 X60 Y80 R20 Circular inter-potation clock wise 4 to 5
N13 G01 X30 Linear interpolation 5 to 6
N14 G01 Y60 Linear interpolation 6 to 7
N15 G01 X10 Linear interpolation 7 to 8
N16 G01 Y30 Linear interpolation 8 to 9
N17 G03 X30 Y10 R20 Circular inter-potation counter clock wise 9 to 1
N18 G01 Z10 Linear interpolation
N19 G28 U0 W0 Tool to reference position
N20 M05 Spindle OFF
N21 M30 Program End

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Result:-
(i)The part program for the given job was written
(ii) The part program was simulated by using simulation software
(iii)The given shape of the job was made by using CNC MILLING MACHINE

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Peck Drilling Cycle In Milling

Aim:-
(i)To write a part program for the given job
(ii) To simulate the part program using simulation software
(iii)To make the job using CNC milling Machine
.

Program:-

Codes Explanation

N1 G21 Metric data input

N2 G90 Absolute programming
N3 M03 S1500 Spindle ON(Forward) at speed 1500R.P.M
N4 M06 T01 Auto tool change
N5 G00 X45 Y45 Z10 Rapid positioning to 1
N6 G73 X45 Y45 Z-5 R5 Q.25 Drilling cycle (at 1)
F100
N7 X20 Y20 Drilling at 2
N8 X70 Drilling at 3
N9 Y70 Drilling at 4
N10 X20 Drilling at 5
N11 G28 X0 Y0 Reference positioning
N12 M05 Finishing Cycle
N13 M30 Spindle stop
Program stop

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Result:-

(i)The part program for the given job was written

(ii) The part program was simulated by using simulation software
(iii)The given shape of the job was made by using CNC MILLING MACHINE

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DRAWINGS

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