HAMPI’S VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE

A portion of Hampi’s Virupaksha temple

collapsed due to heavy rains.

20 MAY - 26 MAY 2024

WEEKLY CURRENT AFFAIRS

A
IDN HTSOGI. W M
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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

inside CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT

1. Manthan (film) 19
GENERAL STUDIES – 2 2. India’s ‘All We Imagine As Light’ Wins Grand Prix
Topics: Government policies and interventions for devel-
 19
opment in various sectors and issues arising out of their
design and implementation.
FACTS FOR PRELIMS
1. Higher Education in India: Status, challenges and
GS-1
solutions 4
Art & Culture
Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-
1. 2024 International Booker Prize 20
ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
2. Hampi’s Virupaksha temple 20
2. Iranian President’death and its impact on Geopol-
History
itics 6
3. Was the Stone Age Actually the Age of Wood? 20
GENERAL STUDIES – 3 Society
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning,
4. Muria Tribe  21
mobilization of resources, growth, development and em-
Geography
ployment.
5. Earth’s Magnetic Field 21
1. Economic Capital Framework (ECF) of RBI and its
6. Turbulence 22
implications 8
7. Heat Index 23
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports,
Railways etc.
GS-2
2. Green Biohydrogen Production in India 9 Salient features of Indian Constitution & Functioning

Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their 1. Use of State-Funded Media During Polls 23

applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of 2. Special categories of voters 24

Indians in science & technology; indigenization of tech- Constitutional and Non- Constitutional Bodies

nology and developing new technology. 3. NCBC recommends increasing the Reservation

3. Use of AI for Drug Discovery and Development11 Quota for OBCs 24

Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollu- 4. Form 17C 25

tion and degradation, environmental impact assessment. 5. Institute of Chartered Accountants Of India (ICAI)

4. The vital role played by Tribal Communities in 25

Preserving Forests 13 International Relations

5. Economic Cost of Climate Change 15 6. Antarctic Parliament Meets in Kochi 25

7. ICC issues arrest warrant against Isreal’s PM and
GENERAL STUDIES – 4
Hamas leader 26
1. From Kautilya to Immanuel Kant: Lessons for a
8. Arab League Summit 26
World at War 18
9. BIMSTEC 27

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
10. Recognition of Palestine 27 28. Purnima Devi Barman Wins the 2024 Whitley
Gold Award 36
GS-3
29. Manipuri Pony 36
Indian Economy
30. Shallow Aquifer Management (SAM) 37
1. Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) 27
31. International Solar Alliance 37
2. Materiovigilance Programme of India (MvPI) plat-
32. Census to estimate blue sheep and Himalayan
form 28
ibex 37
3. Pig Butchering Scam 28
33. Sympatric speciation 38
4. Competition Commission of India 29
34. Zero Debris Charter 39
5. Reports in News 29
35. Combating Oil Spills at Sea 39
6. The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process
36. Mangrove Ecosystem 40
(PPIRP) 29
37. Climate Litigation 40
7. Top Startup Cities 30
Defence
Science & Technology
38. F-16 fighter jet piloted by AI 41
8. 50 years since India’s first Nuclear test 30
9. NASA’s PREFIRE mission 30 MAPPING
10. Giant viruses 31 INTERNATIONAL
11. Bacterial Pathogens Priority List (BPPL) 31 1. New Caledonia 41
12. SPECULOOS- 3 b 31 2. Nile River 42
13. Doppler Radar Speed Guns 31 3. Port of Call (Spain’s Cartegena) 43
14. Venus 32 4. Strait of Gibraltar 44
15. Psychedelic drugs in India 32 5. Rotterdam, Netherlands 44
16. Pre-eclampsia 32 6. Africa: Critical Mineral Acquisition Plan by India
17. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act 32 45
18. Copernicus-EMS programme 33 INDIAN
19. Naegleria fowleri 33 7. Phawngpui National Park of Mizoram 46
20. Ferroptosis 33 8. Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary (Andhra Pradesh)
21. Malaria vaccine ‘R21/Matrix-M’ 33 47
22. Graphite 33 9. Ujani dam 47
23. Avian Influenza 34
24. eVTOL (electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing)
aircraft 34
25. AI agents 35
26. Radiation Processing 35
Environment & Ecology
27. World Bees Day 35

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

GENERAL STUDIES – 2
Topics: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their de-
sign and implementation.

1. HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA: STATUS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Context:
Indian higher education is experiencing heightened politicization, posing a serious threat to academic institutions and
intellectual freedom.

India boasts one of the world’s largest higher education systems, including prestigious institutions like IITs and IIMs.
Despite its vastness, challenges such as quality and relevance persist. Additionally, increasing politicization pos-
es a threat to academic freedom and intellectual discourse.

Status of Higher Education in India:

Aspect Status
Student Enrolment Over 4 crore students enrolled in higher education institutes in 2021-22.
A significant increase from about 3.42 crore in 2014-15.
Women enrolment: Over 2 crore in 2021-22, up by 32% from 1.5 crore in 2014-15.

The highest proportion of women enrolment at the postgraduate level (over 55%).
Gross Enrolment Ratio Estimated GER for age group 18-23 years: 28.4%.
(GER)
The primacy of Govern- About 73.7% of students attend government universities, comprising 58.6% of all
ment Institutions universities.
State public universities have the largest share of enrollment (around 31%) among
government-owned universities.

Primary Challenges in the Indian Higher Education System:

1. Politicization of higher education: Concerns rise over politicization in higher education, impacting autono-
my in faculty recruitment, curriculum design, and resource allocation.
a. E.g., Controversies around the appointments of Governors as Chancellors and Vice Chancellors, under-
mining institutional independence.
2. Limited Funding: Interim Budget 2024-25 slashes education allocation by 7%, with UGC funding cut by 61%.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
3. Low R&D investment: It remains low at 0.64% Government Initiatives:
of GDP, compared to China (2.4%), Germa- Initiative Description
ny (3.1%), South Korea (4.8%), and the US
National Educa- Aims to overhaul the education
(3.5%).
tion Policy (NEP) system, and promote multidis-
4. Uneven Regional Development: Higher educa-
2020 ciplinary learning, skill develop-
tion institutions are unevenly distributed, with
ment, and research. Targets 50%
states like Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra
Gross Enrolment Ratio by 2035.
having higher concentrations of reputed institu-
tions. Institutions of Launched in 2018, grants 20 insti-
5. Quality of Education: The quality of education Eminence (IoE) tutions complete autonomy.
in many institutions falls short compared to other Scheme
developing nations. National Credit Integrates training and skill devel-
a. E.g. A study by the National Employabil-
ity Report highlighted the industry’s per- Framework opment into education, and stores
ception of the outdated curriculum in student credits digitally.
many Indian universities. Revamped Ac- NIRF ranks institutions, and NAAC
6. Faculty Shortage: There is a significant shortage creditation and ensures quality standards.
of qualified faculty across institutions. Ranking Systems
a. E.g. AISHE data indicates a faculty short-
age in many institutions, with a high stu- Digital Initiatives SWAYAM offers online courses, Na-
dent-to-faculty ratio. tional Digital Library provides edu-
7. Lack of Research and Innovation: Indian in- cational resources.
stitutions often lack a strong focus on research
and innovation. For instance, India ranks lower Study in India Attracts international students
in global innovation indices, indicating a need Program with scholarships and streamlined
for increased emphasis on research and develop- admission process.
ment. Foreign Institu- Regulations allow the top 500
8. Affordability: Higher education is often unaf- tions in India foreign universities to establish
fordable for many students.
branch campuses.
a. For example, AISHE reports show dis-
parities in enrolment rates among differ- SHE under IN- Scholarship to attract students to
ent social groups. SPIRE study basic sciences and pursue
9. Equity and Access: A report titled “Gender and research careers.
Higher Education in India: Negotiating Equity
with Access” attempts to outline the multiple di-
Measures to Address Challenges:
mensions of gender asymmetries and discrimina-
1. Infrastructural, Academic and Faculty Re-
tion that occur in higher education institution
forms: Improving infrastructure and implement-
10. Inadequate Infrastructure: Many institutions
ing academic and faculty reforms can enhance
lack the necessary infrastructure.
the quality of education. For instance, the Rash-
a. E.g. According to the All India Survey
triya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) aims
on Higher Education (AISHE) 2019-20,
to upgrade infrastructure in higher educational
many colleges lack basic amenities, affect-
institutions
ing the quality of education.
2. Increase Representation of States in UGC: In-
11. Job Market Alignment: There is often a mis-
creasing the representation of states in the Uni-
match between the skills students acquire and
versity Grants Commission (UGC) can help ad-
what the job market requires. A report titled “EM-
dress regulatory challenges.
PLOYABILITY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IN-
3. Availability of Quality Textbooks in Local
DIAN UNIVERSITIES” shows that employability
Language: Providing quality textbooks in local
in the country is only 47%.
languages can improve access to education. The
National Council of Educational Research and
Impact on Quality: Training (NCERT) has been publishing quality
1. Skill Gap: The gap between the curriculum and textbooks in various local languages.
industry needs results in a workforce lacking in 4. Government Financial Support: Government fi-
essential skills. nancial support can make higher education more
2. Inadequacy in Research: The lack of focus on re- affordable.
search and innovation limits the country’s capac- a. Schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Vidya
ity to contribute to global knowledge and techno- Lakshmi Karyakram provide education-
logical advancements. al loans to students.
5. Implementation of New Education Policy: The
implementation of The NEP 2020 aims to over-
haul the education system by introducing a new
curriculum structure, promoting multilin-

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
gualism, and focusing on skill development. tion does India have a bearing on Education? (UPSC
6. Strengthening Quality Assurance Institutions: 2012)
Strengthening institutions like the National As- 1. Directive Principles of State Policy
sessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) 2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies
can ensure quality assurance.
7. Digital Education: The Government of India has 3. Fifth Schedule
launched several initiatives like SWAYAM, an on- 4. Sixth Schedule
line education platform, to promote digital educa- 5. Seventh Schedule
tion. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
8. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): PPP models (a) 1 and 2 only
have been successful in improving the education (b) 3, 4 and 5 only
system. For example, the Delhi Public School So- (c) 1, 2 and 5 only
ciety operates schools in collaboration with pri- (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
vate entities.
Ans- D
Other measures needed:
Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-
1. Shift focus to practical skill development ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
through project-based learning, internships,
and industry collaborations.
2. Encourage universities to engage in social
2. IRANIAN PRESIDENT’DEATH AND
development projects to promote civic en- ITS IMPACT ON GEOPOLITICS
gagement.
3. Enhance the National Digital Library and Context:
Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi’s death in a helicopter
promote open educational resources.
crash raises questions on middle east geopolitics.
4. Establish entrepreneurship and innova-
tion centres within universities. About Ebrahim Raisi:
5. Promote transnational education partner- Born December 14, 1960, he rose from a clerical fami-
ships with international universities. ly in Mashhad, Iran, to hold prominent positions in the
6. Implement dual study programs combining government, including Tehran’s prosecutor and Iran’s ju-
theoretical learning with practical training. diciary chief. He ran for presidency in 2017 and won in
7. Adopt a competency-based credentialing 2021.
system with blockchain certificates.
Notably, he strengthened ties with Russia and China
Conclusion while resuming diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia.
A revitalized higher education system will not only His support for Palestine and alleged involvement in
contribute to the intellectual growth of the nation but human rights violations drew international attention.
also position India as a competitive force on the global As president, he faced criticism for crackdowns on pro-
educational stage. It is an investment in the nation’s intel- tests and escalated conflicts with Israel and the West.
lectual capital, fostering innovation, critical thinking, and
socio-economic development. Iranian Internal Politics:
In Iran, politics has long been defined by a struggle be-
Insta Links: tween conservatives (to which Raisi belonged) and
• An ambitious push for values, and ethics in reformists since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Conserva-
higher education tives advocate strict adherence to Shi’ite Islam’s prin-
ciples and view the Revolution as anti-Western imperial-
Mains Link: ism, enjoying support from poorer sectors.
Q1. How have digital initiatives in India contribut-
ed to the functioning of the education system in the Reformists, while loyal to the Revolution, seek greater
country? Elaborate on your answer. (USPC 2020) flexibility domestically and internationally, advocating for
women’s rights, civil society, free elections, and improved
Q2. Discuss the main objectives of Population Educa- relations with the West. Despite economic challenges
tion and point out the measures to achieve them in from sanctions, conservatives have largely retained pow-
India in detail. (USPC 2021) er, even amidst protests.

Prelims Link: Impact of his death:

Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitu- 1. Iran’s Political Structure: The President op-

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
erates under the Supreme Leader’s authority, with upcoming elections within 50 days. Since Iran has
a robust public institution, smooth transition is anticipated. Constitutional provisions dictate Mo-
hammad Mokhber, Iran’s First Vice President, assumes the acting presidency.
2. Global Implications: Iran’s policies towards South Asia and Arab states are expected to persist. Gold
prices surged post-Raisi’s death, reflecting global market concerns.
3. Impact on India: Chabahar Port development might slow, affecting global oil markets due to Iran’s
significant production. Increased oil prices could impact India’s economy. Potential tensions in West
Asia could further influence India, depending on developments.

