STEELD

STEEL DESIGN

MODULE 2-PHILOSOPHIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

DESIGN

By: Brian Jhay P. Guzman, CE, RMP, ME-I

PRACTICAL USE OF STEEL
TOP CHORD
COMPRESSION

WEB
TENSION/COMPRESSION

BOTTOM CHORD
TENSION

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 PRACTICAL USE OF STEEL

BEAMS BEAMS FLEXURE FLEXURE

AXIAL-FLEXURE AXIAL AXIAL-FLEXURE

BEAM- COLUMN BEAM-
COLUMN COLUMN

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 LOADS ON A STRUCTURE
DEAD LOADS LIVE LOADS
✘ Permanent loads ✘ Loads that may or may
✘ Self-weight not be acting on the
structure at any given
✘ Floor coverings time, and the location
✘ Partitions may not be fixed.
✘ Suspended ceilings ✘ May either be static,
(light fixtures, impact, fatigue.
mechanical equipment,
and plumbing).
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 LOADS ON A STRUCTURE
WIND LOADS EARTHQUAKE LOADS
✘ Wind exerts a pressure or suction ✘ Earthquake loads are another
on the exterior surfaces of a special category and need to be
building, and because of its considered only in those
transient nature geographic locations where there
is a reasonable probability of
✘ Because lateral loads are most
occurrence.
detrimental to tall structures, wind
loads are usually not as important ✘ A structural analysis of the effects
for low buildings, but uplift on light of an earthquake requires an
roof systems can be critical analysis of the structure’s response
to the ground motion produced
by the earthquake.

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CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL DESIGN

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CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL DESIGN

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 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

W-SHAPE
✘ also called a wideflange shape, consists of two parallel flanges separated by a single web. The orientation of these
elements is such that the cross section has two axes of symmetry.
✘ A typical designation would be “W18x50,” where W indicates the type of shape, 18 is the nominal depth parallel to
the web, and 50 is the weight in pounds per foot of length. The nominal depth is the approximate depth expressed
in whole inches.
✘ All of the W-shapes of a given nominal size can be grouped into families that have the same depth from inside-of-
flange to inside-of-flange but with different flange thicknesses.

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 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

S-SHAPE (I-BEAM)
✘ The American Standard, or S-shape, is similar to the W-shape in having two parallel flanges, a single web, and two
axes of symmetry. The difference is in the proportions: The flanges of the W are wider in relation to the web than
are the flanges of the S.
✘ In addition, the outside and inside faces of the flanges of the W-shape are parallel, whereas the inside faces of the
flanges of the S-shape slope with respect to the outside faces.
✘ An example of the designation of an S-shape is “S18x70,” with the S indicating the type of shape, and the two
numbers giving the depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot. This shape was formerly called an I-beam.

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 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

ANGLE SHAPES
✘ The angle shapes are available in either equal-leg or unequal-leg versions. A typical designation would be
“L6x6x3⁄4” or “L6x4x5⁄8.” The three numbers are the lengths of each of the two legs as measured from the corner, or
heel, to the toe at the other end of the leg, and the thickness, which is the same for both legs.
✘ In the case of the unequal-leg angle, the longer leg dimension is always given first. Although this designation
provides all of the dimensions, it does not provide the weight per foot.

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 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

C-SHAPE
✘ The American Standard Channel, or C-shape, has two flanges and a web, with only one axis of symmetry; it carries
a designation such as “C9x20.”
✘ This notation is similar to that for W- and S-shapes, with the first number giving the total depth in inches parallel to
the web and the second number the weight in pounds per linear foot.

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 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

STRUCTURAL TEE
✘ The Structural Tee is produced by splitting an I-shaped member at mid-depth. This shape is sometimes referred to
as a split-tee.
✘ The prefix of the designation is either WT, ST, or MT, depending on which shape is the “parent.” For example, a
WT18x105 has a nominal depth of 18 inches and a weight of 105 pounds per foot, and is cut from a W36x210.
Similarly, an ST10x33 is cut from an S20x66, and an MT5x4 is cut from an M10x8. The “M” is for “miscellaneous.” The
M-shape has two parallel flanges and a web, but it does not fit exactly into either the W or S categories.

