4 Geometry

E4.1 Geometrical terms Notes and examples

1 Use and interpret the following geometrical Candidates are not expected to show that two
terms: shapes are congruent.
• point
• vertex
• line
• plane
• parallel
• perpendicular
• perpendicular bisector
• bearing
• right angle
• acute, obtuse and reflex angles
• interior and exterior angles
• similar
• congruent
• scale factor.
2 Use and interpret the vocabulary of: Includes the following terms.
• triangles Triangles:
• special quadrilaterals • equilateral
• polygons • isosceles
• nets • scalene
• solids. • right-angled.
Quadrilaterals:
• square
• rectangle
• kite
• rhombus
• parallelogram
• trapezium.
continued
4 Geometry (continued)
E4.1 Geometrical terms (continued) Notes and examples

Polygons:
• regular and irregular polygons
• pentagon
• hexagon
• octagon
• decagon.
Solids:
• cube
• cuboid
• prism
• cylinder
• pyramid
• cone
• sphere
• hemisphere
• frustum
• face
• surface
• edge.
3 Use and interpret the vocabulary of a circle. Includes the following terms:
• centre
• radius (plural radii)
• diameter
• circumference
• semicircle
• chord
• tangent
• major and minor arc
• sector
• segment.
4 Geometry (continued)
E4.2 Geometrical constructions Notes and examples

1 Measure and draw lines and angles. A ruler should be used for all straight edges.
Constructions of perpendicular bisectors and angle
bisectors are not required.
2 Construct a triangle, given the lengths of all e.g. construct a rhombus by drawing two triangles.
sides, using a ruler and pair of compasses only. Construction arcs must be shown.
3 Draw, use and interpret nets. Examples include:
• draw nets of cubes, cuboids, prisms and
pyramids
• use measurements from nets to calculate
volumes and surface areas.

E4.3 Scale drawings Notes and examples

1 Draw and interpret scale drawings. A ruler must be used for all straight edges.
2 Use and interpret three-figure bearings. Bearings are measured clockwise from north
(000° to 360°).
e.g. find the bearing of A from B if the bearing of B
from A is 025°.
Includes an understanding of the terms north, east,
south and west.
e.g. point D is due east of point C.

E4.4 Similarity Notes and examples

1 Calculate lengths of similar shapes.

2 Use the relationships between lengths and areas Includes use of scale factor, e.g.
3
of similar shapes and lengths, surface areas and `Length of Aj
volumes of similar solids. Volume of A =
Volume of B `Length of Bj3 .

3 Solve problems and give simple explanations Includes showing that two triangles are similar
involving similarity. using geometric reasons.

E4.5 Symmetry Notes and examples

1 Recognise line symmetry and order of rotational Includes properties of triangles, quadrilaterals and
symmetry in two dimensions. polygons directly related to their symmetries.
2 Recognise symmetry properties of prisms, e.g. identify planes and axes of symmetry.
cylinders, pyramids and cones.
4 Geometry (continued)
E4.6 Angles Notes and examples

1 Calculate unknown angles and give simple Knowledge of 3-letter notation for angles is
explanations using the following geometrical required, e.g. angle ABC. Candidates are expected
properties: to use the correct geometrical terminology when
• sum of angles at a point = 360° giving reasons for answers.
• sum of angles at a point on a straight line = 180°
• vertically opposite angles are equal
• angle sum of a triangle = 180° and angle sum
of a quadrilateral = 360°.
2 Calculate unknown angles and give geometric
explanations for angles formed within parallel lines:
• corresponding angles are equal
• alternate angles are equal
• co-interior (supplementary) angles sum to 180°.
3 Know and use angle properties of regular and Includes exterior and interior angles, and angle
irregular polygons. sum.

E4.7 Circle theorems I Notes and examples

Calculate unknown angles and give explanations Candidates are expected to use the geometrical
using the following geometrical properties of circles: properties listed in the syllabus when giving
• angle in a semicircle = 90° reasons for answers.
• angle between tangent and radius = 90°
• angle at the centre is twice the angle at the
circumference
• angles in the same segment are equal
• opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral sum to
180° (supplementary)
• alternate segment theorem.

E4.8 Circle theorems II Notes and examples

Use the following symmetry properties of circles: Candidates are expected to use the geometrical
properties listed in the syllabus when giving
• equal chords are equidistant from the centre
reasons for answers.
• the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes
through the centre
• tangents from an external point are equal in
length.