Different aspects of India-Iran Relations:

Aspect Details
Historical Relations Millennia-long interactions, dating back to ancient times. Trade between southern Iran
and India through Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea
Political Relations Friendship treaty signed in 1950; Tehran Declaration (2001) and New Delhi Declara-
tion (2003) set strategic vision; Trilateral Agreement on Trade, Transport, and Transit
Connectivity MoU signed in 2015 for Shahid Beheshti Port development at Chabahar; Strategic coop-
eration for Chabahar Port as regional and international hub
Trade Relations Bilateral trade reached US$2.5 billion in 2022; India among Iran’s top trade partners;
Major Indian exports: rice, tea, sugar, pharmaceuticals, electrical machinery, artificial
jewelry; Major imports: dry fruits, chemicals, glassware
Cultural Cooperation Civilizational links foster robust people-to-people ties; Indian Cultural Centre renamed
Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre (SVCC); Farsi included in New Education Policy as
classical language
Energy Security Iran ranks 2nd globally in gas reserves; Iran presents opportunity for fuel diversifica-
tion, decarbonization, and gas share in India’s energy mix

Strategic Importance Strategic location between Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea; Provides alternative connec-
(For India) tivity to Afghanistan and Central Asian republics; Access to crude oil and natural gas
reserves
Strategic Importance Access to large market for oil sales; Improving trade ties and investment opportunities
(For Iran) in India; India can be leveraged for its ties with West as India enjoys good relations with
most of the countries.
Areas of Convergence Engagement with Afghanistan: Potential for common policy with open channels to Tal-
iban; Rebalancing in West Asia: Opportunity to strengthen ties amid regional dynamics

For: Israel-Iran Conflicts: Challenges and Solutions: Click Here

Challenges:
Indo-Iranian ties have faced challenges, including India’s halt of oil imports from Iran due to U.S. sanctions post the
Iran nuclear deal revocation in May 2019, impacting India’s energy security. Moreover, India’s close relations with
Israel contrast with Iran’s ties with China, underlined by a 25-year strategic partnership agreement. Additionally,
Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen have targeted Saudi Arabia and UAE, both key partners of India. Iran’s criticism of
India’s abrogation of Article 370, granting special status to Kashmir, further strained relations.

Way forward:
1. Unlocking Bilateral Potential: Strengthening India-Iran ties could unlock vast potential for regional
and global cooperation, benefiting both nations.
2. Cheaper Crude Oil: Resuming oil imports from Iran could lower crude oil prices globally, benefiting
multiple countries and encouraging market stability.
3. Connectivity with Eurasia: Enhancing cooperation on the International North-South Transport Cor-
ridor (INSTC) could significantly reduce transit times for goods between India, Iran, Afghanistan, Rus-
sia, Central Asia, and Europe, boosting trade.
4. Energy Security: Advancing projects like the Iran-Oman-India gas pipeline (IOI) could enhance ener-

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
gy security for India Economic Capital Framework Objective: The frame-
work aims to balance the RBI’s autonomy with the Gov-
Conclusion: ernment’s development goals.
Ebrahim Raisi’s tragic death in a helicopter crash is not
expected to significantly impact domestic markets unless Reserve Bank of India’s Sources of Income:
it triggers geopolitical tensions. Source of Interest from Government Securities
Income Open Market Operations (OMOs)
India-Iran should focus on areas of mutual interest Foreign Exchange Operations
and convergence, working together to achieve common Interest on Loans and Advances
goals. India’s assertive diplomacy, emphasizing cooper- Income from LAF
ation with neighbors and friends, presents an opportuni-
Expenditure Operating Expenses
ty for renewed engagement with Iran and unlocking vast
Interest Paid on Deposits and Borrow-
cooperation potential. A reset in relations is timely and
ings
promising.
Currency Issue Expenses
Provisioning for Contingencies and Re-
Insta Link:
serves
Gaza conflict: India-Israel Relations
Surplus Net income is derived from the total in-
Prelims Link: come (sources of income) minus total
Q) What is the importance of developing Chabahar expenditure (expenses).
Port by India? (UPSC 2017) Reserve funds and contingency provi-
(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously sions for financial stability and emer-
increase. gencies.
(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries
will be strengthened. About Economic Capital Framework (ECF)
(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghan- The ECF provides a method for determining risk pro-
istan and Central Asia. visions and profit distribution under Section 47 of the
(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a RBI Act, 1934, requiring the central bank to pay profits
gas pipeline between Iraq and India. to the government after provisions for debts, asset de-
Ans: C preciation, and staff contributions. It was recommend-
ed by the Expert Committee (headed by Bimal Jalan)
to Review the Extant Economic Capital Framework of the
RBI.
GENERAL STUDIES – 3
The Bimal Jalan-led panel recommended:
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, 1. The total economic capital should be maintained
mobilization of resources, growth, development and em- between 20.8% to 25.4% of the RBI’s balance
ployment. sheet.
2. Risk Capital Frameworks: Assess the adequacy
1. ECONOMIC CAPITAL FRAMEWORK of RBI reserves.
(ECF) OF RBI AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 3. Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB): Maintain within
5.5%-6.5% of the RBI’s balance sheet.
Context: a. The CRB is the country’s savings for a
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved a record trans- financial stability crisis, which has been
fer of ₹2,10,874 crore to the Union government for 2023- consciously maintained with the RBI in
24, more than double the ₹87,416 crore transferred last view of its role as Lender of Last Resort.
year. The RBI also increased the Contingent Risk Buffer 4. Review Frequency: Review ECF every five years,
(CRB) to 6.50% from 6%. This surplus is based on the or sooner if risks change significantly.
Economic Capital Framework (ECF) adopted in 2019. 5. Accounting Year Alignment: Sync RBI’s fiscal
year (April-March) with the government’s from
What is Economic capital? 2020-21 for better policy cohesiveness.
Economic capital is the amount of capital that a firm (in 6. Interim Dividend: Remove the interim payout
this case RBI), usually in financial services, needs to en- structure, restricting it to extraordinary circum-
sure that it stays solvent given its risk profile. It in- stances.
cludes both realized and unrealized reserves.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
All recommendations were accepted by the RBI. 1. It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates.
2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI
Reasons for Higher Dividend Transfers to the Govern- and is reconstituted every year.
ment: 3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Fi-
1. Increased RBI Revenue: Boosted by variable nance Minister.
repo rate (VRR) auctions for bank funding amid Select the correct answer using the code given below:
tight liquidity. (a) 1 only
2. Revaluation Gains: Higher revaluation gains on (b) 1 and 2 only
forex reserves. (c) 3 only
3. Interest Rates: Increased interest rates on do- (d) 2 and 3 only
mestic and foreign securities. Ans: A
4. Foreign Exchange Sales: Higher gross sales of
foreign exchange. Q. If the RBI decides to adopt an expansionist mon-
5. Rupee Depreciation: Surplus transfer aided by etary policy, which of the following would it not do?
the rupee’s depreciation against the dollar. (UPSC 2020)
1. Cut and optimize the Statutory Liquidity Ratio
Implications of Surplus Transfer: 2. Increase the Marginal Standing Facility Rate
1. Fiscal Relief: Eases government fiscal manage- 3. Cut the Bank Rate and Repo Rate
ment and boosts capex expenditure Select the correct answer using the code given below:
2. Revenue Compensation: Helps offset lower tax (a) 1 and 2 only
buoyancy and other revenue gaps. (b) 2 only
3. Budget Support: Provides a buffer to meet bud- (c) 1 and 3 only
get targets. (d) 1, 2 and 3
4. Offsetting Losses: Mitigates potential losses Ans: B
from lower disinvestment, telecom payouts, or tax
revenues. Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports,
5. Fiscal Management: Enhances the government’s Railways etc.
ability to manage fiscal deficits.
2. GREEN BIOHYDROGEN PRODUC-
Reasons Against RBI Surplus Transfer to Government:
1. Autonomy: Preserves RBI’s independence from TION IN INDIA
government influence.
2. Financial Stability: Ensures sufficient reserves Context:
for managing financial crises. The Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of
3. Risk Buffer: Maintains a contingency risk buffer India, Professor Ajay Kumar Sood, chaired a meeting to
for unforeseen economic shocks. discuss biomass cultivation on degraded land for green
4. Monetary Policy: Supports effective monetary biohydrogen production.
policy implementation without fiscal pressure.
5. Long-term Stability: Prioritizes long-term eco- The key difference between biohydrogen and green hy-
nomic stability over short-term fiscal gains. drogen is in their sources of production:
• Biohydrogen: Derived from biological sources
Conclusion: such as biogas, and often considered a form of
Transferring the RBI surplus to the government pro- renewable hydrogen due to its environmental-
vides immediate fiscal relief and supports budgetary ly friendly conversion process.
goals, but maintaining sufficient reserves is crucial for o Biohydrogen is hydrogen produced
the RBI’s autonomy and long-term financial stability. A from biological sources, typically
balanced approach is essential for sustainable economic through biogas reforming. It con-
health. verts biogas (CH4 and CO2) into hy-
drogen, often referred to as syngas or
Insta links: bio-hydrogen
RBI Panel on Economic Capital Framework • Green Hydrogen: Produced through the
electrolysis of water using renewable energy
Prelims Link: sources like solar or wind power, and is con-
Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct sidered the purest form of clean hydrogen.
regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)?
(UPSC 2017) What is Green Bio-hydrogen?
Green biohydrogen refers to hydrogen gas produced

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
through the process of biomass cultivation, typically on degraded or barren land. This method involves utilizing
organic materials such as seaweed, algae, molasses, sugarcane, and other plant-based resources to generate hy-
drogen through biological processes.

For: Opportunities and Challenges of Green Hydrogen in India: Click Here

Prospects of Biomass:
A recent MNRE study estimated a surplus biomass availability of approximately 230 million metric tonnes annu-
ally (2017-18) and a biomass power potential of around 28 GW. India’s tropical climate and vast agricultural po-
tential make it conducive for biomass production. With an annual production of about 460 million tonnes of agricul-
tural waste, biomass can substitute coal by around 260 million tonnes, potentially saving Rs 250 billion per year.

Benefits of Bioenergy crops cultivation:

1. Soil Restoration and Erosion Prevention: Cultivation of energy crops rebuilds degraded soil, enhancing
quality, fertility, and structure. Prevents soil erosion and fosters native plant species’ habitat. Improves biodi-
versity and acts as a carbon sinks, combating climate change.
2. Carbon Sequestration: Biomass plants absorb carbon dioxide, aiding climate change mitigation.
3. Sustainable Biohydrogen Production: Biomass serves as feedstock for green biohydrogen production via
thermochemical or biochemical conversion. Green biohydrogen is a clean fuel emitting only water vapour.
4. Bioenergy Generation: Specific bioenergy crops grown on degraded land are used for biomass energy pro-
duction. Fast-growing trees, grasses, and high-energy plants can be converted into biofuels, biogas, or solid
biomass.
5. Enhancing Food Security: Biomass cultivation on degraded land preserves fertile agricultural areas for food
crops. Prevents diversion of food grains, improving food security and supporting agri-export.

Government Initiatives for Bio and Green Hydrogen:

Initiative Key Points
Global Biofuel Alli- Leading efforts to establish global standards for hydrogen from biomass.
ance
National Hydrogen Targeting a production increase to 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) by 2030, meeting 40% of
Mission domestic requirements.
Production Linked Proposing a Rs 15,000-crore PLI scheme for electrolysers.
Incentive (PLI)
Scheme
Green Hydrogen Development of Green Hydrogen Production Capacity of at least 5 MMT (Million Metric
Mission Tonne) per annum; Renewable energy capacity addition of about 125 GW in the country by
2030
Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT): Funding domestic
electrolyser manufacturing and green hydrogen production.
Green Hydrogen Hubs: Identifying and developing states/regions for large-scale hydrogen
production/utilization.
Strategic Hydrogen Innovation Partnership (SHIP): Under this Public-private partner-
ship framework R&D will be facilitated under the mission.
International Col- Actively partnering with other countries, research institutions, and private entities for ex-
laboration pertise and technology development.
Renewable Energy Integrating green hydrogen production with India’s expanding renewable energy capacity
Integration for improved efficiency and sustainability.
National Biomass At- It offers state-wise and crop-wise data on residues per crop, along with images illustrat-
las of India ing different crops and their residue ratios.

Challenges:
1. Soil Quality: Rehabilitating degraded soil lacking essential nutrients is crucial.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
2. Species Selection: Identifying biomass crops re- Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their
silient to harsh conditions is challenging. applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of
3. Water Availability: Developing efficient irriga- Indians in science & technology; indigenization of tech-
tion methods is essential due to water scarcity. nology and developing new technology.
4. Economic Viability: High initial investments and
aligning crops with market demand pose chal-
lenges. 3. USE OF AI FOR DRUG DISCOVERY
5. Biodiversity: Introducing biomass crops may dis-
rupt local ecosystems and biodiversity. AND DEVELOPMENT
6. Cultivation Methods: Implementing practices to
minimize ecological impact is essential. Context:
AI is transforming drug development by accelerating
Way forward: target discovery and predicting drug-target interactions.
To improve degraded soil fertility, strategies like in-
corporating organic matter such as compost and bio- Examples of New Drugs Formulated through AI:
char, or employing techniques like bio flocculation, 1. DSP-1181: For obsessive-compulsive disorder.
which leverages microbial processes, can be implement- 2. Halicin: For antibiotic resistance
ed. Additionally, by adopting agroforestry methods, 3. BMS-986195: A potential treatment for fibrosis.
integrating fast-growing tree species like Pongamia pin-
nata with native grasses and legumes, not only enhances
soil fertility through nitrogen fixation but also facilitates
biofuel production while promoting biodiversity. Drones
equipped with multispectral sensors can be utilized
for quick assessment of degraded land, mapping soil com-
position, and identifying potential biomass cultivation ar-
eas, aiding in land diagnostics. Furthermore, developing
markets for biomass and its by-products is essential
for ensuring economic viability and creating a value chain
that supports rural livelihoods. Additionally, seaweed
cultivation holds immense potential for bioenergy pro-
duction and fostering a marine biomanufacturing start-
up ecosystem.