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 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

MISCELLEANOUS SECTIONS BUILT-UP SECTIONS

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AISC STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL

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AISC STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL

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AISC STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL

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AISC STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL

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AISC STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL

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AISC STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL

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STRENGTH OF STEEL

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STRENGTH OF STEEL

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STRENGTH OF STEEL

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (ASD)
✘ In allowable strength design (ASD), a member is selected that has cross-sectional properties such as
area and moment of inertia that are large enough to prevent the maximum applied axial force,
shear, or bending moment from exceeding an allowable, or permissible, value. This allowable value is
obtained by dividing the nominal, or theoretical, strength by a factor of safety.

✘ Strength can be an axial force strength (as in tension or compression members), a flexural strength
(moment strength), or a shear strength.
✘ If stresses are used instead of forces or moments, the relationship becomes

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (ASD)

✘ This approach is called allowable
stress design. The allowable stress will
be in the elastic range of the
material. This approach to design is
also called elastic design or working
stress design. Working stresses are
those resulting from the working
loads, which are the applied loads.
Working loads are also known as
service loads.

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

SAFETY FACTORS AND LOAD ✘ The required strength Ra is the sum of the service
loads or load effects. Specific combinations of
COMBINATIONS FOR ASD loads must be considered. Load combinations
for ASD are also given in NSCP 2015. The
✘ For allowable strength design, the relationship
following combinations are:
between loads and strength can be expressed
as

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DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
LOAD AND RESISTANCE AND FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD)
✘ Plastic design is based on a consideration of failure conditions rather than working load conditions. A
member is selected by using the criterion that the structure will fail at a load substantially higher than
the working load. Failure in this context means either collapse or extremely large deformations. The
term plastic is used because, at failure, parts of the member will be subjected to very large strains—
large enough to put the member into the plastic range. When the entire cross section becomes
plastic at enough locations, “plastic hinges” will form at those locations, creating a collapse
mechanism. As the actual loads will be less than the failure loads by a factor of safety known as the
load factor, members designed this way are not unsafe, despite being designed based on what
happens at failure.

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
LOAD AND RESISTANCE AND FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD)
✘ Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is similar to plastic design in that strength, or the failure
condition, is considered. Load factors are applied to the service loads, and a member is selected that
will have enough strength to resist the factored loads. In addition, the theoretical strength of the
member is reduced by the application of a resistance factor. The criterion that must be satisfied in the
selection of a member is

✘ In this expression, the factored load is actually the sum of all service loads to be resisted by the
member, each multiplied by its own load factor. For example, dead loads will have load factors that
are different from those for live loads. The factored strength is the theoretical strength multiplied by a
resistance factor.

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 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Load Factors, Resistance Factors,

and Load Combinations for LRFD

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 EXAMPLES

E1. A column (compression member) in the upper E2. A column in a building is subjected to the
story of a building is subject to the following loads: following load effects: 9 kips compression from
dead load 5 kips compression from roof live load 6
Dead load: 109 kips compression kips compression from snow 7 kips compression
Floor live load: 46 kips compression from 3 inches of rain accumulated on the roof 8
Roof live load: 19 kips compression kips compression from wind
Rain: 20 kips compression
a. If load and resistance factor design is used,
a. Determine the controlling load combination for determine the factored load (required strength)
LRFD and the corresponding factored load. to be used in the design of the column. Which
AISC load combination controls?
b. If the resistance factor is 0.90, what is the
required nominal strength? b. What is the required design strength of the
column?
c. Determine the controlling load combination for
ASD and the corresponding required service c. What is the required nominal strength of the
load strength. column for a resistance factor of 0.90?
d. If the safety factor is 1.67, what is the required d. If allowable strength design is used, determine
nominal strength based on the required service the required load capacity (required strength)
load strength? to be used in the design of the column. Which
AISC load combination controls?

e. What is the required nominal strength of the

column for a safety factor of 1.67?
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