Conclusion
Bio-hydrogen will be a critical industrial fuel of the 21st Role of AI in Drug Development and Discovery:
century. India is well-positioned to show leadership, Aspect Role
which is in India’s and the planet’s collective interest.
Enhanced Tar- AI, particularly through advanced
get Discovery tools like AlphaFold and RoseTTA-
Insta Links:
Fold, revolutionizes target discovery
India’s green hydrogen challenge
by accurately predicting the three-di-
Prelims Links:
mensional structures of proteins, DNA,
Q. With reference to the usefulness of the by-products
and RNA. It allows for a more precise
of the sugar industry, which of the following state-
understanding of how drugs can in-
ments is/are correct? (UPSC 2013)
teract with these biological targets.
1. Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel for the genera-
tion of energy. Improved Effi- AI models drastically reduce the
2. Molasses can be used as one of the feedstocks for the ciency time required for drug-target in-
production of synthetic chemical fertilizers. teraction studies and increase the
3. Molasses can be used for the production of ethanol. accuracy of these predictions E.g., Al-
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: phaFold 3 predicted drug-target inter-
(a) 1 only actions with a 76% accuracy rate, a
(b) 2 and 3 only substantial improvement over previ-
(c) 1 and 3 only ous methods.
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: C

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Cost Reduc- By leveraging deep neural networks 2. Investment in R&D: India can boost AI-driven re-
tion and generative diffusion-based ar- search projects in pharmaceuticals by increasing
chitectures, AI minimizes the need for funding and support. Public-private partnerships
expensive and time-consuming lab- can expedite innovation and commercialization.
oratory experiments, thus reducing 3. Regulatory Framework: Establishing support-
drug development costs. ive regulations balancing innovation and safety is
crucial. Investment in infrastructure like high-per-
Versatility in Predict interactions involving any formance computing facilities is necessary for
Predictions combination of protein, DNA, RNA, AI-driven research.
small molecules, and ions, broaden- 4. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration
ing the scope of drug development re- among academia, government, and pharmaceuti-
search. cal firms accelerates AI adoption in the industry.
I m p r o v e d AI algorithms predict how a molecule
Drug Design will interact with a target protein, al- Case Study:
lowing for more targeted drug design iOncology AI Project: To develop an AI-powered plat-
with better efficacy and fewer side ef- form (iOncology AI) to help oncologists select the most
fects. effective treatment for cancer patients based on their ge-
netic makeup.
Limitations of AI in Drug Development
1. Limited Prediction Accuracy: AI tools achieve The government programme for the promotion of AI
up to 80% accuracy, but drop significantly for in Healthcare:
complex interactions like protein-RNA. • Ayushman Bharat Digital India Mission
2. Restricted Application: AI enhances early phases • IndiGen Programme (for genome sequencing
like target discovery but doesn’t affect pre-clinical of Indians)
and clinical trials. • Human Genome Project
3. Model Hallucinations: Diffusion-based AI mod- • Health Stack
els can generate incorrect predictions due to in- • ICMR guideline of use of AI in Healthcare
adequate training data. • AIRAWAT (AI Research, Analytics and Knowl-
4. Restricted Tool Access: Advanced tools like Al- edge Assimilation platform): India’s first
phaFold 3 are not publicly available, limiting veri- AI-specific cloud computing infrastructure
fication and broader use.
5. Lack of Computing Infrastructure: India lacks Conclusion:
extensive computing resources like high-speed The AI market has witnessed significant growth, from
GPUs, hindering AI-driven drug development. $200 million in 2015 to $700 million in 2018, with pro-
6. Shortage of Skilled Professionals: There’s a sig- jections indicating a surge to $5 billion by 2024. The inte-
nificant gap in skilled AI scientists compared to gration of AI in drug discovery has the potential to revo-
countries like the U.S. and China, limiting innova- lutionize the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
tion within India. sector in India and further support India’s position as the
7. Data Quality and Quantity: The diverse and of- ‘Pharmacy of the World’.
ten scarce nature of drug discovery data poses
challenges for accurate analysis and modelling by Insta Links:
AI systems. Use of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
8. Cost and Technical Expertise: Implementing
AI in drug discovery requires substantial invest- Prelims Links
ments in infrastructure and skilled personnel Q. With reference to agriculture in India, how can the
9. Lack of Standardization: The absence of stan- technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the
dardized data formats, collection methods, and news, be used in the immediate future?
analysis techniques in drug discovery hinders the 1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic
effective comparison of studies and datasets markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance
in various crop plants.
What should be done: 2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to
1. Data Privacy and Regulatory Compliance: develop new varieties of crop plants.
Strict adherence to data protection regulations 3. It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relation-
like HIPAA and GDPR is essential in AI-driven ships in crops
drug discovery to address ethical and legal con- Select the correct answer using the code given below:
cerns regarding patient data privacy. (a) 1 only

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D

Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

4. THE VITAL ROLE PLAYED BY TRIBAL COMMUNITIES IN PRESERVING FORESTS

Context:
Droupadi Murmu (in this article) emphasized the vital role of preserving forests and advocated for listening to tribal
communities, whose collective wisdom can guide ecological sustainability.

About Scheduled Tribes in India:

Aspects Description

The Constitution of India does not define the term ‘tribe’. Article 342 (i) empowers the President to specify Sched-
uled Tribes. Fifth Schedule establishes Tribes’ Advisory Councils. STs constitute 8.6% of the Population (census
2011). Draft National Tribal Policy, 2006 records 698 STs in India. Bhil is the largest tribal group (38%) followed
by Gonds. Madhya Pradesh has the highest tribal Population in India. Santhal are the oldest Tribes in India.
According to Lokur Com- 1. Indication of Primitive Traits
mittee (1965): 2. Distinctive Culture
3. Shyness of Contact with the Community at Large
4. Geographical Isolation
5. Backwardness
Educational & Cultural Article 15(4): Special provisions for advancement of STs.
Safeguards Article 29: Protection of Interests of Minorities (includes STs).
Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests.
Article 350: Right to conserve distinct Language, Script or Culture.
Political Safeguards Article 330: Reservation of seats for STs in Lok Sabha.
Article 332: Reservation of seats for STs in State Legislatures
Article 243: Reservation of seats in Panchayats.
Administrative Safeguard Article 275: Grant of special funds for welfare and administration.

Roles Tribal Population Play in Forest Conservation:

Roles Examples

Eco-tourism Initiatives Khonoma village in Nagaland, managed by the Angami tribe, promotes communi-
ty-based eco-tourism while preserving forests and traditional practices.
Tribal Forest Guardians Implementation of a “Tribal Forest Guardians” program, training tribal members as
Program forest guards or eco-guides, leveraging their local ecological knowledge.
Tribal Knowledge Documenting traditional ecological knowledge, like the rice-fish cultivation system
Banks of the Apatani tribe in Arunachal Pradesh, and integrating it into conservation strat-
egies.
Forest Product Value Establishing processing units for forest products and creating market linkages, exem-
Addition and Marketing plified by the Hakki Pikki tribe’s Adiwasi Herbal Hair Oil.
Preservation of Sacred Garasia tribes in Sirohi district, Rajasthan preserve forests as sacred groves, protecting
Groves threatened species.

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Rotational Farming and Gond, Pradhan, and Baiga tribes of Madhya Pradesh practice Utera farming and Badi
Grazing cropping system.
Sustainable Fishing Wancho and Nocte tribes of Tirap district, Arunachal Pradesh employ bamboo and
Practices stone obstructions for fishing.
Wildlife Protection Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh do not hunt animals like tigers, sparrows, and pango-
through Beliefs and To- lins due to cultural beliefs.
tems
Community-based Con- Idu Mishmis declare forest areas as “Community Conserved Areas”; Bishnoi Tiger
servation Efforts Force combats poaching in Rajasthan.

Key Challenges Encountered by Tribals in India:

1. Land Alienation and Displacement: Tribes face dis- like Joint Forest Management (JFM) by ensuring
placement due to development projects like mining tribal communities’ active involvement in deci-
and dams, disrupting their traditional lands. sion-making processes.
2. Lack of Implementation of Forest Rights Act: Slow
implementation of the Act has led to delays and ha- Insta Links:
rassment, with many facing illegal evictions. • Indigenous Knowledge – Konda Reddi tribe
3. Threats to Traditional Livelihood Practices: Con- • The ‘Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional
servation policies and restrictions have endangered Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Rights Act)’
traditional practices like shifting cultivation and hunt-
ing. Prelims Link:
4. Loss of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Ero- Q.1 Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2013)
sion: Migration to urban areas risks the loss of tradi-
tional knowledge and cultural practices. Tribe State
5. Impact of Climate Change: Tribes, reliant on natural
1. Limboo (Limbu) Sikkim
resources, are vulnerable to climate change impacts,
affecting agriculture and livelihoods. 2. Karbi Himachal Pradesh
6. Lack of Education: Inadequate infrastructure and
language barriers hinder tribal education, leading to 3. Dongaria Kondh Odisha
a preference for immediate employment over school-
ing. 4. Bonda Tamil Nadu
7. Health and Nutrition Issues: Economic backward- Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
ness results in health problems and malnutrition (a) 1 and 3 only
among tribal populations. (b) 2 and 4 only
8. Gender Issues: Environmental degradation and com- (c) 1, 3 and 4 only
mercialization affect gender roles and create societal (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
challenges. Ans: A
9. Erosion of Identity: Modern institutions conflict
with traditional tribal laws, leading to concerns about Q.2 Consider the following statements about Partic-
preserving cultural identity and language extinction. ularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:
(UPSC 2019)
Solutions for Tribal Forest Conservation: 1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
1. Listen to Tribal Communities: Incorporate trib- 2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the
al wisdom for ecologically sustainable practices. criteria for determining PVTG status.
2. Amend Curriculum: Adapt forest service train- 3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the coun-
ing to address climate change and conservation try so far.
challenges. 4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the
3. Learn and Propagate: Engage with tribal com- list of PVTGs.
munities, learn from their practices, and propa- Which of the statements given above are correct?
gate their sustainable methods. (a) 1, 2 and 3
4. Balance Tradition and Modernity: Acknowl- (b) 2, 3 and 4
edge and integrate traditional knowledge with (c) 1, 2 and 4
modern conservation approaches. (d) 1, 3 and 4
5. Participatory Forest Management: Strength- Ans: C
ening participatory forest management models

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Q. 3 Under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act,
2006, who shall be the authority to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of individual or
community forest rights or both? (UPSC 2013)
(a) State Forest Department
(b) District Collector/Deputy Commissioner
(c) Tahsildar/Block Development Officer/Mandal Revenue Officer
(d) Gram Sabha
Ans: D

Q. At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Sched-
uled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?
(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
(b) Ministry of Panchayati Raj
(c) Ministry of Rural Development
(d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs
Ans: D

5. ECONOMIC COST OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Context:
The economic toll of climate change is staggering, with recent UN studies revealing that global GDP could have been
37% higher without warming since 1960.

What is Climate Change?

Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperatures and weather patterns. While natural factors like
solar activity and volcanic eruptions can contribute, human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, have
been the primary driver since the 1800s. From 1970 to 2021, nearly 12,000 climate change-induced disasters oc-
curred, causing over 2 million deaths and $4.3 trillion in economic losses.

India ranked 7th in the Global Climate Risk Index 2021, indicating high exposure and vulnerability to climate risk
events. Its diverse climate faces various temperatures, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events, impacting
the economy spatially and temporally.

Impact of Climate Change on the Economy:

Impacts Description
Reduced Agricultur- Climate change can disrupt crop cycles and lower agricultural yield
al Productivity and The southwest monsoon has also become unpredictable. The annual average rainfall in
Yield India has gradually declined while intense wet spells as well as dry spells have increased in
India.
Setback to Industrial Increased operational costs, reduced profits, and infrastructure damage can occur due to
and Service Sector climate-related regulations, investment shifts, and extreme weather events, affecting
industrial and service sectors.
Infrastructure Dam- Extreme weather events like floods and heatwaves induced by climate change can cause
age significant damage to infrastructure, leading to economic losses.
Labor Market Im- Climate-induced health hazards may reduce productivity and prompt migration from cli-
pacts mate-vulnerable areas; Global job losses from heat stress by 2030.
In 2020, the World Bank said that India could account for 34 million of the projected
80 million global job losses from heat stress-associated productivity declineby2030.
Risks for Banks and Physical and transition risks from climate change can affect banks and financial institutions
Financial Institu- directly and indirectly, impacting their credit, market, liquidity, operational, and reputation-
tions al risks.

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Impacts on Industries contributing to high greenhouse gas emissions face challenges in transition-
High-Emission In- ing to cleaner technologies, affecting electricity production, transportation, and other sec-
dustries tors.
Resource Scarcity Climate change worsens water scarcity, leading to conflicts over shared water resources,
and impacting agriculture, hydropower, and economic activities.
Erupted Arctic Eco- Melting Arctic sea ice opens economic opportunities but also raises concerns over re-
nomic Opportunities source exploitation and territorial disputes among nations with interests in the region.

C l i m a t e - i n d u c e d Climate change exacerbates existing tensions and conflicts over resources, particularly
Conflicts in regions facing political instability and economic challenges, such as the Syrian conflict
influenced by prolonged drought.
Climate-related Sup- Extreme weather events disrupt global supply chains, causing economic losses and short-
ply Chain Disrup- ages of critical goods, exemplified by the 2011 floods in Thailand impacting electronics
tions and automotive manufacturing.
Climate Gentrifica- Climate change susceptibility prompts wealthier individuals and businesses to relocate,
tion potentially leading to economic displacement and further marginalization of vulnerable
communities in safer areas.

Risk Emanating from climate change:

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Conclusion:
India, the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases in
2020, is projected to peak emissions between 2040-2045,
posing challenges for its energy transition plans. A for-
ward-thinking approach is crucial for navigating this tra-
jectory effectively.

Mains Link:
Q.1 Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of
the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
What are the commitments made by India in this confer-
ence? (UPSC 2021)

Q.2 ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How will India

be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coast-
al states of India be affected by climate change? (USPC
2017)

Prelims Link
Q.1 In the context of India’s preparation for Cli-
mate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following state-
ments: (UPSC 2021)
1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part
of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture
and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research
programme.
2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consulta-
tive Group on International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR) headquartered in France.
3. The International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the
CGIAR’s research centres.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
What should be done: (d) 1, 2 and 3
1. Industrial Symbiosis: Revolutionize circular Ans: (d)
economy, incentivize waste reduction, and pro-
mote industrial symbiosis. Q.2 Which of the following best describes/describe
2. Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collab- the aim of ‘Green India Mission’ of the Government of
orations for green innovation, and establish dedi- India? (UPSC 2016)
cated funds for startups. 1. Incorporating environmental benefits and costs into
3. Climate-Conscious Urban Planning: Prioritize the Union and State Budgets thereby implementing
sustainability in city planning, and integrate cli- the ‘green accounting’.
mate measures into Smart Cities Mission. 2. Launching the second green revolution to enhance ag-
4. Climate-Resilient Special Economic Zones ricultural output so as to ensure food security to one
(SEZs): Create zones with sustainable practices, and all in the future.
and attract green businesses and industries. 3. Restoring and enhancing forest cover and responding
5. National Green Taxonomy: Establish a classifi- to climate change by a combination of adaptation and
cation system for sustainable activities, and guide mitigation measures.
investments and policies. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
6. Green Bond Financing: Issue sovereign green (a) 1 only
bonds to fund climate-resilient infrastructure (b) 2 and 3 only
projects. (c) 3 only

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(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (c)

Q.3 With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (USPC
2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their
development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(WBCSD).
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (a)

GENERAL STUDIES – 4

1. FROM KAUTILYA TO IMMANUEL KANT: LESSONS FOR A WORLD AT WAR

Context:
Kant’s rationality and ethics remain relevant in today’s world, fraught with geopolitical interests and fake news.

Who was Immanuel Kant?

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia. He is best known for his
works in epistemology, ethics, and metaphysics, particularly the “Critique of Pure Reason.” Kant’s philosophy em-
phasized reason, rationality, and autonomy, and he argued for perpetual peace, open trade, and the idea of a world
citizen. His ideas continue to influence contemporary thought in various fields, including ethics, politics, and interna-
tional relations.
Key Ideas Description
Rejection of Imperialism and Kant opposed imperialism, colonialism, and slavery, advocating for the autonomy
Colonialism of nations and individuals.
Support for Open Trade and He believed in the benefits of open trade and supported the right to refuge and free
Immigration movement of people.
Concept of a World Citizen Kant introduced the idea of a “world citizen” who could travel freely across bor-
ders, promoting global unity.
Emphasis on Reason, Ratio- Kant stressed that political actions should be guided by reason, rationality, and
nality, and Morality ethical principles.

Relevant to his ideas in today’s world:

1. Crisis in Multilateral Order: Kant’s ideas are being reassessed due to dysfunctionality in the multilateral or-
der, as seen with the UN’s struggles.
2. Global Citizenship: His concept of a “world citizen” resonates in today’s globalized world, advocating for free
movement and open trade.
3. Ethics and Rationality: Kant’s emphasis on reason, rationality, and morality remains crucial in addressing
issues like terrorism and aggression by nations.
4. Global Non-Self-Governing Territories: Kant’s rejection of imperialism and colonialism is relevant as 17
territories still seek self-government, reflecting ongoing colonial legacies.
5. Modern Challenges: Kant’s vision of “perpetual peace” contrasts with today’s realities of global terrorism,
multinational corporations, and AI-driven warfare.
India’s perspective emphasizes its ancient strategic culture, which draws wisdom from texts like the Ramayana,
Mahabharata, Arthashastra, and Tirukkural, assessing statecraft through the lens of ethics. During its G20 Presi-

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dency, India promoted the motto “One Earth, One Family, One Future,” inspired by Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, re-
flecting its commitment to global unity. Rooted in its cultural heritage, India values serving humanity. It aims to blend
Kant’s ideas with its own ancient teachings, offering a new moral compass for international relations.

CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT

CONTEXT USAGE IN ANSWERS

Context: In the mid-1970s, half a million dairy farmers in Gujarat contributed

two rupees each to fund “Manthan,” India’s first crowd-funded film, directed
by Shyam Benegal.
This 1976 film depicts the rise of a dairy cooperative movement inspired by
Verghese Kurien, transforming India into the world’s top milk producer. Restored
after 50 years, it premiered at Cannes recently.

Values shown by this film: “Manthan” portrays values such as community coop-
eration, social justice, empowerment of marginalized groups, and the transforma-
tive power of collective action. It highlights the significance of grassroots move-
ments in driving social and economic change.
1. MANTHAN (FILM)
About Dr. Verghese Kurien (1921-2012):
Also known as the ‘Father of the White Revolution in India,’ he spearheaded ‘Op-
eration Flood,’ the world’s largest agricultural program. He established 30 farm-
er-run institutions and played a key role in the success of the Amul brand, leading
India to become the world’s largest milk producer in 1998. His efforts extended
to managing the Delhi Milk Scheme and making India self-sufficient in edible
oils. Honoured with the Ramon Magsaysay Award, Krishi Ratna, World Food
Prize, and India’s highest civilian awards (Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Pad-
ma Vibhushan), National Milk Day on November 26 commemorates his birth
anniversary.

Context: Indian director Payal Kapadia’s debut film “All We Imagine As Light”
won the Grand Prix prize.
All We Imagine As Light is an Indo-French production about a nurse, Prabha,
and her friend, Anu, who embark on a transformative road trip. Kapadia’s previous
documentary, A Night of Knowing Nothing, won the Golden Eye award at Cannes.

What is the Cannes Film Festival?

2. INDIA’S ‘ALL WE The Cannes Film Festival is a prestigious annual event held in Cannes, France,
IMAGINE AS LIGHT’ showcasing international films and attracting global attention for its film pre-
WINS GRAND PRIX mieres, red-carpet events, and exclusive industry gatherings. It began in 1946 and
is renowned for awarding the prestigious Palme d’Or to outstanding films.

Festival Highlights
1. Features film premieres, screenings, and exclusive industry events.
2. Red carpet events attract global media attention.
3. Notable for awarding the prestigious Palme d’Or, with films like “Taxi Driver,”
“Pulp Fiction,” and “Parasite” among winners.
4. The only Indian film to win the Palme d’Or was “Neecha Nagar” in 1946.

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FACTS FOR PRELIMS History

GS-1 3. WAS THE STONE AGE ACTUALLY THE

Art & Culture
AGE OF WOOD?
Context:
1. 2024 INTERNATIONAL BOOKER New research suggests that the Stone Age, known for
PRIZE stone tools, might also be termed the “Wood Age” due to
advanced woodworking.
Context:
Jenny Erpenbeck’s novel “Kairos” wins the 2024 Inter- A study of 300,000-400,000-year-old wooden arte-
national Booker Prize, depicting a complex love story facts from Schöningen, Germany, reveals that these tools
amidst East Germany’s final years. required significant skill and precision. The study identi-
Set against the backdrop of the Berlin Wall’s fall, it ex- fied 187 wooden artifacts showing varied woodworking
plores personal and national transformations. techniques.
About the International Booker Prize (former-
ly known as the Man Booker International Prize): The Stone Age, lasting from 3.4 million years ago to
around 6,000-4,000 years BP, is traditionally divided into
It is awarded annually to recognize the finest translated the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods,
work of fiction worldwide. Established in 2005, it en- characterized by stone tool use and a hunter-gatherer
courages reading diverse fiction and has impacted read- lifestyle transitioning to settled agriculture.
ing habits in the UK. Eligible works must be long-form
fiction originally written in any language but translat-
ed into English. The £50,000 prize is equally split between Period Time Frame Characteristics
the author and translator, with shortlisted candidates re- Paleolithic 500,000 – Divided into three
ceiving £2,500 each. Age 10,000 BCE phases:
Early/Lower Palaeo-
2. HAMPI’S VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE lithic (500,000 B.C. –
50,000 B.C.): Hand-axes,
Context: cleavers, choppers.
A portion of Hampi’s Virupaksha temple collapsed due Middle Palaeolithic
to heavy rains. (50,000 B.C. – 40,000
About the Temple: B.C.): Flakes, points,
The Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, dedicated to Lord scrapers.
Virupaksha (a form of Shiva), is a UNESCO World Her-
itage Site in Karnataka. Constructed by Lakkan Dande- Upper Palaeolithic
sha under Prauda Deva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire, (40,000 B.C. – 10,000
it’s one of India’s oldest temples, dating back to the 7th B.C.): Blades, borers, ad-
century. The temple features intricate Dravidian archi- vanced tools.
tecture with a nine-tiered entrance gate and mathemati- Mesolithic 10,000 – 6000 Transitional phase be-
cal patterns. It has survived through the Chalukyan and Age BCE tween Paleolithic and
Hoysala periods, despite damage during Mughal rule. Neolithic; hunting, fish-
Notable festivals include the marriage of Virupaksha and ing, food gathering, and
Pampa in December and the chariot festival in February. early domestication of
animals.
N e o l i t h i c 6000 – 1000 Polished stone tools,
Age BCE stone axes; develop-
ment of early agricul-
ture and animal domes-
tication.

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Society

4. MURIA TRIBE
Context:
Muria tribal farmer practices the traditional ‘deda’ seed preservation method, handed down by his ancestors.
This eco-friendly technique involves storing seeds in leaves, packed nearly airtight to resemble boulders, provid-
ing multi-layer protection from pests and worms. Each ‘deda’ supports up to 5kg of seeds and can preserve them
for up to five years. The method, used for pulses like green gram and red gram, ensures food security for Muria fam-
ilies settled in the Godavari valley, who migrated from Chhattisgarh due to conflict.

About the Murias Tribe:

They are a sub-group of the Gond tribe, primarily residing in Chhattisgarh, India. They are known for their in-
volvement in the Muria Rebellion of Bastar in 1876, which was a revolt against Gopinath Kapardas, the diwan of
Bastar. The Murias have unique customs, including the practice of burying the dead in structures called “Gudi,”
where a stone is placed 6 to 7 feet high. Additionally, they have a social institution known as “Ghotul,” where young
boys and girls have the freedom to choose their own life partners.

Geography

5. EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD

Context:
About 600 million years ago, Earth’s magnetic field weakened significantly, allowing more solar radiation to reach the
planet.

Impact:
The weakening magnetic field exposed the atmosphere to solar radiation, releasing free oxygen atoms that facilitat-
ed the emergence of early life forms. It coincided with the Ediacaran Period (about 635 million to 541 million years
ago), during which multicellular organisms evolved due to increased oxygen levels in the atmosphere and oceans.
This research challenges previous theories about the origin of oxygen and suggests that multiple factors contributed
to its accumulation.

About Earth’s Magnetic Field:

Earth’s Magnetic Description
Field
About Earth’s magnetic field (or geomagnetic field) is generated in the planet’s interior and extends
into space, creating a region called the magnetosphere and interacting with the solar wind.
The magnetic field is generated by convection currents of molten iron and nickel in the
Earth’s core (also called the geodynamo process), which carry charged particles and generate
magnetic fields. Earth’s magnetic field is generated by the outer core.

Not only Earth, but Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune also have strong magnetic fields,
which are not fully understood. Mars lacks the inner heat and liquid interior needed
for a magnetic field, while Venus has a liquid core but spins too slowly to generate one.

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Magnetic Poles Earth has two sets of poles: the geographic poles and the magnetic poles. The geographic
North and South poles are the locations where the lines of longitude converge, with the Geo-
graphic North Pole situated in the middle of the Arctic Ocean and the Geographic South Pole
located in Antarctica. In contrast, the magnetic poles are the locations where the magnetic
field lines enter and exit the Earth’s surface. The Magnetic North Pole, also known as the
North Dip Pole, is currently found on Ellesmere Island in northern Canada.
Magnetic Pole re- The forces that generate Earth’s magnetic field are constantly changing, causing changes in the
versal strength of the magnetic field.  This causes the location of Earth’s magnetic north and south
poles to gradually shift, and to even completely flip locations around every 300,000 years.
During a pole reversal, the magnetic field weakens but doesn’t completely disappear.
Magnetic Field’s Previous studies suggested a magnetic field on Earth at least 3.5 billion years old, but a recent
Lifetime study has extended its lifetime by another 200 million years. Using uranium-to-lead ratio
analysis, researchers estimated that some of the magnetised minerals in the rocks were ap-
proximately 3.7 billion years old.
Potential Role in The early magnetic field may have played a critical role in making the planet habitable. It
Earth’s Habitabil- likely helped retain a life-sustaining atmosphere and shielded the planet from damaging solar
ity radiation.

6. TURBULENCE
Context:
A recent Singapore Airlines flight encountered severe mid-air turbulence, a type called Clear-air turbulence,
caused by wind shear.

What is Wind shear?

It is the change in wind speed or direction over a distance, occurring horizontally or vertically at various altitudes.
It’s commonly associated with weather phenomena like
jet streams, mountain waves, or thunderstorms.

What is Turbulence?
Turbulence is the irregular motion of air that can occur
during flight. It manifests as sudden, unpredictable chang-
es in airflow, causing the aircraft to experience shaking or
bouncing movements.

Turbulence occurs in aircraft due to various factors,

including:
1. Atmospheric Conditions: Turbulence can be
caused by disturbances in the atmosphere, such
as wind shear, jet streams, thermal convection, or
mountain waves.
2. Weather Systems: Thunderstorms, frontal
boundaries, and other weather systems can create
turbulent conditions as aircraft encounter chang-
es in air pressure, temperature, and moisture.
3. Terrain Effects: Near mountains or large land
masses, aircraft may experience turbulence caused by the interaction of air masses with terrain features.
4. Wake Turbulence: Aircraft generate wake turbulence, or vortices, as they move through the air. Following
aircraft can encounter these vortices, leading to turbulence.
5. Clear-Air Turbulence: This type of turbulence occurs in clear air and is often associated with changes in wind
speed and direction at high altitudes, such as jet streams.

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7. HEAT INDEX
Context:
The mercury in Delhi reached 41°C recently, but with high humidity, the heat index soared to a blistering 50°C.

IMD now measures the heat index, factoring in both temperature and humidity, providing a more accurate sense
of discomfort. Expectations are for the index to hit 54-56°C in the next 48 hours.

Heat Index (HI):

Launched by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) on an experimental basis. Also known as Apparent Tem-
perature, it reflects what the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the
air temperature. It provides information about the impact of humidity on high temperatures and serves as an
indicator of human discomfort.

Color codes used for HI:

1. Green: HI less than 35°C
2. Yellow: HI between 36-45°C
3. Orange: HI between 46-55°C
4. Red: HI greater than 55°C

GS-2
Salient features of Indian Constitution & Functioning

1. USE OF STATE-FUNDED MEDIA DURING POLLS

Context:
Recent incidents involving Sitaram Yechury and G Devarajan, where changes were made to their speeches aired on
Doordarshan and AIR, have sparked controversy

About the use of state-funded media during polls:

Aspect Descriptions
ECI’s Allocation Since 1998, recognised political parties have been allowed to freely use state-owned television
of Time and radio during polls.
The ECI determines the time allotted to each recognised national and state party before the
election campaign begins.
National Parties:
- 10 hours of telecasting time on Doordarshan’s national channel
- At least 15 hours on its regional channels
- 15 hours of airing on regional AIR stations
- 10 hours on the national AIR
State Parties:
- At least 30 hours of telecasting time on the appropriate regional Doordarshan channel
- AIR radio station
Time Allotted for 2024 Elections:
- For national parties: 4.5 hours (45 minutes each) on Doordarshan and AIR
- Remaining 5.5 hours allocated based on vote share in 2019 Lok Sabha elections
- Similar formulae followed for state parties

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ECI’s Guidelines Parties and speakers are expected to submit transcripts of speeches three to four days be-
on Speech Con- fore recording.
tents Transcripts must be approved by concerned authorities in respective AIR and Doordarshan sta-
tions.
Forbidden Speech Content:
Criticism of other countries; Attack on religions or communities; Obscenity or defamation; In-
citement of violence; Contempt of court; Attacks against the integrity of the President and judi-
ciary; Statements affecting the unity, sovereignty, and integrity of the nation; Criticism of individ-
uals by name

Concerns Raised According to Sitaram Yechury, censorship applied to his text is a patent denial of the right to
by Opposition dissent in a democracy.
Leaders

2. SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF VOTERS

Type of Voting Description Eligible Voters

In-Person Voting Voters cast their ballots at designated poll- All registered voters.
ing stations on the specified election day
using EVMs.
Postal Ballots Allows remote voting outside the polling Special voters, Essential service workers (rail-
station, without EVMs, before the designat- ways, telecom, health, media, etc.)., voters on
ed poll date. election duty, detainees, and certain absentee
voters.
Postal Voting Centers (PVC): Centers where essential service absentee voters can obtain
and cast their postal ballots before the election day.
Electronically Trans- Encrypted ballots are sent electronically to Service voters (armed forces, paramilitary,
mitted Postal Ballot service voters, who return completed bal- government employees abroad).
System (ETPBS) lots by post.
Home Voting Election teams visit homes of 85+ aged Voters aged 85+, persons with disabilities,
voters, PwD, and COVID-19-affected vot- COVID-19 affected voters.
ers to facilitate postal voting.
Election Duty Certifi- Allows election duty personnel to vote at Election duty personnel.
cate (EDC) their duty polling station within the same
constituency.
Proxy Voting Service voters appoint a proxy to vote on Armed and paramilitary forces (Classified Ser-
their behalf at their designated polling sta- vice Voters).
tion.
Assisted Voting Allows a companion to assist a blind or dis- Voters with blindness or other disabilities.
abled voter in casting their vote.

Constitutional and Non- Constitutional Bodies

3. NCBC RECOMMENDS INCREASING THE RESERVATION QUOTA FOR OBCS

Context:
The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) has recommended increasing the reservation quota for
Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in public employment in Punjab and West Bengal.

Currently, Punjab allocates 25% of public employment positions to Scheduled Castes and 12% to OBCs, totalling

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37% reservation. The NCBC has proposed enhancing the
OBC quota by an additional 13%, bringing the total OBC
reservation in public employment to 25%, adhering to the 5. INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED AC-
Supreme Court’s ceiling of up to 50% reservation for COUNTANTS OF INDIA (ICAI)
socially and educationally backward classes (in the In-
dra Sawhney case).
Context:
The Supreme Court upheld a regulation by the Institute
In West Bengal, the reservation quota for Scheduled
of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), limiting char-
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes is
tered accountants to accepting a maximum number of tax
22%, 6%, and 17%, respectively, in government-run or
audit assignments per financial year.
aided establishments. The NCBC suggests increasing the
OBC reservation to reach the 50% ceiling set by the Su-
What is ICAI?
preme Court.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)
is a statutory body established under the Chartered Ac-
About the National Commission for Backward Classes
countants Act, 1949, by the Indian Parliament to regulate
(NCBC):
the chartered accountancy profession in the country. It
It was established as a statutory body under the NCBC
operates under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Gov-
Act, 1993, and was granted Constitutional Status through
ernment of India, with its headquarters in New Delhi. As
the 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018, with
the world’s second-largest professional body of char-
the insertion of Article 338B. The commission consists
tered accountants, ICAI is governed by a Council com-
of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and three other
prising elected and nominated members. Its functions
Members in the rank and pay of Secretary to the Gov-
include regulating the profession, conducting examina-
ernment of India. Its mandate includes investigating and
tions and education, providing continuing professional
monitoring all matters related to the safeguards provided
education, formulating accounting standards, ensuring
for socially and educationally backward classes. Ad-
ethical standards, and exercising disciplinary jurisdiction.
ditionally, the NCBC advises the Central Government on
Additionally, ICAI contributes input on policy matters to
OBC inclusion/exclusion requests from state or central
the government.
governments. The commission presents its report to the
President annually and at other times as it deems fit. If
About National Financial Regulatory Authority
the Government disagrees with its recommendations, it
(NFRA):
must record its reasons.
It is an Indian body established under the Companies Act
2013 to enforce accounting and auditing standards, over-
4. FORM 17C see auditor work, and recommend standards. It has the
authority to investigate professional misconduct by char-
Context: tered accountants or CA firms, impose penalties, and bar
A dispute has arisen over the Election Commission’s them for up to 10 years.
(EC) handling of voter turnout data, particularly related
to Form 17C. International Relations
• Form 17C records detailed polling data, includ-
ing the number of votes cast and rejected at
each booth. 6. ANTARCTIC PARLIAMENT MEETS
• The Commission maintained there is no legal IN KOCHI
mandate for it to make public the total num-
ber of votes cast in each polling station. It says
copies of Form 17C are shared with the polling Conext:
agents present immediately upon the close of India has hosted the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative
polling. Meeting (ATCM 46) in Kochi, organized by the National
About Form 17C: Centre for Polar and Ocean Research through the Ministry
The Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 require the EC to of Earth Sciences.
maintain two forms- Forms 17A and 17C. Form 17A re-
cords the details of every voter who enters a polling What is ATCM (also called Antarctic Parliament)
booth and casts their vote. Form 17C contains the total The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) is an
number of votes cast. annual gathering of the parties to the 1959 Antarctic
Treaty, including the original twelve signatories and oth-
er nations conducting significant research in Antarctica.

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At this year’s ATCM, India will introduce a new working against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggres-
group focused on formulating regulations to monitor sion. With 124 countries as States Parties to the Rome
tourism and protect the continent’s fragile ecosystem. Statute, India, US, China are notably not a member.
Representatives from the 56 member countries of the The ICC comprises 18 judges serving non-renewable
Antarctic Treaty will attend. This is the first time India is 9-year terms and operates alongside, rather than replac-
hosting the meeting since 2007. ing, national criminal justice systems, complementing
their efforts. Palestine became the 123rd member of the
Key Agenda at ATCM 46 Rome Treaty on April 1, 2015. Israel is not a Party to the
1. Promoting peaceful governance in Antarctica. Rome Statute.
2. Introducing a new working group to regulate
tourism and mitigate its impact on the fragile Are ICC decisions binding? What happens next?
ecosystem.
The ICC’s decisions are binding. However, it relies on
3. Discussing sustainable management of re-
the cooperation of States for support, particularly for
sources, biodiversity, research collaboration, making arrests and transferring the arrested individuals
and climate change impacts. to the ICC detention centre, for freezing assets, and en-
4. Presenting India’s plan for the construction of forcing sentences.
Maitri II.
Previously, ICC issued an arrest warrant for war crimes
About Antarctic Treaty for President Vladimir Putin ( first time that the ICC
The Antarctic Treaty, signed on December 1, 1959, and has issued an arrest warrant against one of the five
in force since June 23, 1961, is an international agree- permanent members of the United Nation Security
ment governing activities in Antarctica. It designates Council)
the continent as a scientific preserve, ensuring it re-
mains exclusively for peaceful purposes. Initially signed
by 12 countries, the treaty now includes 56 signatories,
with India joining in 1983. Key provisions prohibit mil-
itary activities, promote scientific cooperation, and ban
nuclear explosions and radioactive waste disposal.

India in Antarctica
Since 1983, India has been a consultative party to the
Antarctic Treaty, participating in governance decisions.
India operates three research stations: Dakshin Gangotri
(1983-1990), Maitri (since 1989), and Bharati (since
2012). India plans to establish a new station, Maitri II, by
2029. In 2022, India enacted the Antarctic Act to reaf-
firm its commitment to the treaty’s principles.

7. ICC ISSUES ARREST WARRANT

AGAINST ISREAL’S PM AND HAMAS
8. ARAB LEAGUE SUMMIT
LEADER
Context:
Context: UN Secretary-General António Guterres, speaking at
The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) the Arab League Summit in Bahrain, called for a human-
requested arrest warrants against leaders of Hamas and itarian ceasefire in Gaza, the release of all hostages,
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel about the and unimpeded aid access.
October 7, 2023 attacks and the war in Palestine.
About the Arab League:
What is the International Criminal Court? • The Arab League, formally known as the
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent League of Arab States, is a regional organiza-
international court headquartered in The Hague, Neth- tion of Arab countries in and around North Af-
erlands. Established by the Rome Statute in 1998 (en- rica and the Middle East.
tered into force on July 1, 2002), it investigates, prose- • It was founded on March 22, 1945, in Cairo with
cutes, and tries individuals accused of genocide, crimes the signing of the Pact of the League of Arab

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States also known as the Alexandria Protocol, • These recognitions are symbolic acts aimed at
by Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Leba- influencing Israel’s actions in Gaza and sup-
non, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. porting moderate Palestinian forces. The inter-
• The League has since expanded to include 22 national community is urging Israel to reconsider
member states (India has observer status) its stance on the two-state solution.

9. BIMSTEC About Palestine:

Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is located in
Context: the southern Levant region of West Asia. It comprises
The BIMSTEC Charter, which came into force on May 20, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, bordering Israel, Jordan,
2024, grants the organization a ‘legal personality,’ en- and Egypt. The capital is Jerusalem, with Ramallah as
abling it to welcome new members and observers. the administrative centre. Historically, the region has seen
various rulers and holds religious significance for Juda-
This milestone allows BIMSTEC to engage in structured ism, Christianity, and Islam. After the Ottoman Empire’s
diplomatic dialogue with other countries and group- fall, the British controlled Palestine until the establish-
ings. The charter reaffirms India’s dedication to fostering ment of Israel in 1948, which led to the displacement of
a prosperous, peaceful, and sustainable neighbourhood, many Palestinians. The Oslo Accords in the 1990s led to
emphasizing shared history, culture, and mutual respect the creation of the Palestinian Authority. Currently, the
among member states. West Bank is partly governed by the Palestinian Authori-
ty, while Hamas controls the Gaza Strip.
What is Legal Personality?
Legal personality refers to the recognition of an entity, Major challenges include the Israeli occupation, settle-
such as an organization or corporation, as having rights ment expansions, and the status of Jerusalem and refu-
and obligations similar to those of a natural person. gees. Despite these issues, Palestine has a highly educated
population, an emerging economy, and significant tour-
ism. As of May 2024, it is a non-member observer state
at the UN since 2012.

GS-3
Indian Economy

1. ASSET RECONSTRUCTION COMPA-

10. RECOGNITION OF PALESTINE NIES (ARCS)
Context: Context:
Ireland, Norway, and Spain plan to formally recognize The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has raised supervisory
the state of Palestine, highlighting a shift in international concerns regarding the functioning of asset reconstruc-
opinion. Recently, 143 countries, including India, called tion companies (ARCs).
for UN recognition of Palestine. The International Crim-
inal Court has sought arrest warrants for Israeli leaders What are ARCs?
and Hamas for war crimes. Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) are financial

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institutions that acquire and manage stressed assets from banks and financial institutions. Registered under
Section 3 of the SARFAESI Act, 2002, ARCs face several challenges, including issues like back-door entry of defaulting
promoters, lengthy settlement processes, and non-transparent practices.

Previously, in April RBI issued a master direction for ARCs:

1. The direction stipulates that ARCs must maintain a minimum capital requirement of Rs 300 crore, with ex-
isting ARCs given until March 31, 2026, to meet this threshold.
2. Non-compliant ARCs will face supervisory action, including the prohibition on incremental business until
compliance is achieved.
3. ARCs with a minimum Net Owned Fund (NOF) of Rs 1000 crore can act as resolution applicants and are
permitted to invest in specified instruments, subject to certain conditions and caps on investment.

2. MATERIOVIGILANCE PROGRAMME OF INDIA (MVPI) PLATFORM

Context:
The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), through a circular, has directed all device license holders and manufac-
turers to report any adverse events on the Materiovigilance Programme of India (MvPI) platform to mitigate risks
and ensure public health safety.

About MvPI:
It was launched in 2015, and is overseen by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission since 2018. It serves as the
National Coordination Centre, focusing on monitoring Medical Device-associated Adverse Events (MDAE) and rais-
ing awareness among healthcare professionals. MDAE reports can be submitted by various stakeholders, including
clinical specialists, biomedical engineers, nurses, pharmacists, and patients.

About DCGI:
The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) heads the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, overseeing
the approval of licenses for specified drug categories in India, including blood products, vaccines, and IV fluids. DCGI
operates under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and establishes standards for drug manufacturing, sales,
import, and distribution in the country.

3. PIG BUTCHERING SCAM

Pig Butchering Scams, also known as “sha zhu pan” scams, involve building trust with victims over time before
tricking them into investing in fraudulent schemes. It is a type of long-term scam and investment fraud. For in-
stance, scammers may offer attractive job opportunities or investment plans, creating emotional connections to lower
victims’ guard.

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4. COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA

Context:
At the 15th Foundation Day event of the Competition Commission of India (CCI), the Attorney General of India
highlighted the challenges digital markets pose for global competition regulators.
About the Competition Commission of India:
• The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is a regulatory body established by the Government of India
to enforce the Competition Act, 2002.
• Its primary objective is to promote and sustain competition in markets, protect the interests of con-
sumers, and ensure freedom of trade.

5. REPORTS IN NEWS

Reports Description
Travel & The World Economic Forum (WEF) released the TTDI 2024
Tourism De- TTDI assesses factors and policies for sustainable and resilient Travel and Tourism develop-
velopment ment. This second edition evolved from the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), WEF’s
Index (TTDI) flagship index since 2007.
2024
India’s rank improved to 39 in 2024 from 54 in 2021
Global Land Released by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
Outlook The- The report examines the relationship between rangelands and their human communities, par-
matic Report ticularly pastoralists, to identify protection strategies.
on Range-
Rangelands, comprising ecosystems like grasslands, savannahs, and deserts, cover over 54% of the
lands and
Earth’s surface, with 78% in drylands.
Pastoralists
Up to 50% of rangelands are degraded due to factors like land use changes, excessive grazing, and
urban expansion.
In India, rangelands cover about 121 million hectares, with 100 million hectares underutilized.
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), adopted in 1994, is the sole
legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable
land management. India has ratified it.
ILO’s Financ- The report estimates the financing gap to achieve Universal Social Protection (USP) in 133 Low
ing gap for and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
universal so-
cial protec- India needs over US$135 billion for USP, with a financing gap of 3.3% of GDP and 11.8% of govern-
tion ment expenditure.
World Bank’s The World Bank report, released at the 10th World Water Forum in Bali, Indonesia, defines
Water For shared prosperity as boosting prosperity for the poorest to achieve equitable societies.
Shared Pros- Four building blocks of prosperity: Health and Education, Jobs and Income, Peace and Social Co-
perity hesion, and Environment.
Population growth, urbanization, and climate change increase global water access disparity.
In 2022, 197 million people in the world lacked safe drinking water, and 211 million lacked basic
sanitation.
World Water Forum: Held every three years, co-hosted by the World Water Council and a host
country. Aims to raise water issues on the political agenda and support international water issue
resolutions.

6. THE PRE-PACKAGED INSOLVENCY RESOLUTION PROCESS (PPIRP)

Context:
The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process (PPIRP) has successfully facilitated the full settlement of oper-
ational creditors’ claims for five companies.

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About The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Pro- Government initiatives:
cess (PPIRP): 1. National Initiative for Developing and Har-
• The Pre-Packaged Insolvency Resolution Process nessing Innovations (NIDHI)
(PPIRP) is a mechanism for resolving corporate 2. Startup India Action Plan (SIAP)
insolvency that was added to the Insolvency and 3. Ranking of States on Support to Startup Eco-
Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in 2016. systems (RSSSE)
• It’s designed to be faster and more efficient
than other processes and to minimize disrup- 4. Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS): Pro-
tion to businesses. vides financial aid to startups for various stages
like proof of concept, prototype development, and
The PPIRP process involves: market entry.
• Preparing and negotiating a resolution plan be- 5. National Startup Awards: Recognizes exception-
fore insolvency proceedings begin al startups and ecosystem enablers for their con-
• Implementing the plan immediately when insol- tributions to innovation and economic growth.
vency proceedings start 6. SCO Startup Forum: Launched to enhance start-
• Completing the entire process within 120 days up ecosystems collectively among SCO countries.
7. Prarambh Summit: Provides a platform for start-
7. TOP STARTUP CITIES ups and young innovators worldwide to showcase
ideas and inventions.
Context:
PitchBook recently released its 2024 global Venture PitchBook, renowned for its comprehensive financial
Capital ecosystem rankings, spotlighting the top 50 data and insights, serves as a vital resource in the capital
startup cities worldwide. markets, with offices in London, New York, San Francisco,
Mumbai secured the 32nd spot, Bengaluru ranked and Seattle.
34th, and Gurugram made it to 48th place. The report
highlights a surge in innovation and growth in the glob- Science & Technology
al startup landscape, attracting significant investments
and fostering multi-billion-dollar valuations.
8. 50 YEARS SINCE INDIA’S FIRST NU-
The top five cities were: CLEAR TEST
1. San Francisco Bay Area, USA
2. New York City, USA Context:
3. Beijing, China Fifty years ago (1974), India conducted its first nuclear
4. Shanghai, China test, Operation Smiling Buddha, in Pokhran, marking
5. Los Angeles, USA its entry into the nuclear club.
India has emerged as the 3rd largest ecosystem for
startups globally as of 31st May 2023. India ranks 2nd in Led by Dr H.N. Sethna and Dr R. Ramanna, the test
innovation quality with top positions in the quality of yielded successful results in the 10-15 kiloton range.
scientific publications and the quality of its universities This made India the first nation, apart from the five per-
among middle-income economies. manent members of the UN Security Council, to conduct
such a test. In 1998, India conducted a series of nuclear
tests, code-named Operation Shakti, again in Pokhran,
expanding its nuclear capabilities. These tests enabled In-
dia to build nuclear weapons with yields up to around
200 kilotons.

India’s nuclear doctrine emphasizes building a credible

minimum deterrent, adhering to a “No First Use” policy,
and maintaining civilian political control over nuclear re-
taliation.

9. NASA’S PREFIRE MISSION

Context:
Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experi-
ment (PREFIRE) polar mission is set to unlock the mys-

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teries of Earth’s poles by capturing new data on heat antimicrobials, makes infections harder to treat and in-
emissions. creases the risk of severe illness and death.

Consisting of a pair of CubeSats, PREFIRE will measure The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List serves as a
far-infrared radiation, shedding light on how different vital tool in combating antimicrobial resistance, updating
polar properties contribute to heat dissipation. rankings to address evolving threats.

10. GIANT VIRUSES 12. SPECULOOS- 3 B

Context: Context:
Giant viruses, dating back 1.5 billion years, discovered Astronomers at the University of Liège in Belgium discov-
in Yellowstone’s geothermal springs shed light on Earth’s ered an Earth-sized exoplanet, SPECULOOS-3 b, orbit-
early conditions. ing an ultra-cool red dwarf, 55 light-years away.
• Exoplanets: Planets beyond our solar system, ei-
A giant virus, also known as a “girus,” is notably large, ther orbiting other stars or free-floating.
with some exceeding typical bacteria in size. They are • Red dwarfs are the smallest main sequence
classified within the phylum Nucleocytoviricota. stars, much smaller than the Sun
The star, roughly the size of Jupiter and twice as cold
These viruses, with unusually large genomes, offer as the Sun, bombards the planet with intense radiation,
insights into the environment during the emergence likely stripping away any atmosphere, and making it un-
of life. Thriving in extreme conditions, they don’t infect inhabitable. The SPECULOOS project, aimed at studying
humans but may have influenced the evolution of sin- ultra-cool dwarf stars, previously discovered the TRAP-
gle-cell organisms. The study reveals ancient connec- PIST-1 system. The newly found exoplanet orbits its star
tions between these viruses and hot springs, suggesting every 17 hours and is tidally locked, with perpetual
their role in ecosystem stability. day and night sides.

Yellowstone, the oldest US national park, is renowned

for its hot springs and holds UNESCO Biosphere Reserve 13. DOPPLER RADAR SPEED GUNS
and World Heritage site status.
Context:
11. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS PRIORI- The Consumer Affairs Ministry has proposed new rules
for radar speed guns used to measure vehicle speeds on
TY LIST (BPPL) roads.

Context: According to the draft rules, radar equipment installed

The World Health Organization (WHO) updated its Bac- after the finalization of the rules must be verified and
terial Pathogens Priority List (BPPL), highlighting stamped within one year. Existing equipment should
critical priority pathogens that pose significant global also undergo verification whenever re-verification is due.
health threats due to their resistance to treatment and Conditions are outlined for the use of speed measurement
ability to spread resistance. results in legal proceedings.

About BPPL: About Doppler radar:

The Bacterial Pathogens Priority List (BPPL) is a crucial It utilizes the Doppler effect to collect velocity data.
tool in combating antimicrobial resistance. Introduced The Doppler effect, proposed by Johann Christian Dop-
by the WHO in 2017, it initially listed 13 bacterial patho- pler in 1842, describes the change in wave frequency
gens to guide research and development efforts for new when there’s relative motion between a wave source and
antibacterials. its observer. This phenomenon is observed in sound
waves and electromagnetic waves. Doppler radar finds
The 2024 list categorizes 15 families of antibiotic-re- applications in astrophysics and vehicle speed monitor-
sistant bacteria into critical, high, and medium-priority ing by law enforcement.
groups to aid in prioritizing responses. Some high-pri-
ority pathogens, like Salmonella and Shigella, burden
low- and middle-income countries, posing challenges in
healthcare settings.

Antibiotic resistance, driven by misuse and overuse of

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LSD, psilocybin, and DMT.
• Non-Classical Psychedelics: Interact with var-
ious receptors. Notable examples are ketamine
and MDMA.

How do They work?

Psychedelics typically enhance serotonin, a mood-sta-
bilizing hormone, by binding to serotonin receptors on
cell surfaces, triggering specific biochemical reactions.

Research and Clinical Use: Five psychedelics—psilocy-

bin, LSD, MDMA, ketamine, and DMT—are being exten-
14. VENUS sively studied for treating mental health issues.
Conext:
Regulation: The 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic
A new study suggests that Venus is losing water much
Substances regulates about 200 psychotropic substanc-
faster than previously thought, with researchers identi-
es, categorizing them into four schedules based on abuse
fying a mechanism in the Venusian ionosphere respon-
potential, with Schedule I being the most restrictive. The
sible for this accelerated water loss.
convention does not specify the exact number or types
classified as psychedelics.
Venus may have once had oceans, but now only 0.002%
of its atmosphere is water vapor. The process of non-ther-
mal hydrogen escape, where solar radiation splits water
molecules and hydrogen escapes into space, is a key fac- 16. PRE-ECLAMPSIA
tor.
Pre-eclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of preg-
About Venus: nancy that leads to multiorgan dysfunction in the moth-
Venus, the second planet from the Sun and the closest er. It typically manifests after 20 weeks of pregnancy,
to Earth, is renowned as the brightest planet in the night characterized by high blood pressure. Other symptoms
sky. It lacks a satellite and its atmosphere is primarily include swelling in the face, hands, and feet, severe
composed of carbon dioxide, with clouds of sulfuric acid headaches, vision changes, upper abdominal pain, and
droplets. Notably, Venus rotates in the opposite direc- trouble breathing. Studies show that pre-eclampsia
tion to most planets, from east to west. Alongside Mer- significantly raises the risk of heart failure, coronary
cury, Earth, and Mars, Venus is classified as a terrestrial heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death in moth-
planet. ers.

India’s Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes:

1. India accounts for nearly a quarter of the world’s
15. PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS IN INDIA adverse pregnancy outcomes.
2. NFHS-5 statistics show perinatal mortality at 32
Context:
per 1,000 pregnancies and neonatal mortality at
Driven by the need for better mental health treatments
25 per 1,000 live births.
and the low success rate of current medications, research-
3. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are a lead-
ers are calling for clinical trials of psychedelic drugs in In-
ing cause of maternal death.
dia. P

About Psychedelics 17. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

Psychedelics are a class of drugs that alter perception,
behaviour, consciousness, and thought, often intensify-
ACT
ing sensory awareness. These drugs, a subset of psycho-
Context:
tropic substances, are known for causing vivid hallucina-
The European Union has finalized the world’s first
tions and drastically changing an individual’s thoughts
comprehensive law regulating artificial intelligence,
and perceptions.
known as the AI Act.
• This legislation sets strict rules for AI applica-
Categories of Psychedelics: tions, categorizing them based on the risks they
• Classical Psychedelics: Primarily cause halluci- pose to society.
nations by activating the serotonin 5-HT recep- • High-risk AI systems, such as autonomous vehi-
tor, found throughout the body. Examples include

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
cles and medical devices, face stringent evalua- While infections caused by this organism are rare, they
tions, while AI applications deemed “unaccept- are almost always fatal.
able” like social scoring systems, predictive
policing, and emotional recognition are pro-
hibited. 20. FERROPTOSIS
• Companies violating the AI Act could face fines
of up to 35 million euros or 7% of their annual Context:
global revenues. A recent study by researchers has identified ferropto-
The law, aimed at ensuring trust, transparency, and sis, an unusual form of cell death, as a significant con-
accountability, includes provisions for generative AI sys- tributor to lung damage in COVID-19 patients.
tems to respect copyright laws and undergo routine test- • Ferroptosis occurs when the outer fat layers of
ing. cells collapse, leading to cell death.
• This differs from the more common type of cell
death, where cells break down their internal
18. COPERNICUS-EMS PROGRAMME molecules.
• The study analysed human tissues and autop-
Context: sies of COVID-19 victims, along with samples
The Copernicus Emergency Management Service from hamsters, revealing that ferroptosis was a
primary mechanism behind the lung damage
(EMS) rapid response mapping was activated by the EU observed.
to assist in locating a helicopter carrying the Iranian Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death character-
President, which crashed near the Iran-Azerbaijan bor- ized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid per-
der. oxides to lethal levels.
About Copernicus programme: Unlike other forms of cell death such as apoptosis or
• The Copernicus programme is an EU initiative
that utilizes satellite and ground-based data to necrosis, ferroptosis specifically involves the oxidative
address climate change, disaster management, damage of lipids within cell membranes, leading to cell
and other global challenges. membrane destabilization and ultimately cell death.
• The Copernicus Emergency Management Ser-
vice (EMS) is a component of the broader Coper- 21. MALARIA VACCINE ‘R21/MA-
nicus program, an initiative by the European
Union (EU) aimed at providing comprehensive TRIX-M’
Earth observation and monitoring services.
The Copernicus EMS specifically focuses on delivering Context:
timely and accurate geospatial information to sup- The Serum Institute of India (SII) has begun exporting
port emergency response efforts during natural disas- the ‘R21/Matrix-M’ malaria vaccine to Africa, targeting
ters, humanitarian crises, and other emergencies. children in malaria-endemic regions.
• Developed in collaboration with the University
of Oxford and Novavax’s Matrix-M adjuvant.
• It is the second malaria vaccine recommended
19. NAEGLERIA FOWLERI by WHO in 2023, after RTS, S/AS01 vaccine.

Context: About Malaria:

A girl from Kerala, has died from amoebic meningoen- • Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused
cephalitis, a rare brain infection caused by Naegleria by parasites that are transmitted to people
fowleri, known as the ‘brain-eating amoeba.’ through the bites of infected female Anophe-
les mosquitoes.
Naegleria fowleri is a type of amoeba, a unicellular or- • It is preventable and curable, but it remains a
ganism found in soil, warm freshwater lakes, rivers, and major public health problem, particularly in
tropical and subtropical regions.
hot springs.

If this amoeba enters the nose and reaches the brain, it 22. GRAPHITE
can cause a severe infection known as Primary Amoe-
bic Meningoencephalitis (PAM). Context:
India is discussing with Sri Lanka to acquire graphite
Due to its ability to infect and destroy brain tissue, Nae- mines, aiming to meet the rising demand for graphite,
gleria fowleri is often referred to as the “brain-eating crucial for battery anodes, especially lithium-ion batter-
amoeba.” ies.

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• China is the world’s largest producer of nat-
ural graphite, accounting for two-thirds of
global supply.
• While Mozambique, Madagascar, and Bra-
zil are significant non-Chinese producers,
China also refines over 90% of the world’s
graphite for use in EV battery anodes.
• It is among 30 critical minerals declared by In-
dia.

About Graphite:
Graphite is a naturally occurring crystalline form
of carbon. It’s made up of stacked layers of
graphene. Graphite is the most stable form of carbon
under standard conditions. Global efforts to combat avian influenza include the
Graphite is a mineral that’s found in metamorphic and Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System
igneous rocks. It’s extremely soft, cleaves with very (GISRS), a WHO-led initiative that monitors circulating
light pressure, and has a very low specific gravity. virus strains and advises on treatment and control mea-
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It’s sures. Additionally, the World Organisation for Animal
also lighter than diamond, smooth and slippery to the Health (WOAH) collaborates internationally to enhance
touch. animal health. In India, the National Action Plan for Pre-
Graphite, a key component in electric vehicle (EV) bat- vention, Control, and Containment of Avian Influenza
teries, has seen a surge in demand due to the growth of outlines steps to manage outbreaks. India’s self-declara-
the EV industry. The battery end-use market for graph- tion of freedom from Highly Pathogenic Avian Influen-
ite has grown by 250% globally since 2018 za (HPAI) in certain poultry compartments was approved
by WOAH in 2023.
23. AVIAN INFLUENZA
24. EVTOL (ELECTRIC VERTICAL
Context:
Australia’s first human case of bird flu has been con-
TAKE-OFF AND LANDING) AIRCRAFT
firmed in a child who contracted the H5N1 virus while
Context:
in India. The child returned from India in March and fell
IIT Madras-incubated ePlane Company is set to launch
ill with the flu virus.
eVTOL (electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing) aircraft in
Bengaluru.
Although avian influenza rarely infects humans, it can
cause severe illness and has a high mortality rate.
What are eVTOLs (electric Vertical Take-Off and Land-
ing aircraft)?
About Avian influenza:
These are vehicles that can take off and land vertically
It is commonly known as bird flu, is a highly contagious
using electric propulsion. They use electric motors to
viral infection that primarily affects birds, including wild
drive rotors or propellers, with energy stored in batteries,
and domestic poultry. The H5N1 strain, first identified
typically lithium-ion. eVTOLs are designed to operate in
in 1996, has a mortality rate of about 60% in humans.
urban areas, reducing traffic congestion, and air pollution,
Symptoms range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe
and improving connectivity and emergency services.
respiratory issues and neurological problems. In India,
outbreaks of avian influenza have occurred since 2006,
with millions of birds culled to control its spread. India’s
strategy involves detecting and culling infected birds. An-
tiviral treatments are available for human cases.

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Regulation:
1. Radiation Processing is mandated by the Preven-
25. AI AGENTS tion of Food Adulteration (Fifth Amendment)
Rules, 1994.
Context: 2. Requires packages of irradiated foods to dis-
GPT-4o by OpenAI and Project Astra by Google repre- play the green irradiation logo endorsed by Codex
sent a new breed of AI known as AI agents. Alimentarius Commission and the phrase ‘Pro-
cessed by Irradiation method.
Unlike conventional voice assistants like Alexa and Siri,
AI agents can engage in real-time, multi-modal interac- About Onions:
tions with humans, processing various inputs including The onion, an herb in the lily family, is globally grown
text, images, and voice. They perceive their environment for culinary and medicinal purposes. India is the world’s
through sensors, process information using algorithms, second-largest producer, with major states including
and take action. Unlike large language models (LLMs) Maharashtra, Karnataka, and others. Maharashtra
such as GPT-3 and GPT-4, AI agents offer more natural leads in production (42%), followed by Madhya Pradesh
and immersive interactions, understanding context and (15%) in 2021-22.
providing personalized responses. They have potential
applications in customer service, education, healthcare, Key export destinations include Bangladesh, Malaysia,
and more, but also raise concerns about privacy, security, UAE, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. Onion farmers lack govern-
and bias. ment MSP-based support and depend solely on market
forces.

Environment & Ecology

27. WORLD BEES DAY

Context:
The UN designated 20 May as World Bee Day to raise
awareness and protect pollinators. The 2024 theme, “Bee
Engaged with Youth,” emphasizes involving young peo-
ple in conservation.
26. RADIATION PROCESSING
Honey bees, with three pairs of legs, four wings, and
Context: five eyes, perform a “waggle dance” to communicate
The government plans to expand the radiation process- food source locations. They produce propolis, a resinous
ing of onions to create a buffer stock of 100,000 tonnes substance that seals hive cracks, protects against invad-
this year, aiming to prevent shortages and price rises. ers, and prevents bacterial and fungal buildup.

The Importance of Bees and Pollinators

With output expected to drop by 16%, radiation tech- 1. Bees, butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds are cru-
nology will be used to increase shelf life, reducing hoard- cial for pollination.
ing and price volatility. 2. 90% of wild flowering plants, 75% of food
crops, and 35% of agricultural land rely on animal
pollination.
Radiation Processing: 3. Pollinators are vital for food security and bio-
1. Uses ionizing radiations like gamma rays, accel- diversity conservation.
erated electrons, and X-rays. 4. Threats to Pollinators: Human activities like
2. Delayed ripening extends shelf life by eliminat- habitat destruction, pesticides, and climate
ing spoilage microbes. change threaten pollinators.
3. Cannot eliminate microbial toxins and patho- 5. Actions to Protect Pollinators: Plant diverse na-
gen viruses. tive plants, avoid pesticides, and buy local honey.
4. Causes minimal chemical changes. Governments should involve local communities,
5. Least impact on nutritional value compared to enforce protective measures, and encourage sus-
other methods. tainable practices.

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Initiatives: 4. Conservation Status: IUCN: Nearly Threatened
1. The International Pollinator Initiative pro- (NT).
motes sustainable pollinator use. 5. Significance: The Greater Adjutant Stork plays
2. FAO provides technical assistance for sustainable a vital role in nutrient recycling and maintaining
beekeeping and honey production. ecosystem health.

Previous news:

29. MANIPURI PONY

Context:
Manipur has taken decisive steps to safeguard its iconic
Manipuri Pony, known as Meitei Sagol, from extinction.

About Meitei Sagol:

It is one of India’s seven recognized horse and pony
28. PURNIMA DEVI BARMAN WINS breeds, and is known for its short stature yet remarkable
attributes like stamina, agility, and intelligence. Origi-
THE 2024 WHITLEY GOLD AWARD nating from Manipur, they are esteemed as the original
polo pony, tracing back to the traditional Sagol Kangjei
Context:
sport.
Dr Purnima Devi Barman from India has been awarded
the 2024 Whitley Gold Award (dubbed ‘Green Oscar’)
by the UK charity Whitley Fund for Nature (WFN) for
her efforts to save the Greater Adjutant Stork (Hargila).

Conservation Efforts:
Barman’s campaign has increased the stork population
in Assam from 450 to over 1,800. She has mobilized
10,000 rural women, known as “stork sisters,” to pro-
tect nesting sites and rebrand the stork from a bad omen
to a cultural symbol. The project has planted 45,000 sap-
lings and rescued over 500 chicks. The global population
of the stork has increased to approximately 3,180 birds.
However, their population faces threats such as habitat
About Greater Adjutant Stork shrinkage and the lack of polo grounds. To address
1. Distribution: Known as ‘Hargila,’ primarily found these challenges, the Manipur government declared them
in Assam (80%) and Bihar, India, and Cambodia. an Endangered Breed in 2013 and introduced the Ma-
2. Habitat: Wetlands, nests in tall trees with closed nipuri Pony Conservation and Development Policy in
canopies and bamboo clumps. 2016. Recent resolutions aim to safeguard the breed, in-
3. Threats: Hunting, habitat destruction, felling of cluding immediate actions for pony protection, forming a
nest trees, and wetland degradation. task force, and conducting a comprehensive census.

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30. SHALLOW AQUIFER MANAGE- 32. CENSUS TO ESTIMATE BLUE

MENT (SAM) SHEEP AND HIMALAYAN IBEX
Context: Context:
Telangana is implementing Shallow Aquifer Manage- The census to estimate blue sheep and Himalayan ibex
ment (SAM) pilot models in Habsiguda and Sainik- populations has begun in Himachal Pradesh’s Lahaul
puri to address groundwater depletion and flooding. & Spiti district. Wildlife authorities are using the double
observer survey technique to conduct the survey in the
What is an Aquifer? challenging terrain
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock,
soil, or sand that holds water and allows it to flow free- About Blue Sheep:
ly. It acts as a natural reservoir, storing groundwater that The Bharal, or blue sheep, is a Himalayan caprine
can be accessed through wells for various purposes like species with the scientific name Pseudois nayaur, the
drinking water supply, irrigation, and industrial use. sole member of its genus. Found in the high Himalayas, it
inhabits regions across India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar,
What is SAM? Nepal, and Pakistan. Bharal are medium-sized, with
SAM is a sustainable urban water management technique males slightly larger than females, and sport a slate grey
under the AMRUT scheme. It drills shallow borewells to coat with white underparts and black markings. Their
pump out water, recharging aquifers during rainfall and distinctive horns curve upwards and then backwards.
raising water tables. Bharal are diurnal and active throughout the day, graz-
ing and resting on mountain slopes. They are classified as
Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and are protected
31. INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLI- under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 in India.

ANCE
Context:
Spain has become the 99th member of the Internation-
al Solar Alliance (ISA). Spain handed over the ISA Instru-
ment of Ratification during a meeting between Spain’s
Ambassador to India

Previous News about ISA:

About Himalayan Ibex:

The Himalayan ibex, a subspecies of the Siberian
ibex, is native to the Himalayan region spanning India,
Pakistan, Tibet, and Nepal. Scientifically known as Capra
sibirica hemalayanus, it thrives in high-altitude areas
between 3,000 and 5,800 meters. In India, it’s primar-
ily found in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
and Uttarakhand. These sturdy wild goats weigh about
90 kg, stand 40 inches tall, and sport large curved horns
with notches. Their coat ranges from light brown to red-
dish-brown, with a woolly texture in winter. Typically
found in small herds, they can reach speeds of up to 50
km/h. The Himalayan ibex is classified as Near Threat-
ened on the IUCN Red List.

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33. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

Context:
A study by researchers at IIT Bombay, challenged the traditional view that new species can only develop in geo-
graphically isolated areas (allopatric speciation).
• Instead, it demonstrates that new species can evolve in the same area without geographic barriers, a pro-
cess known as sympatric speciation.
• The study used a genetic-based model focusing on birds to investigate how environmental resources,
genetic factors, and mating preferences contribute to sympatric speciation.

Key findings include:

• Disruptive Selection: Variations in environmental resources lead to different traits being favoured, such
as birds developing different beak sizes to utilize specific food resources. This helps maintain distinct
groups within the same population.
• Sexual Selection: Contrary to previous beliefs, mating preferences based on advantageous traits (like beak
size) rather than arbitrary traits (like feather colour) drive sympatric speciation.
• Genetic Architecture: The genetic control of traits significantly impacts the likelihood of new species form-
ing. Genetic flexibility in traits like beak size facilitates speciation even with minimal disruptive selection.

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34. ZERO DEBRIS CHARTER

Context:
Recently, twelve nations signed the Zero Debris Charter at the ESA/EU Space Council, committing to making space
activities debris-neutral by 2030.

The signatories include Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slo-
vakia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, alongside the European Space Agency (ESA) as an International Organisa-
tion. This initiative, first introduced at the ESA Space Summit in November 2023, aims to lead global efforts in space
debris mitigation and remediation.

What is the Zero Debris Charter?

The Zero Debris Charter aims to achieve debris-neutrality in space by 2030. The Charter is part of ESA’s compre-
hensive Zero Debris approach, which involves significant internal reforms and the development of debris mitigation
technologies under its Space Safety Programme. ESA estimates over one million pieces of space debris larger than
one-centimetre orbit Earth, posing severe risks to satellites and astronauts.

Space debris, comprising non-functional objects in Earth orbit, poses threats to infrastructure and increases col-
lision risks. India’s initiatives include Debris Free Space Missions (DFSM) by 2030 and Project NETRA for space
situational awareness. Globally, efforts like the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee and Space De-
bris Mitigation Guidelines are crucial for addressing this issue.

35. COMBATING OIL SPILLS AT SEA

Context:
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) organised a ‘Pollution Response Seminar and Mock Drill ’ recently.

Topic Details
What is an Oil The release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons into the environment, especially marine
Spill? areas, from tankers, platforms, rigs, or wells.
Substances Refined products like gasoline, diesel, bunker fuel, or oily refuse.
Examples of Inci- International: El Palito refinery (Venezuela, 2020), MV Wakashio (Mauritius, 2020), Norilsk
dents diesel spill (Russia, 2020), Deepwater Horizon (Gulf of Mexico, 2010)

India: Chennai (2023 and 2017), Sundarban (2014), ONGC Uran (2013), Mumbai (2010)

Damage Environmental: Harm to fish, birds, and mammals; habitat contamination; Fisheries: Reduced
fish populations, damaged fishing gear; Tourism: Decline due to polluted beaches; Health:
Toxic exposure causing respiratory problems, and skin irritation.

International Ef- MARPOL (1973): International Maritime Organisation’s convention to prevent pollution from
forts for Oil Spill ships (India is a signatory); Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation Con-
Management vention (1990): Framework for international cooperation and mutual assistance in oil spill
response (India is a signatory)
Indian Efforts for National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP): Managed by the Indian Coast Guard,
Oil Spill Manage- it ensures effective spillage reporting, prompt response, public health protection, and use of
ment science and technology; Merchant Shipping Act, 1958: Grants the government authority to
enforce compliance with shipping regulations to prevent oil spills.

Control Measures Bioremediation: Using microorganisms to remove toxins (e.g., TERI’s Oil Zapper bacteria). Oil
for Oil Spills Booms: Floating barriers to contain spills. Dispersants: Chemicals sprayed to aid natural oil
breakdown.

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36. MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

Context:
The first global mangrove assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), warns of
the imminent collapse of South India’s mangrove ecosystems due to pollution, deforestation, and coastal development.

• Unlike the ecosystems in western and eastern India, those in the south are highly vulnerable to collapse,
threatened further by rising sea levels and severe storms linked to climate change.

The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) has assessed mangrove ecosystems globally for the first time, revealing
alarming findings.
1. Half of the assessed global mangrove ecosystems are at risk of collapse, with nearly 20% classified as high
risk.
2. Major threats include climate change, deforestation, development, pollution, and dam construction.
3. Climate change alone jeopardizes one-third of assessed mangrove ecosystems.
4. Sea-level rise is predicted to submerge 25% of global mangrove area in the next 50 years.
5. Without significant intervention, by 2050, climate change and sea-level rise could lead to the loss of 1.8
billion tonnes of stored carbon and expose 2.1 million lives to coastal flooding.
6. Indian mangroves vary in status: Andaman and Bay of Bengal are classified as Least Concern, while South
India is Critically Endangered, and West India is Vulnerable.
Mangroves play a crucial role in disaster risk reduction, carbon sequestration, and supporting biodiversity and
fisheries.

Initiatives for Mangroves:

Global:
1. Mangrove Breakthrough: Introduced at UNFCCC COP27 by UN High-Level Climate Champions and Global
Mangrove Alliance (GMA).
2. Global Mangrove Alliance (GMA) was established at the World Ocean Summit in 2018.
3. Mangrove Alliance for Climate: Led by UAE in collaboration with Indonesia.

India:
1. Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI).
2. Conservation and Management of Mangroves and Coral Reefs under National Coastal Mission Programme.

37. CLIMATE LITIGATION

Context:
Environmental activists have sued Norway, challenging its proposal for seabed mineral exploration, claiming inad-
equate impact assessment. Norway’s parliament approved the plan in January, citing minimal impact from the study.
Deep-Sea Mining Explained
1. Involves extracting minerals from the ocean floor.
2. Types: Polymetallic nodules, seafloor sulphide deposits, cobalt crusts.
3. Materials: Nickel, cobalt, rare earth elements, essential for renewable energy and technology.
4. Environmental concerns: Ecosystem damage, pollution, sediment plumes affecting marine life.

Climate Litigation Overview

1. Definition: Legal action to hold countries and companies accountable for climate efforts and contributions.
2. Rising trend: 2,180 cases in 65 jurisdictions by December 2022 (up from 884 in 2017).
3. Key Cases:
a. 2,000 Swiss women sued their government over climate inaction.
b. Young plaintiffs in Montana won against the state for neglecting climate change.
c. A 9-year-old girl in India filed a case for greater climate action, later rejected.

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Defence

38. F-16 FIGHTER JET PILOTED BY AI

Context:
In a groundbreaking development at Edwards Air Force Base, an experimental F-16 fighter jet was recently piloted by
artificial intelligence (AI) rather than a human.

What is F-16 Fighting Falcon?

It has been developed by Lockheed Martin, is a multirole fighter jet renowned for its agility and versatility. It has
been widely used by various air forces around the world since its introduction in the 1970s.
In India, the equivalent to the F-16 is the HAL Tejas. Developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the Tejas
is a lightweight, multirole fighter aircraft designed for the Indian Air Force.
AI adoption in the Indian military:
In 2019, the Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA) and the Defence AI Council (DAIC) were established to oversee AI
initiatives. In 2022, the government identified 75 priority projects aimed at leveraging AI for defense purposes. The
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has established specialized laboratories, such as the Centre
for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) in Bengaluru, dedicated to conducting application-oriented research
in AI for military applications.

MAPPING
INTERNATIONAL

Places Description
1. NEW CALE- A state of emergency has been declared by France in New Caledonia, including curfews and
bans on gatherings and alcohol sales.
DONIA
New Caledonia is a French overseas territory in the South West Pacific Ocean. Its maritime
neighbours include Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu. Though it is
one of the European Union’s Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), New Caledonia
is not part of the EU, Euro, or Schengen zones. The Lagoons of New Caledonia and associ-
ated coral reef ecosystem are a UNESCO World Heritage site.

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2. NILE RIVER Satellite imagery, geophysical surveys, and sediment cores revealed that the pyramids of
Egypt were built near a now-buried 64km branch of the Nile River, named Ahramat,
which facilitated the transport of massive stone blocks and materials.
The Nile River, the longest river in the world ( though this has been contested by research
suggesting that the Amazon River is slightly longer), flows from south to north through
Eastern Africa. Originating from rivers that feed Lake Victoria, it travels northward through
northeastern Africa before draining into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile runs through or
along the borders of 11 African countries, including Egypt, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and South Sudan.
Its major tributaries are the White Nile, Blue Nile, and Atbara.

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3. PORT OF Spain has refused permission for an Israel-bound ship carrying arms to call at the south-
eastern port of Cartagena. The Marianne Danica, carrying nearly 27 tons of explosive mate-
CALL (SPAIN’S rial from India’s Madras
CARTEGENA) What is a Port of Call?: A port of call is a designated stop where a ship docks during its
journey. It serves as a temporary destination where passengers and cargo can embark or dis-
embark, and where the ship can refuel, take on supplies, or undergo maintenance if necessary.
Cartagena is a port city and naval base in the Murcia region of southeast Spain.

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4. STRAIT OF Context: A sailing yacht sank in Moroccan waters near the Strait of Gibraltar after being
rammed by orcas.
GIBRALTAR About Orcas, also known as killer whales:
They are the largest dolphins, recognized by their black-and-white colouring, reaching
up to 8 meters in length and weighing up to 6 tonnes. Highly intelligent and social, they use
echolocation for communication and hunting.
While powerful predators, they are not aggressive towards humans in the wild. Pods, or
maternally related groups, have distinct communication patterns. Orcas are listed as Data
Deficient on the IUCN Red List and under CITES Appendix II.

About the Strait of Gibraltar:

It is a vital shipping route connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean and
has been the site of recent orca attacks on vessels. It acts as a natural chokepoint between
Europe and Africa.

5. ROTTER- World Hydrogen Summit 2024 held in Rotterdam, Netherlands

DAM, NETH-
ERLANDS
The summit featured India’s Ministry of New & Renewable Energy showcasing advance-
ments in green hydrogen technology at its pavilion.
India’s initiatives: National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) in 2023; Strategic Interven-
tions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT); Hydrogen Valley Innovation Clus-
ters
Hydrogen, a colourless, odourless, tasteless, and flammable gas, is the most abundant ele-
ment in the universe and the third most abundant on Earth’s surface, resembling alkali metals
and halogens.

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6. AFRICA: Context: India aims to bolster its access to critical minerals in Africa to enhance resource
security and challenge China’s dominance in the region.
CRITICAL • With a list of 30 crucial minerals, including lithium and cobalt, India seeks partnerships in
MINERAL countries like Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Congo, and Zambia.
ACQUISITION
PLAN BY IN-
DIA

Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL) was established in 2019 as a joint venture of NALCO,
HCL, and MECL to secure strategic minerals like lithium and cobalt from overseas. KABIL
handles the identification, acquisition, exploration, and processing of these minerals to meet
India’s commercial needs.

The Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) is a US-led coalition of 14 countries, including In-
dia, focusing on ensuring stable supply chains for critical minerals like Cobalt, Nickel, Lithi-
um, and rare earth minerals. Its mandate includes diversifying and stabilizing global supply
chains, promoting investment, upholding environmental and social standards, and increasing
mineral recycling.

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INDIAN

Places Description
7. PHAWNGPUI A rare hemi-parasitic terrestrial plant (Phtheirospermum lushaiorum) has been
found in Phawngpui National Park of Mizoram. Lushaiorum is named after “Lushai”
NATIONAL PARK tribe of Mizoram.
OF MIZORAM Phawngpui National Park, also known as Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park,
is one of two national parks in Mizoram, India, the other being the larger Murlen Na-
tional Park. Located about 300 km from Aizawl in the Lawngtlai district near Burma, it
encompasses Phawngpui, Mizoram’s highest peak at 2,157 meters, along with the sur-
rounding reserve forest.
The Lushai tribe, part of the Kuki-Chin group, is commonly known as Mizos and is of
Mongoloid origin. Their main occupations are Jhum and orange cultivation, and they are
historically known as a headhunter community. The popular Bamboo Dance (Cher-
aw-dance) is a cultural highlight. Lushai society is organized as a patrilocal joint family
with patrilineal descent and inheritance rules.

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 Weekly Current Affairs Magazine

8. KOUNDINYA The Sri Lankan golden-backed frog has been rediscovered in India after 200 years at
Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary.
WILDLIFE SANC-
Located in the Kuppam and Palmaner Ranges of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh,
TUARY (ANDHRA it is the only sanctuary in the state known for Asian elephants. The Kaundinya and Kai-
PRADESH) gal tributaries of the Palar River flow through it.

9. UJANI DAM Context: Six people, including two children, drowned after their boat capsized in the
Ujani dam backwaters in Maharashtra’s Pune district due to strong winds and rains.
About Ujani Dam:
Ujani Dam is on the Bhima River near Ujjani village in Solapur district, Maharashtra.
The dam generates 12 MW of hydroelectric power.

About Bhima River:

It is also known as the Chandrabagha River, it is a major tributary of the Krishna Riv-
er. Originates in the Bhimashankar hills near Karjat, Pune District, Maharashtra. Flows
southeast through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana, merging into the Krishna Riv-
er at Kadlur, Karnataka. Pandharpur, an important pilgrimage centre, is situated on its
right bank.

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